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Open Access
Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Pooja Rani; Sharma, K.D
The study entitled “Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to bio-inoculants under varying soil moisture regimes” was conducted during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Crop Physiology Research Area of Agronomy Department CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigation at CRI and heading stage and three irrigation at CRI, tillering, heading stage in main plot and five bio-inoculants treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) with Azotobacter and PSB (75% of RDF), AM fungi with RDF, Azotobacter with PSB and RDF, AM fungi with 75% of RDF in the sub-plots with three replication. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height, leaf area, leaf area index and leaf area duration at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after showing, physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 20 days after anthesis including canopy temperature depression, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, relative stress injury, chlorophyll content i.e was significantly decreases under restricted irrigation. Biochemical parameters i.e total soluble protein, peroxidase and proline content which show maximum reduction in restricted irrigation while catalase activity, total soluble sugar were reduced maximum in irrigated control. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous content in straw, grain and soil were more pronounced in restricted condition and sedimentation value, crude protein content, hectoliter weight was maximum in irrigated control as compare to restricted irrigation. Yield attributes also maximum with irrigated control and grain yield showed maximum decrease by 28.5 %. Among the bio-inoculants maximum improvement was seen with AM fungi with RDF treated crops while minimum with 75 % RDF with AM fungi. These can be useful for the improvement through bio-inoculants for developing the better traits under varying moisture stress.
Open Access
Effect of different heavy metals (Cd, Cr & Pb) and mycorrhizal treatments on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in desi and Bt cotton
(CCSHAU, 2018) Manohar Lal; Sheokand, Sunita
The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of different heavy metals (HM) (Cd, Cr, & Pb) and mycorrhizal inoculations on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in Desi and Bt cotton. Heavy metal (Cd- 10 ppm, Cr- 10 ppm, & Pb-100 ppm) and mycorrhizal (Glomus hoi) treatments were given in the soil before sowing the seeds in polythene lined cemented pots. The observations were taken at vegetative stage (35 DAS) and flowering stage (65 DAS). Cr treatment was lethal to both genotypes and no plants survived. Cd and Pb treatments adversely affected the membranes as was evident from increased MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Heavy metal stress resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and total soluble protein content. Cd and Pb treatments caused oxidative stress resulting in increased production of ROS and H2O2. The activity of antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, DHAR, MDHAR and metabolites ascorbate, glutathione and FRSA also increased with HM stress. Bt cotton was more sensitive to HM stress as compared to Desi cotton and Cd was more toxic than Pb. The effect of Cd and Pb was more adverse at flowering stage as compared to vegetative stage. Mycorrhizal inoculations partially ameliorated the toxic effect and resulted in a decrease in MDA content, electrolyte leakage, ROS production, H2O2 content and increase in chlorophyll content, protein content and chlorophyll fluorescence. A further increase in the antioxidative activity was observed with mycorrhizal treatments. Increase in antioxidative activity was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Pb treated plants had more antioxidative activity than Cd. HM stress resulted in a decline in plant growth, plant height, yield and its attributes. The growth and yield of Bt cotton were more adversely affected by HM. Mycorrhizal inoculation partially alleviated the toxic effect and resulted in an increase in growth and yield. Mycorrhizal inoculations resulted in formation of large sized fungal vesicles in HM treated roots of cotton genotypes and increased the percent colonization. HM treatments also resulted in a significant accumulation of HM in cotton genotypes. HM accumulation was more in roots as compared to shoot. Accumulation was more in Desi cotton as compared to Bt cotton. Mycorrhizal inoculation further increased the phytoremediation potential of cotton genotypes in HM contaminated soil.
Open Access
Physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under saline irrigation
(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam; Neeraj Kumar
The present study was carried out with two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes viz. HC-3 and CSG-8962 having close phenology but differing in their sensitivity to salinity under screen house conditions. Forty days after sowing (DAS), the plants were given to single saline irrigation (Cldominated) having EC levels 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. Plant sampling was done at 85 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The water potential (Ψw) of leaves, osmotic potential (Ψs) and RWC of leaves and roots decreased in both the genotypes under different saline irrigation levels i.e. 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1 as compared to control. Dry weight (g plant- 1) and plant height (cm) decreased with increase in saline irrigation levels, and it was observed more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. The proline, glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves and roots increased in both HC-3 and CSG-8962 genotype with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both 85 and 105 DAS. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, glycine betaine and TSC in HC-3, helped in maintaining the higher RWC of these organs than noticed in CSG- 8962. Total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI), anthocyanin contents and quantum yield (Fv / Fm) decreased in the two chickpea genotypes at both the sampling stages. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves and roots of HC-3 and CSG-8962 with increasing saline irrigation levels from control to 6.0 dS m-1. These parameter were much higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at both the sampling stages. The free radical scavenging activity also increased with increasing saline irrigation level from control to 6.0 dS m-1. Saline irrigation levels increased the Cl-, SO4 -2 and Na+/ K+ ratio from control to 6.0 dS m-1. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POX, GR, DHAR and MDHAR increased in leaves and roots of both the chickpea genotypes, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at both the sampling stages The increase was more in HC-3 as compared to CSG-8962. Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA content and glutathione (GSH) decreased at 6.0 dS m-1 salinity level as compared to their respective controls. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length were also adversely affected by saline irrigation. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 decreased with increasing saline irrigation levels and decrease was more in CSG-8962 than HC-3. Based upon above physiological, biochemical, reproductive, yield and its attributing traits studied, it is found that chickpea genotype HC-3 performed relatively better under saline irrigation conditions and can further be used in crop improvement programmes of chickpea for salt tolerance.
Open Access
Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in wheat under drought and high temperature conditions
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kirpa Ram; Munjal, Renu
The present investigation was conducted to assess the effects of drought and heat stress conditions on carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning and identify physiological and biochemical traits related to accumulation and partitioning of carbohydrate under drought and heat stress conditions. The eight wheat genotypes (AKAW-3717, DHTW-60, C-306, HD-2967, HTW-11, WH-730 and WH- 1105) in RBD with 4 rows of 2m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows and plants respectively, were grown during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Field Research Area, Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Effect of individual drought and high temperature and their combination on physiological, biochemical and yield parameters under timely, late and very late sown condition was studied. Reduction in response of drought and high temperature was observed in physiological parameters (relative water content, osmotic potential, water potential, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll florescence taken in flag leaf) and biochemical parameters (peduncle and penultimate internode) at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis. Reduction in physiological and biochemical parameters was more pronounced under D40+D65 and complete drought at 15 days after anthesis as compare to anthesis. Metabolite (glucose, fructose, sucrose, water soluble carbohydrate and cellulose) and enzyme (SuSy, INV, SBE, SDBE and AGPase) activity get reduced under drought and with combination of delayed sowing. Fast rate of decline both in peduncle and penultimate inter node was observed. Yield was found highly associated with physiological and biochemical behavior of stressed plant. Yield penalty was more in combination of delayed sowing and drought situation at different growth stage. Genotype DHTW-60, HD-2967 and WH-1105 found promising in overall performance under timely, late and very late with different drought & high temperature situation. Carbohydrate metabolic & enzymatic traits with water relation & chlorophyll related traits are best traits for selection of drought and high temperature tolerant genotype.
Open Access
Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines for heat tolerance using physiological traits and molecular markers
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sunita; Munjal, Renu
A mapping population of eighty lines derived from the cross between WH1021 (heat tolerant) × WH711 (heat susceptible) were genotyped and phenotyped under timely and late sown during 2015-16 and 2016-17 crop seasons. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the various morpho-physiological traits, their association with each other and to explore of the SSR markers related with heat tolerance during terminal heat stress. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height and stem solidness at 70 and 100 days after sowing, number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), number of grains per spike, 100-grain weight (g) and physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 10 days after anthesis including canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, chlorophyll content and NDVI. HSI for grain yield was determined for heat stress effect assessment. Analysis of variance showed significant variation among genotypes and reveal the genetic diversity among RILs. CTAB method was used for DNA isolation. Total ninety four markers were used to detect polymorphism in parents out of which parental polymorphism was found 23.5%. Genetic diversity analysis of RILs and parents was done using NT SYS-pc software based on twenty two SSRs and Linkage map constructed using these 22 polymorphic markers consist of seven linkage groups. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant phenotypic variation. Out of fourteen QTLs two QTLs were detected for plant height at 70 days after sowing , two for days to heading, two for days to maturity, two for photosynthetic rate, one for transpiration rate, four for intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and one for NDVI. Out of these QTL and photosynthetic rate were consistent and stable over the condition and year respectively. Photosynthetic rate reported maximum phenotypic variation (78.13%) flanked by the two markers barc24 & Xgwm102 with an interval of 27.9 cM. Two QTLs for iWUE were also consistent and stable flanked by the markers Xgwm512 & Xgwm448 with 35.5 cM interval another Xgwm512 also flanked the another QTL for iWUE with 5.2 cM interval. These markers can be useful for the improvement through marker assisted selection for developing the better genotypes for heat tolerance.
Open Access
Physiological indices of drought tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajkumar; Sharma, K.D.
To study the effect of irrigation levels on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), twenty barley genotypes were evaluated under normal (Two irrigations at tillering and anthesis each) and restricted irrigation conditions (one irrigation at tillering) in concrete drought plots during the 2014-15 and 2015- 16 at the Crop physiology field area, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. The experiments were laid out using RBD with three replications. The results from combined analysis of variance in both normal and restricted irrigation conditions indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes with regard to all the traits because of high variation among the genotypes. Drought stress decreased the phenological traits like days to flag leaf, days to heading, days to anthesis and days to physiological maturity. The significant reduction was observed in plant height, dry biomass, leaf area, LAI, LAD, SLA and CGR under restricted irrigation. Under restricted irrigation leaf water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, CTD, chlorophyll stability, membrane stability, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm also decreased in barley genotypes. On the other hand, there was an increase in free proline content, MDA content and enhancement of antioxidant defense system to scavenge excess ROS molecules to prevent cell from damage. The main antioxidant enzymes which showed altered activity were superoxide dismutase catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidise. Yield and its attributes were also reduced under restricted irrigation condition. The quality parameters i.e. protein content, husk content and malt yield were increased while β-Glucan content decreased under restricted irrigation. Finally, based on physiobiochemical traits, it was revealed that among the tested genotypes, BH 14-05 and BH 10-30 performed better in terms of physiological, biochemical and yield related traits under restricted irrigation condition. These results indicated that selecting more tolerant genotypes based on physiological traits was the way to overcome terminal water stress and can be used for further crop improvement programmes.
Open Access
Effect of different soil moisture regimes on morpho-physiological characteristics, yield and juice quality of spring planted sugarcane
(CCSHAU, 2016) Pooja; Nandwal, A.S.
The present investigations were carried out on four sugarcane varieties, two of mid late group viz., CoH 128 and CoS 767 and two of early group viz. Co 0238 and CoJ 64 during spring season of the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 under the field conditions at Regional Research Station, Chaudhary Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University, Uchani, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. Forty days after planting three level of available soil moisture (ASM) were created i.e. irrigation at 50% ASM level (control), irrigation at 40% ASM level (mild stress) and irrigation at 30% ASM level (severe stress). These ASM levels were created only during pre-monsoon (in the month of May and June) period by withholding irrigation and later on i.e. post monsoon period (in the month of July), the crop was irrigated for stress revival as per requirement. Morpho-physiological, biochemical and quality parameters were recorded at various intervals and correlated with yield components. The maximum germination was recorded in varieties CoJ 64 (65.5%) and lowest in CoH 128 (48.5%) at 45 DAP. The maximum reduction in stalk height was recorded in the month of June and it was reduced by 51.15 and 39.17% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively as compared to 50% ASM level and highest stalk height was recorded in the variety Co 0238. Total number of tillers were reduced by 26.06 and 19.16% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively in the first week of July and highest reduction was recorded in variety CoJ 64 and lowest in CoS 767. Leaf area (23.21-16.33 dm2/clump), leaf area index (3.06-2.12), crop growth rate (6.44-4.99 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate (0.007- 0.006 g g-1 day-1) and net assimilation rate (1.00-0.69 g m-2 day- 1) were severely affected under low ASM levels. Among the varieties, maximum reduction in growth parameters were recorded in varieties CoH 128 and CoJ 64 than in Co 0238 and CoS 767. After stress revival, recovery was better in Co 0238 and CoS 767. The water potential (-0.64 to -1.22 MPa) and osmotic potential (- 0.86 to -1.79 MPa) of leaf become more negative with increasing the days after exposure to low ASM levels. Values of water potential (-1.51, -1.08) and osmotic potential (-1.61 o p -1.05 MPa) was more negative in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767, respectively than CoJ 64 and CoH 128. At 90 DAP, RWC (%) content of leaf decline from 87.88 to 63.20% and less reduction was recorded in Co 0238 and CoS 767. After stress revival, highest recovery was recorded in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The maximum relative stress injury was recorded in CoJ 64 (27.49%) followed by CoH 128 (25.80%), Co 0238 (21.70%) and CoS Title of Thesis : Effect of different soil moisture regimes on morphophysiological characteristics, yield and juice quality of spring planted sugarcane Full name of degree holder : Pooja Admission Number : 2012BS12D Title of Degree : Doctor of philosophy Name and address of Major Advisor : Dr. A.S. Nandwal Professor (Plant Physiology) cum Additional Director of Research CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar-125 004, India Degree awarding University/Institute : Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar Year of award of degree : 2016 Major subject : Plant Physiology Number of pages in thesis : 116 + xiii Number of words in the abstract : 1121 767(20.70%) at 30% ASM level at 90 DAP. On rewatering (at 120 DAP) highest recovery was recorded in varieties Co 0238. The photosynthetic rate (6.68 to 2.82 m mol H2O m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (6.68 to 2.82 m mol H2O m-2 s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.333 to 0.102 m mol H2O m-2 s-1) get reduced at low ASM levels. The maximum reduction was noticed in CoJ 64 and CoH 128. Stress revival brought a significant improvement in these parameters. Water use efficiency was increased only in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767 at 30% and 40% ASM levels at 60 and 90 DAP, respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence (0.632 to 0.447), total chlorophyll content (12.01 to 9.44 mg g-1 DW) and K+ content in leaves (2.63 to 1.7%) decreased with increased duration of stress at low ASM levels with maximum in varieties CoJ 64 and CoH 128. On stress revival, recovery was better in varieties Co 0238 and CoS767. Lipid peroxidation in terms of MDA content (379.38 to 776.72 nmole MDA g-1 DW), reactive oxygen species content (813.0 to 1253.7 μmoles XTT FORMAZAN g-1 FW), canopy temperature (35.86-38.31°C) and pH of cell sap of leaves (5.70-5.88) increased in all the varieties at low ASM level. However, there values were more in varieties CoJ 64 and CoH 128 than in CoS 767 and Co 0238. Proline (100.87 to 393.83 μg g-1 DW), total soluble carbohydrates (12.77 to 22.41 mg g-1 DW), total soluble proteins (9.59 to 13.79 mg g-1 DW) and total ascorbic acid content (9.36 to 13.13 mg g-1 DW) increased at low ASM level, with more increase in Co 0238 and CoS 767 as compared to CoJ 64 and CoH 128. A gradual decrease was observed in above parameters after stress revival. Low ASM levels caused formation of new protein band of MW 18.56, 13.46, 31.6 and 36.6 kDa in leaves of variety Co 0238. In case of CoJ 64, one new polypeptide band of MW 38.5 kDa appeared and two polypeptide bands of MW 13.6 and 18.56 kDa disappeared. Variety CoS 767 showed the presence of four new band of 13.46, 15.6, 18.56 and 38.2 kDa. Likewise in variety CoH 128 two new polypeptide bands of MW 25.2 and 26.8 kDa appeared and 4 band of MW 13.46, 15.6, 18.17 and 54.6 kDa disappeared at 30% and 40% ASM levels. ASM levels 30% and 40% significantly induced the antioxidative defense system by increasing the specific activities of enzymes viz., peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase whereas mean values of specific activity of catalase were low and activity of antioxidative enzymes was more in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The specific activity of sucrose synthase did not show significant difference at different level of ASM. Juice quality parameters viz., Brix, pol and CCS (%) were not affected at low ASM levels however, maximum values of theses parameters were recorded in varieties CoJ 64 followed by Co 0238, CoS 767 and CoH 128. The yield parameters viz., number of millable canes (22.05 and 15.7%), single cane weight (23.8 and 18.32%), cane length (20.16 and 14.9%) and internodal length (9.72 and 7.8%) were reduced significantly at 30% and 40% ASM levels, respectively. Among the varieties reduction was more in variety CoJ 64 and CoH 128 than Co 0238 and CoS 767. Cane yield significantly reduced by 40.5 and 31.0% at 30% and 40% ASM levels, respectively. Similarly sugar yield reduced by 40.56 and 31.9% at 30 and 40% ASM levels, respectively as compared to 50% ASM level. Significantly low reduction in yield parameters were recorded in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. The variety Co 0238 produced significantly highest cane yield and sugar yield (78.41 and 9.70 t ha-1) followed by CoS 767 (65.91 and 8.04 t ha-1), CoH128 (64.26 and 7.31 t ha-1) and CoJ 64 (57.60 and 7.06 t ha-1). Based on the above morpho-physiological, biochemical, juice quality and yield parameters studied, it is concluded that sugarcane varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767 showed better performance at 30% and 40% ASM levels than CoJ 64 and CoH 128.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under salinity
(CCSHAU, 2016) Dharamvir; Neeraj Kumar
The present investigation was carried out with two chickpea genotypes viz. HC-3 and CSG- 8962 differing in their salt sensitivity, to study the high salinity induced changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical, reproductive behavior, protein profile, yield and its attributing character in the screen house conditions. Sampling was done at 50-60 and 80-90 days after sowing (DAS). The water potential (Ψw) of leaves, osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaves and roots decreased in both the genotypes under different salinity levels i.e. 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 dS m-1. HC-3 showed more negative values Ψw of leaves i.e. from -0.47 to -0.54 MPa as compared to -0.45 to -0.51 MPa in CSG-8962, respectively with increasing salinity level from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at 50-60 DAS. Likewise, the Ψs of leaves decreased from -0.75 to -1.32 MPa in HC-3 and -0.62 MPa to -1.18 MPa in CSG-8962. A similar trend of change in the Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots was observed at 80-90 DAS. With increase in salinity levels, RWC (%) of leaves and roots also declined in both the genotypes. RWC (%) was higher in HC-3 than CSG-8962 at 50-60 DAS. Dry weight (g plant-1) decreased with increase in salinity, decrease being less in HC-3 in shoots, roots and nodules than CSG-8962. The proline content of leaves increased significantly from 0.573 to 0.904 and 0.565 to 0.782 mg g-1 dry weight with increasing level of salinity from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at 50-60 DAS. Likewise, the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content of leaves also increased from 17.5 to 24.5 and 16.60 to 20.3 mg g-1 dry weight in HC-3 and CSG-8962, respectively. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaves and roots which was much higher in CSG-8962 than HC-3 at 50-60 DAS. A similar trend was observed at 80-90 DAS. Salinity levels increased the Cl- concentration in leaves by 93.3 % in HC-3 and 120.1 % in CSG-8962, and SO4 - concentration in leaves by 11.1 % in HC-3 and 19.7 % in CSG-8962 respectively, at 6.0 dS m- 1 salinity levels as compared to their respective controls. The genotype HC-3 had overall lower accumulation of Cl- and SO4 2- than the CSG-8962. More negative values of Ψw of leaves, Ψs of leaves and roots and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, TSC of HC-3, helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in CSG-8962. The specific activities of ROS scavenging enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GPX, GR and GST increased in leaves of both the chickpea genotypes, upon increasing levels of salinity from control to 6.0 dS m-1 at 50-60 DAS. The increase was more in HC-3 as compared to CSG-8962. Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes, AsA content decreased 42.3 % and 36.1 % in the leaves of CSG-8962 and HC-3, respectively. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H2O2, MDA and AsA content in HC-3 than in CSG-8962 indicated that these enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS better in HC-3 than CSG-8962, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS under salinity levels. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and tube length were also adversely affected with increasing salinity; the effect being most pronounced in CSG-8962. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands in CSG-8962 than HC-3 with increasing levels of salinity in leaves and roots at both the stages. The yield parameters like number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield plant-1 decreased more in CSG- 8962 than HC-3 with increasing salinity levels. Hence, the mechanism of salt tolerance was better in HC-3 than in CSG-8962 as found from physiological, biochemical, reproductive behavior, protein profile, yield and its attributing traits studied.
Open Access
Physiological changes during fruit ripening and storage of sapota (Manilkara zapota L.)
(CCSHAU, 2016) Suman Bala; Sandooja, J.K.
Present investigation was conducted to study effect of different concentrations of ethylene absorbent (KMnO4) on mature, half ripe and full ripe sapota variety cricket ball during storage at room temperature. PLW and decay loss increased with increase in the period of storage in all treatments and in all stages. Quality parameters such as TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars increased upto 8th day in mature fruits, upto 2nd day in half ripe fruits and decreased thereafter, whereas in full ripre fruit it decreased from beginning during storage. Opposite trend was observed in non-reducing sugars. Acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenols, ADF and NDF decreased whereas MDA content increased during storage in all treatments and stages. All concentrations of KMnO4 were effective to retain the desirable parameters in fruits of all stages whereas better retention was observed in mature fruits packed in 3000 ppm KMnO4 soaked paper. Mature, half ripe and full ripe sapota fruits were analysed for change in biochemical compound in pulp and peel parts. Acidity, ascorbic acid, free radical scavenging acidity, total phenols decreased from mature to full ripe fruits. These were found more in fruit peels of all stages. Pulp of sapota had more total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugar and lipid peroxidation and these increased during ripening. Peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity decreased from mature to full ripe stage. More activity of above said enzymes were found in peels of sapota fruits of all stages. Sapota powder prepared by solar and oven drying of 5 mm, 10 mm and 4 parts cut pieces of fruits and then stored for 90 days. Ascorbic acid, total sugars, reducing sugar, ADF, NDF, total phenols decreased during storage of sapota powder whereas acidity and non-reducing sugars increased. Higher retention of ascorbic acid, total sugars, non-reducing sugar, ADF and NDF in solar dried powder during storage whereas maximum retention of reducing sugars and total phenols was recorded in oven dried powder during storage. Ascorbic acid, non-reducing sugars, ADF, NDF and total phenols were higher in sapota dried in 5 mm pieces in both solar and oven dryer whereas all other parameters were better in sapota dried in four parts.

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