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ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on endophytic bacteria for management of downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola in pearl millet(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Sangwan, Pooja; Kushal RajPearl millet is a valuable staple food in semi-arid regions of the world. Pearl millet is affected by many diseases among them, downy mildew incited by oomycetes pathogen Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet is the most widespread and destructive disease of pearl millet. Endophytes play an important role in metabolism and physiology of the host plants. They provide multifarious benefits such as growth promotion, suppression of pathogens and nitrogen fixation. In the present study, roots and stubbles were collected from sick plot area of Bajra Pathology after the harvest of the pearl millet crop during Kharif 2016 and 2017. A total of 30 pearl millet root bacterial endophytes (PMRBE1- PMRBE 30) were retrieved from crushed roots of pearl millet streaked on Nutrient agar plates. Ten endophytic bacterial isolates were retrieved from roots of kharif 2016 crop and other twenty isolates from roots of kharif 2017 crop. All endophytic bacterial isolates were assessed for biocontrol activities. Amongst 30 pearl millet root bacterial endophytes, sixteen isolates were positive for siderophore production, three isolates viz. PMRBE6, PMRBE25 and PMRBE28 were found positive for HCN production, 30% of the bacterial endophytes showed good growth on ACC supplemented plates and cellulolytic activity was found in bacterial endophyte PMRBE18. The isolates PMRBE1, PMRBE4, PMRBE5, PMRBE6, PMRBE7 PMRBE17, PMRBE18, PMRBE20, PMRBE23 and PMRBE24 which showed maximum germination, seedling vigour index I & II and germination speed of three pearl millet cultivars HHB226, HHB67 Imp and 7042 S under in vitro conditions were selected for seed treatment as well as for foliar spray under screen house and field conditions. Amongst various pearl millet root bacterial endophytes, maximum germination, minimum downy mildew incidence at 30 and 60 DAS, better growth and yield of pearl millet cultivars were found on treatment with isolate PMRBE6, PMRBE18 and PMRBE23. On the basis of biochemical characterization and partial 16S rRNA sequencing pearl millet root bacterial endophytic isolates PMRBE6, PMRBE18 and PMRBE23 were identified as Bacillus subtilis strain PD4 (Accession no. MN400209), Serratia sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis strain HX2016003 (Accession no. MN400208). Promising root endophytes may be used for IPM of downy mildew in pearl millet after field trials.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidemiology and management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Preety, Verma; Rakesh, SangwanThe present study entitled “Studies on epidemiology and management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek)” was conducted during the kharif 2019 at research farm, Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Mungbean yellow mosaic viral disease is a devastating viral disease causing considerable yield losses. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) a member of family Geminiviridae, transmitted by insect whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Environmental factors play important role in sustaining whitefly population and disease development. It was observed that whitefly population builds up started in month of July and reached to maximum in first week of September. The minimum whitefly population was observed at end of July, which approached its maximum at end of August to early September. The percent disease index (PDI) was observed maximum in first week October. The whitefly population build may be due to favorable weather conditions that include maximum temperature 36±2°C, minimum temperature 25±2°C, morning relative humidity more than 90 per cent, evening relative humidity was very low, low wind speed about 5 km/h, more sunshine hours and no rainfall prevailing during that period. The maximum whitefly population was on SML 1082 (8.42) followed by TMB 37 (7.197) and MH 421 (5.087). Whitefly population on all three cultivars had positive significant correlation with bright sunshine hours while evening relative humidity was recorded negatively significant. The highly significant positive correlation was found between cultivars and disease severity. The terminal PDI was observed highest in SML 1082 (73.32 %) cultivar. For the management of MYMV disease biorationals were used and amongst all salicylic acid @ 150 mg/litre as seed priming and then foliar spray @ 150 mg/L recorded significantly less terminal PDI (32.75%) with maximum percent disease control (50.27%). In screening, ten mungbean genotypes were screened where MH 1851 exhibited zero average disease severity approaching to disease free category followed by MH 215 (3.77%). The chlorophyll content and carotenoid content was higher at 25 DAS. And. 40 DAS but from 40 DAS to 55 DAS chlorophyll content was decreasing. Higher total phenol content estimated at initial stage, i.e. at 25 DAS and 40 DAS. It decreased.at 40 DAS and 55 DAS. However, flavanol content was observed decreasing gradually from 25 DAS to 55 DAS. Maximum phenol content and flavanol content was recorded in MH 1851 followed.by MH 215.ThesisItem Open Access Management of root-rot disease complex caused by concomitant occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Sagwal, Aradhna; Satish KumarThe present study entitled, “Management of root-rot disease complex caused by concomitant occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was conducted under screen house conditions to study the role of concomitant occurrence of R. solani and M. javanica on root rot disease complex in tomato cv. Hisar Arun (Selection 7) and to work out the integrated management of root rot disease complex. R. solani causing root-rot disease is a soil inhabitant, facultative parasite and having wide host range. Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica are important pathogens of tomato involved together in root rot disease complex. Rhizoctonia solani causes pre-emergence and post-emergence plant mortality in seedlings and black lesions in root. Pathogenicity level of R. solani was studied at different inoculum levels under screenhouse conditions and found that total plant mortality was directly proportional to inoculum levels. The maximum pre-emergence plant mortality of 30 per cent and maximum post- emergence mortality of 40 per cent was observed when mycelial suspension of 2000 mg/kg soil was used. Studies were carried out to know the effect of concomitant occurrence of pathogens on root rot disease complex and found maximum total mortality of 83.3 per cent when M. javanica (1000 J2/kg soil) inoculated one week prior to R. solani (1000mg/kg soil) followed by total mortality of 63.3 per cent when both R. solani and M. javanica inoculated simultaneously. Organic amendments were tested for the management of disease complex and a minimum total plant mortality of 33.3 and 36.6 per cent was observed when the soils were incorporated with mustard cake and cotton cake respectively and maximum disease control of 47.4 per cent was provided by mustard cake. Effect of Glomus mosseae and Trichoderm harzianum were tested for managaement of root rot disease complex and it was found that dose of VAM was directly proportional to the disease control. Minimum total mortality of 40 per cent was observed when Glomus mosseae used at a dose of 200 sporocarps/kg and minimum total mortality of 36.7 per cent was achieved when T. harzianum used @ of 10g/kg soil. Seed dressing with five fungicides were tested in the screenhouse to find out their effect against root-rot disease complex on tomato. A minimum disease incidence of 33.3 and 36.6 per cent was achieved when seeds were dressed with Carbendazim 50WP and Carboxin 37.5WP +Thiram 37.5WP. The integration of the best seed dressing fungicide, soil application of biocontrol agents and organic amendments was done in different combinations to control the root-rot disease complex in tomato effectively and found that a minimum disease incidence of 10.5 per cent was observed when seeds were dressed with Carbendazim 50 WP and sown in soils incorporated with mustard cake (2g/kg soil), VAM (200 sporocarps/kg soil) and T. harzianum (10g/kg soil).ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Preeti; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is the most destructive soil and seed borne disease of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) which appears every year in Haryana and causes heavy losses in yield. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the eco-friendly management of M. phaseolina through botanicals and bio-agents under in vitro and in vivo conditions in screen house of Department of Plant Pathology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Among the botanicals evaluated for their efficacy in vitro against M. phaseolina, the phytoextract of Lantana camara inhibited maximum mycelial growth by 89.43 per cent at 20 per cent concentration followed by Parthenium hysterophorus and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts which inhibited upto 87.21 and 57.21 per cent, respectively at 20 per cent concentration. However, ginger (Zingiber officinale) was found to be least effective in inhibiting of mycelial growth by 26.94% at 20% concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents for their efficacy against M. phaseolina in vitro revealed that Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum antifungal activity with 66.94, 59.99, 59.44 per cent of mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively, which was followed by T. viride with 59.16, 55.27, 53.00 per cent mycelial inhibition, respectively. Pseuodomonas fluorescens was found to be least effective with 30.83, 51.38, 47.77 per cent mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively. Among the combinations of phytoextracts and bioagents tested under screen house conditions, seed soaking in solution of 20 per cent concentration of L. camara extract for 5-10 minutes followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/kg seed was found most effective in controlling the disease upto 36.43 per cent in HT-1 and 40.92 per cent in HT-2 varieties followed by combination of P. hysterophorus + T. harzianum which controlled the disease up to 34.28 and 38.53 per cent in HT-1 and HT-2 varieties, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on management of brown spot of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Subramanium and Jain)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-09) Chouhan, Vinod; Ashwani KumarBrown spot disease is one of the most destructive diseases of rice which appear every year in Haryana and remain severe in areas where rice is grown as direct seeded crop and in upland conditions. The present studieswere undertaken on management of brown spot of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae during Kharif season of 2019 at CCSHAU Hisar and CCSHAU, Rice Research Station Kaul, Kaithal. Fungal colony appeared whitish in colour initially which later turn olive green in culture on PDA medium. Out of nine phytoextracts, evaluated under in vitro conditions against Bipolaris oryzae, garlic cloves extract inhibited the mycelial growth of fungus by 95.04% followed by neem (84.85%) and calotropis (78.79%) leaf extracts at 30% concentration. Five better plant extracts were also evaluated as foliar spray under field conditions and the maximum per cent disease control was found in garlic cloves extract treated plots (15.04%). Among eight fungicides evaluated for their efficacy against Bipolaris oryzae under in vitro conditions, three fungicides viz., propiconazole,pyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth upto 100% at 0.75 ppm concentration. However, under field conditions, foliar spray of propiconazole @ 0.1% was found most effective in controlling the disease upto 63.24% followed bypyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole (50.07%). Among three bio-agents evaluated, Trichoderma harzianumwas found superior and per cent disease control was recorded as 30.15% over control. Among five non conventional chemicals ferric chloride was found superior in which per cent disease control was observed as 31.28% followed by magnesium sulphate. Out of 238 genotypes evaluated against disease, none of the genotype was found completely free from disease, however, 27 and 38 genotypes were observed to be moderately resistant and moderately susceptible, respectively, while rest of the genotypes showed susceptible to highly susceptible reaction under artificial inoculation conditions in field.ThesisItem Open Access Variability, epidemiology and management of Tilletia indica Mitra, the incitant of Karnal bunt of wheat(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-11) Mamta; Rajender SinghKarnal bunt disease of wheat continues to be a potential threat to production and trade of wheat. The present study was planned to study cultural, morphological, molecular and pathogenic variability in Tilletia indica, epidemiology and management of this disease. On the basis of cultural and morphological characteristic, the largest teliospore size was observed in Bhiwani isolate, whereas Kapurthala isolate was having the smallest size. Different Karnal bunt isolates colony colour were white, yellowish white, creamy, creamish yellow and creamish white whereas, culture colony growth pattern of isolates were erect, compact, clustering, crustose, appressed, spreading and leathery. Maximum teliospore germination, primary sporidia formation and secondary sporidia production was recorded at 18°C in Pantnagar isolate. Best teliospore germination occurred at pH 6.0 followed by pH 5.0 Maximum coefficient of infection was expressed in HD2967 followed by DPW 621-50. Pantnagar isolate exhibited maximum mean coefficient of infection followed by Bhatinda and the least was observed in Mahendergarh isolate. Pantnagar isolate was most virulent as well as had maximum sporulation. Karnal bunt resistant reaction in three differentials namely HD 29, HD 30 and Aldan were noted. In molecular variability twelve molecular markers were tested against 10 Karnal bunt isolates and characterized into 3 major groups. Karnal bunt incidence had significant correlation with maximum temperature, rainy day and total rainfall during earhead emerging stage Two hundred seventy nine genotypes showed less than 5 coefficient of infection against Karnal bunt thereby expressing resistant reaction and 221 genotypes were susceptible having more than 5 per cent coefficient of infection under artificial inoculation condition. Maximum disease control was obtained by propiconazole 25% EC (0.1%) application, followed by combination of propiconazole 25% EC (0.05%), neem seed kernel and Trichoderma harzianum.ThesisItem Open Access Management of stripe rust of wheat incited by Puccinia striiformisf.sp.tritici westend(CCSHAU, 2019) Bilal, Mohammad; Rajender SinghThe present study entitled, ―Management of stripe rust of wheat (Puccini striiformis f.sp.tritici westend‖ was conducted during the 2017-2018 at research farm, Department of Plant Pathology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In present study, symptoms of stripe rust appeared after 14 days with uredospores of Puccinia. striiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst). Maximum stripe rust severity was recorded in Yamunanagar followed by Ambala and least was observed in Fatehabad. The varieties HD3086, WH1105, WH1124 and WH1142 were free from stripe rust. Two commonly prevalent pathotypes were 46S119 and 110S119. Maximum terminal disease severity was recorded by WH 147 and HD2967 in seedling and tillering stage disease appearance followed by stem elongation and least disease severity was observed on milk development. Maximum yield loss was obtained by WH 147 and HD2967. WH1105. WH1124, WH 1142, WH 1237, WH 1238, WH 1241, WH 1242, WH 1244, WH 1247, WH 1248, WH 1239, WH 1246, WH 1250, WH 1251 genotypes were found resistant. Minimum disease severity observed on application of Nativo75 WG (trifloxystrobin25%WG+ tebuconazole50%), @ 300 gm/ha and Tilt 25EC (propiconazole25EC) 500ml/ha on appearance of disease at stem elongation stage and maximum yield gain was obtained. There was no residual toxicity of propiconazole25%EC (Tilt25%EC) sprayed @ 0.1% on tillering and stem elongation stage.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidemiology and management of yellow vein mosaic virus disease of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)(CCSHAU, 2019) Pankaj; Vinod KumarThe present study entitled, “Studies on epidemiology and management of yellow vein mosaic virus disease of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)” was conducted during the kharif 2018 at research farm, Department of Plant Pathology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Okra yellow vein mosaic virus disease is a devastating viral disease which has a wide occurrence and causes considerable yield losses quantitatively and qualitatively. The viral disease can appear at all stages of crop growth depending upon favorable conditions. Environmental factors play important role in sustaining whitefly population and disease development. It was observed that whitefly population builds up started in month of July and reached to maximum in first week of October. The whitefly population and percent disease index (PDI) was observed maximum in first week of October due to prevailing favourable weather conditions, i.e. maximum temperature 34±2 °C minimum temperature 23±2 °C, morning relative humidity more than 90 per, wind speed about 3 km/h, more sunshine hours and no rainfall. The average whitefly population was maximum on Pusa Sawani (6.54) followed by Pusa A4 (5.27) and Varsha Uphar (3.78). All three cultivars had positive significant correlation with bright sunshine hours while morning relative humidity and maximum temperature was recorded positively non-significant. However, evening relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall was negatively (non-significant) correlated, while minimum temperature was recorded negatively significant with whitefly population. The maximum and minimum temperature, evening relative humidity, wind speed, and total rainfall were negatively correlated with OYVMV disease where morning relative humidity and bright sunshine hours were found positively correlated. The highly significant positive correlation was found between whitefly population and disease severity. The terminal PDI was observed highest in Pusa Sawani (73.00 %) cultivar and lowest in Varsha Uphar (18.75 %). The maximum PDI and disease incidence was observed in 14 July sown crop with wider row to row spacing while minimum in 15 June sown crop with closely spaced. For the management of OYVMV disease chemical, botanicals and resistance inducers were used. Amongst all foliar spray of malathion 50 EC @ 2ml/litre of water + sarpagandha leaf extract @10% was found most effective in managing the disease with PDI (15.55 %). Amongst the resistance inducers seed priming with salicylic acid @ 150 mg/litre and spray the same also found effective against OYVMV with PDI (28.89 %).ThesisItem Open Access Management of banded leaf and sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii of maize(CCSHAU, 2019) Yadav, Lokesh; Ashwani KumarThe present study entitled “Management of banded leaf and sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii of maize” was conducted during Kharif season of 2018 at CCSHAU, Regional Research Station Uchani, Karnal. All the laboratory work was carried out in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiments were laid out in RBD in field and CRD in lab conditions. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crops in the world agricultural economy with high yield potential. The disease banded leaf and sheath blight of maize caused by Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii is considered as the main limiting factor for reduced production. The characteristic symptoms of disease appears on leaves and sheaths on 40-45 days old plants. Symptoms on leaf sheath were water-soaked, round in shape and straw-coloured whereas, on leaves irregular, water soaked, round to stretched lesions having diameter 1-3 mm were observed. In case of severe infection, the pathogen manifests itself on the cobs and results in no grain formation. It was observed that the growth of pathogen was white to creamy whitish on PDA after 24 hours of inoculation. The sclerotia were round, semi spherical to irregular in shape and were scattered in the Petri plates. To evaluate the efficacy of three different aqueous compost extracts were used under in vitro conditions for the per cent mycelial growth inhibition. It was found that the compost extracts of cow desi inhibited mycelial growth up to 22.22 per cent at 20 per cent concentration. It was revealed that seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seed was found most effective in controlling disease upto 54.25 per cent. Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.2% and soil application with P. fluorescens @ 0.2% was most effective in controlling the disease upto 66.89 per cent and highest yield (57.68 q/ha) was also recorded from this treatment. Out of five fungicides evaluated, foliar sprays of azoxystrobin (0.1%) twice at 30 and 45 DAS was found most effective in reducing the disease upto 73.54 per cent and increasing grain yield upto 77.30 per cent. Out of twenty seven maize hybrids and sixty inbred lines of maize screened against banded leaf and sheath blight under field condition, only seven hybrids and two inbred lines showed resistant reaction against banded leaf and sheath blight disease of maize.
