Loading...
Theses
Browse
13 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of early blight of tomato incited by Alternaria solani(CCSHAU, 2018) Ravinder; Narender SinghEarly blight disease caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most important fungal diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Keeping in view the enormous loss caused by the pathogen, the present investigation was carried out to study the early blight disease progression in relation to weather parameters and its management by using the plant extracts, bio-agents and fungicides under both in vitro and field conditions during Rabi season, 2017-18 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Survey was conducted in eight villages of two districts (Bhiwani and Hisar) in Haryana and minimum per cent disease intensity was recorded in village Saral of Bhiwani district. The epidemiological study revealed that early sown crop was least affected by the early blight disease compared to the timely and late sown crop. The per cent disease intensity increased with the increased age of the plant. . Mancozeb (75% WP) and hexaconazole and zineb (72% WP) were found to be most effective among the fungicides under in vitro condition. Two plants extract (neem leaf extract and combination of garlic clove and green chili extract) and a bio-agent (Trichoderma viride) was also found effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. solani among the plant extracts and bioagents, respectively. In field conditions, mancozeb 75% WP was found to be most effective in reducing the early blight disease intensity and increasing the fruits yield of tomato crop.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on some epidemiological and biochemical resistance parameters for powdery mildew disease in Indian mustard caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz. ex. Junell(CCSHAU, 2018) Sunil H. S.; Rathi, A.S.Powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum is an important disease of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) particularly in northern and north eastern states of India. Keeping in view the importance of disease present study has been carried out on epidemiology in relation to weather, sources of resistance and biochemical changes due to powdery mildew infection under in field conditions during rabi 2017-18 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Powdery mildew disease first appeared in third week of February on all the three varieties (RH 0749, RH 0406 and RH 9801) sown on 16th October and delayed by a week i.e. in the 1st week of March in all the varieties sown on 26th October and 8th November, when the temperature ranged between 27.3-29.4°C (maximum) and 9.4-13.5°C (minimum), while relative humidity (RH) range was 91.7-94.0 (morning) and 37-49% (evening). Wind speed during this period ranged from 1.1-2.7 km/ha, while sunshine range was 5.4-7.7 hours. Maximum disease progression in last two dates of sowing was observed from March 4th to March 13th, when the temperature ranged between 28.2-28.7°C (maximum) and 10.7-12.3°C (minimum), while RH ranged between 81.0-91.3% (morning) and 35.7-48.3% (evening). Wind speed and sunshine hour during this period was 2.2-2.5 km/hour and 4.9-7.7 hours, respectively. Temperature (maximum and minimum), wind speed and sunshine were positively correlated with per cent disease intensity, while relative humidity (morning and evening) and average vapour pressure (morning and evening) were negatively correlated with the per cent disease intensity and AUDPC increased with delay in time of sowing. The apparent rate of infection was high during initial stages of disease development, while it was negligible from 2nd week of March in all the varieties. Varieties RH 0749 showed less disease intensity followed by RH 0401 and RH 9801. Out of 148 genotypes screened under the artificial inoculation conditions, 5 genotypes (HNS 0901, Bio 902, BioYSR, DRMRIJ 12-48 and JM-6011) were resistant and 21 genotypes were moderately resistant, 55 genotypes were moderately susceptible and 31 genotypes were susceptible, while rest of the genotypes were highly susceptible. Slightly higher amount of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll and total sugars was found in healthy leaves of resistant (DRMRIJ 12-48) as compared to susceptible (RH 30) genotype. After infection amount of chlorophyll (a, b and total) and total sugars reduced gradually in both genotypes, but reduction was more in susceptible genotype particularly under inoculated conditions. The amount of phenols (total and OD) and the activities of POX and PPO were increased at higher rate in resistant as compared to susceptible one at the time of disease initiation. At the time of maximum disease intensity i.e. at 120 DAS, the activities of enzymes were more in resistant genotype under inoculated condition in comparison to un-inoculated condition.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on green mould disease (Trichoderma harzianum) of Calocybe indica (PandC)(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2015) Kumar, Kundan; Goyal, S. PThesisItem Open Access Investigations on fruit and seed mycoflora of Bottle gourd and its management(CCSHAU, 2018) Soni, Namita; Kushal RajThe prevalence of wide variety of mycoflora is a major limiting factor in deteriorating bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) crop qualitatively as well as quantitatively. In the present study, mycoflora associated with seeds and fruits of bottle gourd was isolated, evaluated and further investigated for impact of each isolate individually on bottle gourd seed germination, seedling vigour indices and germination speed under in vitro conditions. A total of eight genera and fourteen fungal species were isolated with prevalence of Fusarium proliferatum as external as well as internal seed borne mycoflora and Talaromyces pinophilus as external seed borne mycoflora. Amongst different isolates of bottle gourd, Fusarium proliferatum was found to be highly pathogenic due to maximum seed germination inhibition and the lowest seedling vigour index of seeds inoculated with this isolate. Pathogenicity tests conducted under in vivo conditions also confirmed the pathogenic nature of species of Fusarium. The isolates Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium polonicum and Talaromyces pinophilus resulted in increased germination and vigour of bottle gourd. Amongst seven plant protectants evaluated against Fusarium proliferatum, Propioconazole 25% EC, Mancozeb 75% WP and Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 % WP performed better in inhibiting the spore germination. Investigations on efficacy of plant protectants in improving seedling health and minimizing seedling infection due to Fusarium proliferatum revealed that Propioconazole 25% EC, Copper oxychloride 50% WP and Mancozeb 75% WP were effective in reducing per cent frequency of infection while the highest germination percentage of bottle gourd seeds was observed in Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP treatment. The highest germination speed was observed in Carbendazim 50% WP followed by Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP treated seeds. Out of eight germplasm lines screened against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium, GH 34 had the maximum disease intensity of 64.81% while GH 35 was observed to have a minimum disease intensity of 23.33%.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid(CCSHAU, 2017) Kumar Saurabh; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the most serious soil and seed borne fungal disease which causes maximum damage in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of M. phaseolina on seed germination and seedling vigour of sesame genotypes and to manage the disease through host resistance, fungicides and bio-agents. The pathogen significantly reduced the per cent germination, plumule and radicle length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings and cumulative reduction in seedling vigour index in all the seven genotypes under both seed and soil inoculation technique. Out of one hundred germplasm lines screened for their relative resistance against charcoal rot disease in field under natural sick plot conditions, none of the lines showed resistance reaction, however, five lines showed moderately resistant reaction, fifty five lines showed moderately susceptible reaction, thirty eight lines showed susceptible reaction, while two germplasm lines showed highly susceptible reaction against charcoal rot disease. Efficacy of fungicides in vitro against M. phaseolina showed that thiram + carboxin and thiram completely inhibited mycelial growth up to 100 per cent at 400 ppm concentration followed by carbendazim, tebuconazole and captan showing respective mycelial growth inhibition of 97.17, 91.84 and 82.32 per cent even at 1000 ppm concentration. However, carboxin was found least effective at lower concentrations but gave comparable result to thiram + carboxin and thiram at 400 ppm concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents against M. phaseolina in vitro revealed that Trichoderma viride showed maximum antifungal activity with 71.17 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth followed by T. harzianum (63.58%), while the bacterial agent P. fluorescens inhibit 37.83 per cent of mycelial growth. Seed treatments with fungicides and soil inoculation with bio-agents significantly reduced the disease incidence. Maximum disease control was achieved by thiram + carboxin @ 2g/kg seed which controlled 77.16 per cent followed by thiram @ 2g/kg seed (69.02%). In case of bio-agents, T. viride showed maximum disease control (54.40%) followed by T. harzianum (40.90%) in comparison to control.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological studies on mango (Mangifera indica L.) anthracnose incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Leharwan, Sanjeev; Vinod KumarAnthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a most destructive disease of mangoes worldwide. The epidemiology of the pathogen C.gloeosporioides was studied in vitro and in vivo at Department of Plant pathology, CCSHAU, Hisar and different orchards and markets in Haryana state. The weather variables such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine hours greatly influence the development of disease. In order to ascertain the impact of weather parameters on disease development, observations on disease severity were recorded during 2016 on Dashehari and Langra cultivar of mango at two location of Haryana i.e. Karnal and Hisar. It was observed that disease initiated in the field during the first fortnight of March and per cent disease index reached maximum in July. The morning relative humidity and evening relative humidity, rainfall and minimum temperature exhibited a positive correlation while sunshine hours and maximum temperature had a negative correlation with per cent disease index. The disease was more on cultivar Dashehari. Market and field survey were also conducted in seven different districts of Haryana. Highest disease severity on leaves was noticed at Panchkula (35.44%) in the month of July followed by Yamunanagar (32%). Whereas, on fruits maximum disease severity observed in orchards at Yamunanagar (18 %) followed by Panchkula (16.77 %). In vitro studies, five culture media, four temperature levels exhibited better growth of C. gloeosporioides. Results revealed that potato dextrose agar gave significantly highest mean radial growth (49.69 mm) followed by Czapek’s Dox agar (47.83 mm) and oat meal agar (47.29 mm) with excellent sporulation. Temperature level indicated that maximum growth of the fungus (48.25 mm) was recorded at 25°C was followed by 30°C (46.17 mm). Maximum conidial germination was also observed at 25°C. Infection studies with leaves and fruits incubated at different temperature and relative humidity to find out the suitable temperature and relative humidity for development of anthracnose lesion. Results revealed that temperature of 25°C and relative humidity level of 100 % was best suited for anthracnose development. Regarding host range, the pathogen was found to infect all five fruit crops (citrus, grape, guava, papaya and strawberry) and two weeds (ulta kanta and santhi).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on cotton root rot incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid(CCSHAU, 2017) Mukesh Kumar; Yadav, Naresh KumarCotton root rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the most important soil borne disease of cotton in India. In the present investigations an effort was made to find out the efficacy of different fungitoxicants and antagonists under in-vitro and screen house conditions and the effect of temperature on different isolates of M. phaseolina. Carbendazim and MEMC at 10ppm concentration gave 100% mycelial growth inhibition of M. phaseolina in vitro. Five isolates of Trichoderma spp. were evaluated against M. phaseolina in vitro. T. viride – I was observed the most effective as it caused maximum growth inhibition (71.1%) of the pathogen followed by T. harizianum – II (62.6%). Seed treatment of cotton with the antagonists along with compost significantly reduced the pre and post emergence mortality due to M. phaseolina under screen house condition. It was found that in both American and Desi cottons, seed treatment of T. viride + soil application of T. viride incubated in FYM was better in controlling the disease as it exhibited 56.9–68.2 per cent disease control in A. Cotton and 64.9–62.3 per cent disease control in Desi cotton. The effect of fungitoxicants against cotton root rot was investigated under screen house condition in American cotton and Desi cotton. It was found that in both the cottons seed treatment with carbendazim was best in controlling the disease as it exhibited 68–78.3 per cent disease control in American cotton and 75.5–82.8 per cent disease control in Desi cotton. Colony colours of the six isolates of M. phaseolina were variable on two media i.e. PDA and CDA. Colonies of isolates were grey, dark grey, or black. The white colony colour was observed at lower temperature i.e., 15°C and 20°C on both media. Black colour colonies of all the isolates were noticed at 35°C in both the media indicating that the fungus grows at slower rate at low temperature. At 72 hrs of measurement the M. phaseolina exhibited maximum growth on PDA medium. PDA medium was the more favourable for mycelial growth and CDA medium was for favourable for microsclerotia size of this pathogen. Substantial differences in diameter between microsclerotia of the same isolate on different media were observed. The diameter of Sclerotia ranged from 74 to 120 μm in PDA and CDA. Size of sclerotia in both media did not vary with variation in temperature.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of various lignocellulosic products for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler](CCSHAU, 2017) Amoghavarsha Chittaragi; Ashwani KumarThe present studies were carried out to evaluate the various lignocellulosic products for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] on locally available substrates. The study on different media revealed that highest growth rate after 6 days of incubation was recorded on the sorghum meal agar with strain OE-388S (69.9 mm) whereas lowest growth rate was observed with strain LE-16-02 on PDA (39.5 mm). Evaluation of the mycelial growth of L. edodes on the different agro-residues was studied on several agro-residues and sorghum straw showed the fastest colonization of the shiitake (strain OE-388S) within 25.6 days and the slowest rate of colonization was exhibited by saw dust + sorghum straw combination (44.6 days). Study on the optimization of the different spawning substrates of L. edodes was conducted using various grains and the fastest coverage of mycelia was observed on the sorghum grains (20 days) whereas slowest mycelial run was observed on the pearl millet grains (45 days). In the experiment for evaluation of the different substrate sterilization/pasteurization methods, two substrates i.e. sawdust and pearl millet straw were taken up and found that the autoclaving for 90 min at 15 psi showed the best result with only 3.7 per cent mould incidence on the saw dust and 6.2 per cent incidence on the pearl millet straw. In the study for standardization of low cost seasonal cultivation, the best results were obtained on wheat straw supplemented with 15 per cent wheat bran.ThesisItem Open Access Survival and management of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.) causing mango anthracnose (Mangifera indica L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Pavitra Kumari; Rajender SinghMango anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. & Sacc.) is a very serious fungal disease and causes substantial yield losses in mango cultivars. The present investigations were carried out on survival and viability of C. gloeosporioides fungus, evaluation of different inoculation methods for disease development and evaluation of fungicides and botanicals for their efficacy. The efficacy of urea was tested under in vitro conditions; urea was found effective in inhibition of mycelial growth up to 72.8 per cent at 5% concentration. The pathogen survived for seven month in soil as conidia or mycelium in infected debris under adverse conditions. As the depth and duration increased, there has been a decrease in viability of the fungus indicating its long survival on the soil surface only. The fungus could not survive at 5 cm depth after seven months of burial in comparison to 81.6 per cent survival at same depth after one month of burial. At 5 cm and 10 cm depth conidia or mycelium remained viable for five months at 2% urea concentration, however, fungus remained viable up to four months at 5% urea concentrations. The fungus invaded the host tissues through the injured as well as intact surface of leaves and fruits showing clearly its pathogenic ability. The disease symptoms appeared on mango leaves and fruits after 36 hours of pin prick inoculation method at 25±1˚ C. Out of five fungicides tested in vitro, carbendazim completely inhibited mycelial growth up to 100% at 100 ppm concentration. Propiconazole at 500 ppm, while mancozeb at 1000 ppm concentration inhibited mycelial growth up to 100%. Among botanicals eucalyptus leaf extract was found most effective in inhibition of mycelial growth up to 70.4 per cent at 10 per cent concentration. Under field conditions, two foliar spray with carbendazim @ 0.1% at 15 and 30 days after inoculation disease was found most effective in controlling disease up to 71.43% and 65.22 per cent in cv. Langra and Dashehari, respectively. Two foliar sprays with eucalyptus leaf extract @ 10% at 15 and 30 days after inoculation was also found effective in reducing the disease severity over untreated control.