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Theses

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2016 - 20184
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Subject: Nematology × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on rice root-knot nematode, meloidogyne graminicola golden and birchfield, 1965 with emphasis on its management in rice nursery
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Matcha, Udaya Kumar; Kanwar, R.S.
    Survey of rice nurseries for M. graminicola in Ambala, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panchkula and Yamunanagar districts of Haryana showed that 55.0% samples in in situ and 80.0 % samples after bioassay were infected with rice root-knot nematode. Nematode infestation was more in sandy loam than loamy sand and loam soils. In the experiment on the effect of M. graminicola on absorption and translocation of nutrients from the soil, at all three levels of 0, 2, and 4 J2/g soil, maximum plant growth parameters were observed in the treatment with all nutrients (shoot weight 2.4 g, root weight 2.2 g and shoot length 21.9 cm) and minimum in treatment where no nutrient was applied (shoot weight 1.3 g, root weight 1.0 g and shoot length 15.1 cm). Nematode population per plant was more (2650.0) in treatment where no nutrients were applied and minimum in potassium treatment (1895.6). The nutrient content of N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Cu were more in soil, in their respective treatments where the individual nutrients were applied alone. The data on uptake of nutrients in rice seedlings revealed the maximum uptake of nutrients (N 23.0%, P 12.7 %, K 19.4 %, Zn 14.3 ppm, Fe 20.5 ppm, and Cu 6.0 ppm) in rice seedlings was recorded in control (0 J2/g soil). Among the treatments maximum nutrients uptake was observed in treatment where all nutrients were applied in soil (N 15.1 %, P 11.7 %, K 14.9 %, Zn 13.6 ppm, Fe 21.0 ppm and Cu 4.1 ppm). Amount of nutrients was more in soil at 4 J2/g soil (N 151.5 mg, P 33.7 mg, K 125.2 mg, Zn 37.5 ppm, Fe 78.2 ppm, and Cu 20.4 ppm per kg soil) than 2J2/g soil (N 140.0 mg, P 32.9 mg, K 123.7 mg, Zn 31.5 ppm, Fe 74.5 ppm, and Cu 19.4 ppm per kg soil). Among five bacterial isolates evaluated for nematoxicity, Bacillus strain (RKB-91) showed best results on nematode mortality as well as in inhibiting egg hatching at S/2 concentration in both cell cultures and cell free culture filterates. This strain also suppressed the nematode population as well as promoted plant growth. Among neem, cabbage and cauliflower, neem showed best results in terms of nematode mortality at 100 % concentration and > 50% hatching inhibition at 1:10 dilution. It reduced the nematode population and improved plant growth in pots. In vitro results on synthetic chemicals showed that the Coumarin carbamate series, Coumarin I and Coumarin III gave > 50% on mortality of nematode as well as hatching supression at 1000 and 500 ppm concentration. In planta study revealed that Coumarin carbamate III and Coumarin Carbamate V were more effective in reducing the nematode population and improving plant growth. Integration of different treatments for the management of M. graminicola in rice nursery showed that application of Bacillus sp. (RKB-91) + Neem extract + Coumarin carbamate III ranked first in reducing the galls as well as the nematode population and also in improving the plant growth.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae woll. on wheat (Triticum aestivum) with emphasis on nutrients
    (CCSHAU, 2018) Yadav, Saroj; Kanwar, R.S.
    Investigations were carried out on absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat infected with Heterodera avenae, its management through organic amendments, crop rotation and additional fertilizers as soil application and spray. Effect of fertilizers on emergence of larvae from cyst was also studied. Absorption and translocation of nutrients in wheat was hampered by nematode. Combination of all four nutrients promoted plant growth and reduced nematode population. N, P, K and Zn contents in soil were more, in their respective treatments, where the individual nutrients were applied. Amount of nutrients was more in infested soil than uninfested soil. Combination of all the four nutrients increased the nutrient uptake in wheat and nutrient content in straw and grain was more in uninfested soil. Organic amendments reduced nematode populations and increased plant growth both with and without nematicide. Castor cake at 20g/kg soil increased plant growth but neem cake at same dose gave maximum population reduction. All the organic amendments performed better in combination with nematicide than alone. Recommended doses of fertilizers with urea (2.5 %) + zinc (0.5 %) spray at 30 days after sowing followed by kinetin (100 ppm) spray at 40 days after sowing improved maximum plant growth but 30 % higher dose of fertilizers reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreekwheat rotation increased plant growth more than other rotations but mustard-wheat and cabbage-wheat rotations reduced maximum nematode population. Fenugreek and gram increased N content in soil but maize reduced the N and P content and cabbage reduced the K content in soil. Nematode penetration occurred in susceptible wheat, resistant wheat and maize but not in gram, fenugreek, mustard, cabbage, garlic and onion. Under laboratory conditions, all fertilizers suppressed larval emergence from cysts, except zinc, which stimulated it. In pots, minimum nematodes in soil and roots were found at higher dose of urea. In zinc larvae in roots and soil were less than untreated check (water) but higher than other fertilizer treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the incidence, interaction and management of root- knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and soil borne fungus infesting cucumber in polyhouse
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Jaydeep Ashok, Patil; Sewak Ram
    Survey of polyhouse crops revealed 68.4 %, and 45.8 % frequency of occurrence of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, respectively, in Rewari and Jhajjar districts. The fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum which was found most prevalent during survey of the polyhouse crops proved pathogenic on cucumber. Concomitant and sequential nematode and fungus inoculation resulted in a significant reduction in number of galls per plant. Maximum galling was observed when the nematodes were inoculated 7 days prior to the fungus. Soil treatment with formalin @ 30 %, followed by NSKP as soil amendment @ 30 g per kg soil proved significantly effective in pots against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in improving plant growth parameters and reduced nematode reproduction and wilt severity. Seed treatment with liquid formulation of bio-agents @ 15 ml per kg seed followed by seed treatment with neem oil @ 20% v/w in pots proved most effective against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Combinations of soil fumigation with formalin @ 30 % + seed treatment with Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 20 g per kg seed was found highly effective against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Integration of most effective management practices of soil and seed treatment in cucumber against M. incognita and F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum under polyhouse conditions revealed that soil amendment with neem cake @ 200 g per sq meter + seed treatment with P. lilacinus @ 20 g per kg seed in cucumber proved most effective in significantly improving plant growth parameters while soil fumigation with formalin @ 30 250 ml per sq meter + seed treatment with P. lilacinus @ 20 gm per kg seed was significantly better in suppressing nematode reproduction and fungal wilt incidence.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Predatory behaviour of Fictor composticola Khan et al. and its potential for the management of nematode pests of button mushroom
    (CCSHAU, 2016) Keshari, Nishi; Kanwar, R. S.
    Investigations were carried out on prey range, prey preference, strike rate, predation behaviour, effect of prey density on predation rate of Fictor composticola, survival of F. composticola in agar plates and spent mushroom compost and management of mycophagous nematode, Aphelenchoides swarupi (mushroom pest) in button mushroom. F. composticola preyed upon all the twelve nematode species tested including fungal feeders (Aphelenchus avenae, A. swarupi and Ditylenchus myceliophagus), microbivorous (Panagrolaimus sp., Bursilla sp., Tylencholaimus sp., Rhabdolaimus sp. and Aerolaimid), plant parasitic (Heterodera avenae males and Hoplolaimus sp.) and predatory nematodes (Aporcelaimium sp. and Nygolaimus harishi). F. composticola preferred mycophagous nematodes over microbivorous nematodes and D. myceliophagus among the fungal feeders. Female F. composticola was more voracious feeders than males. Strike rate of female F. composticola was 78.6 and 48.2 in males. The myceliophagous nematodes have more prey susceptibility than the microbivorous nematodes. The feeding duration of female and male F. composticola was 8 min 31 sec and 4 min 11 sec, respectively. It preferred juveniles over adults and posterior part of preys over other parts. Predation efficiency of F. composticola increased with increase in prey density but, the per cent consumption was minimum at highest prey density level (1600 per plate). The optimum per cent prey consumption was at 200 and 400 prey density levels. F. composticola could survive in agar plates up to two months. In spent mushroom compost, its survival was better in polythene bags than in cloth bags (75 days in polythene bags v/s 60 days in cloth bags). In compost heap stored in open, F. composticola survived in active stage during off-season (April to September). No anhydrobiotic survival was seen under moisture stress conditions. In mushroom bags, population of A. swarupi was found minimum when F. composticola was inoculated at spawning.