Theses

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 27

Open Access
Biocontrol of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using plant growth promoting rhizospheric bacteria
(CCSHAU, 2018) Antil, Sonam; Rakesh Kumar
Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.) or brinjal is a nightshade species belonging to family Solanaceae and is the second most important vegetable crop after tomato and shows high susceptibility to infection by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Management of the root-knot nematodes via biological methods such as PGPR is a novel technology emerging for sustainable agriculture. In this context, a total of 63 isolates were isolated from nematode affected rhizospheric soil of brinjal, tomato crops and earthworm culture media. All the 63 isolates were characterized for various plant growth promoting traits. Out of 63, fifteen isolates produced siderophores and maximum production was observed by isolate LBB-1and KMT-2. Chitinase activity was observed in 14 isolates and isolates KMT-2 and KMT-8 showed maximum chitinase activity. Sixteen isolates were found to be positive for HCN production and maximum production was seen in isolates NAE-1, KMB-3, KMT-2 and KMS-6. Fifty seven isolates were capable of excreting ammonia and maximum ammonia excretion was observed in KMT-2 (4.8μg/ml) and LBB-1 (4.7 μg/ml). All the bacterial isolates except one were producing IAA and high level of IAA production was observed in KMT-1 (45.9 μg/ml), KMB-2 (38.8 μg/ml), KMB-4 (27.7μg/ml) and KMT-5 (26.4μg/ml). A total of 39 isolates solubilized phosphate and highest P-SI was observed in isolate KMT-1(2.0) and LBB-4 (1.7). Twelve isolates- NAB-4, NAS-1, NAE-1, LBB-1, LBS-1, KMB-3, KMT-2, KMT-4, KMT-5, KMT-8, KMS-3 and KMS-6 resulted in minimum hatching in egg masses and higher mortality rate in J2 of M. javanica (upto 92%). Based on all the screening tests, a total of 12 were selected for pot house experiment on brinjal crop. Rhizospheric microbial count increased in all treatments from 0 DAP to 45 DAP. Under pot house conditions, T14 (RDF +KMT-4), T15 (RDF +KMT-5), T16 (RDF + KMT-8) and T17 (RDF +KMS-6) showed maximum plant growth, reduced galls and eggs in roots, and final nematode population in soil.
Open Access
Characterization of sulphur oxidizing bacteria and their effect on growth of mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
(CCSHAU, 2018) Chaudhary, Suman; Goyal, Sneh
Sulphur is a vital element for plants next to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). It is an important constituent of proteins, enzymes, vitamins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules. Sulphur is required for growth and development of plants especially in the crop production. Sulphur undergoes a number of biological alterations in nature carried out exclusively by microbes through sulphur cycle. Oxidation of sulphur is the most important step of S cycle which improves soil fertility. It results in the production of sulphate, which can be easily used by the plants, while the acidity produced by oxidation step helps to solubilize plant nutrients and thus improves soil health. Sulphur deficiencies in soils of tropical and subtropical regions have been recognized for many years and have been reported from over 70 countries, including India. Pyrite is good source of sulphur used as sulphur fertilizers and it can be easily used by sulphur oxidizing bacteria. In the present investigation, sulphur oxidising bacteria were isolated from different places of Haryana and evaluated for their effect on growth of mustard. A total of 130 bacteria were obtained, out of which 46 were selected on the basis of dye reduction test and further screened for sulphate production. Five bacteria namely SSD11, SSR1, SSG8, SSF17 and SSH10 were selected on the basis of maximum sulphate production for further studies and were optimized for laboratory cultural conditions. The period of 48 hrs. was found optimum incubation time for all bacteria and 30 oC was best temperature for the growth of SSD11, SSR1, SSG8, SSH10 while 35 oC was for SSF17. The pH 8 was found best for all four isolates except for SSF7, which was 6, while media having glucose carbon source was producing maximum sulphate. The best nitrogen source was found to be ammonium sulphate. After optimization, the selected bacterial isolates were evaluated for their effect on growth of mustard under pot house. There was a significant increase in the height, weight, no. of siliquae, 100 seed weight, oil content, leaves protein content, leaves chlorophyll content, viable rhizospheric bacterial count with the inoculation of bacterial isolates in comparison to control. The selected bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. After sequencing of 16S rRNA of bacterial isolates or molecular characterization, the four bacterial isolates were recognized as SSF17 (Phytobacter diazotrophicus), SSR1 (Enterobacter cloacae), SSD11 (Enterobacter cloacae) and SSG8 (Klebsiella oxytoca).
Open Access
Bioherbicidal potential of antagonistic rhizosphere bacteria in management of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and their inoculation effect on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(CCSHAU, 2018) Dahiya, Anupma; Sindhu, S.S.
In the present study, seventy five rhizobacterial isolates were obtained on the basis of morphological characteristics from wheat rhizosphere soil. These rhizobacterial isolates were screened for antagonistic interaction along with 13 reference strains against Rhizoctonia solani and Neovossia indica under in vitro conditions. Twenty three isolates showed antagonistic activity against R. solani and 33 isolates showed antagonistic activity against N. indica. Isolates BWA36, RWA42, RWA48, RWA53, HCA3, HCA61 and RCA3 showed significant growth inhibition against R. solani, whereas isolates BWA6, BWA19, BWA23, RWA48, RWA53, HCA61 and RCA3 showed the inhibition against N. indica. Thirty four selected antagonistic bacteria were studied for their effect on root and shoot growth of Avena fatua seedlings on 0.8% water agar plates. Eight rhizobacterial isolates BWA6, BWA19, BWA29, RWA48, RWA55, RWA63, RWA71 and HCA61 showed root growth inhibition at both 5th and 10th day of seed germination. Bacterial isolates i.e. BWA6, BWA19, BWA29, BWA38, RWA48, HCA61 and JMM24 caused shoot growth inhibition at both 5th and 10th day of seed germination of A.fatua. Culture filtrate of selected cultures were sprayed on 1-week and 2-weeks old Avena fatua and wheat seedlings. Isolates BWA25, BWA29, RCA3 and SYB101 caused yellowing of leaves, whereas two rhizobacterial isolates BWA18 and RWA52 caused appearance of disease spot on weed. IAA production in selected rhizobacterial isolates and it varied from 3.49 to 53.80 μg/ml. Significant ALA production (> 7 μg/ml) was observed in bacterial isolates BWA25, HCA61, RCA3, HCA3 and SYB101. ACC utilization was observed in 85.29% bacterial isolates and five isolates i.e., BWA20, BWA23, BWA29, BWA38 and RCA3 showed significant growth on ACC supplemented plates. Four bacterial isolates BWA25, BWA52, RWA53 and RCA3 showed significant HCN production. Ten bacterial isolates i.e., BWA2, BWA18, BWA25, BWA29, RWA48, RWA52, RWA69, SYB101, HCA61 and RCA3 were selected on the basis of different beneficial properties to study their inoculation effect on growth of wheat and weed under pot house conditions. Rhizobacterial isolates BWA18, RWA52, RWA69 and SYB101 stimulated growth of wheat and rhizobacterial isolates i.e., BWA18, BWA29 and RWA52 inhibited the growth of A. fatua in comparison to RDF amended uninoculated soil treatment. At 25 days of observation, bacterial isolate BWA18, RWA69, SYB101 showed significant increase in root dry weight (RDW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) of wheat, whereas its inoculation decreased RDW and SDW of A. fatua. At 50 days of observation, inoculation of bacterial isolates BWA18 and RWA48 increased RDW and SDW of wheat and weed both. Isolates RWA69 and SYB101 showed significant increase in RDW and SDW of wheat, whereas its inoculation decreased RDW and SDW of A. fatua. At 75 days of observation, inoculation with bacterial isolates RWA52, RWA69 and SYB101 caused significant increase in RDW and SDW of wheat, whereas its inoculation decreased RDW and SDW of A. fatua as compared to RDF amended uninoculated soil. Rhizobacterial isolates BWA18, RWA52 and RWA69 were identified as Acinetobacter variabilis, Bacillus siamensis and Bacillus endophyticus, respectively by the 16S rRNA sequence analysis. These bacterial isolates could be further exploited as bioherbicide for wild oat and growth improvement of wheat under field conditions.
Open Access
Impact of municipal solid waste on soil microbiological properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth
(CCSHAU, 2018) Dhanker, Rinku; Goyal, Sneh
With rapid growth in population and industrialization, municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been escalating day by day. It is a solid residual product, which is generated from the municipal wastewater treatment plants containing huge quantities of organic matter, micro and macronutrients and some of the trace elements. The direct application of MSW lead to build up the soil organic matter and may stimulate the plant growth. However, MSW may contain some heavy metals and pathogens. While some heavy metals are necessary for the living organisms in trace amounts, most are harmful and hazardous in high quantities. The repeated application of MSW may result in the accumulation of these heavy metals to such an extent, which may prove detrimental to the plants and microbes. In the present study, two different municipal solid wastes were collected from sewage treatment plants situated at CCS HAU Hisar (MSW1) and Hisar city (MSW2) Haryana and analysed for organic matter, different plant nutrients (total N, P, C and K) and heavy metal concentrations. The heavy metal contents were below the EU permissible limits. The DTPA extractable forms of heavy metals were more in solid waste collected from CCS HAU Hisar (MSW1) as compared to the solid waste collected from Hisar city (MSW2). These MSW were added to the soil at the rates of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 t/ha and incubated under laboratory conditions upto 90 days. Sub samples were drawn at different time intervals and analysed for different chemical and microbiological properties of soil. There was significant increase in soil organic C, total N and EC over control. Soil organic C gradually declined with incubation time, however no significant difference was observed in total N after 90 days. The DTPA extractable forms of heavy metals (Pb) increased upto 15 and (Ni, Cr, Cu and Cd) 30 days of incubation and then declined with further incubation of 90 days. Microbial biomass C, N, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and cellulase activities, increased significantly in soil amended with different levels of both MSW. Total bacterial and E. coli count increased with increasing levels of solid waste throughout the 90 days of incubation. Fungal and phosphate solubilizing bacterial count increased upto 30 days, however, population of Azotobacter increased with increasing application rates of MSW1 and MSW2, but no significant difference was observed with incubation period. Addition of the MSW1 and MSW2 to the soil promoted the functional diversity (catabolic potential) of the soil microbial population. Under pot house conditions the dry matter yield and uptake of N, P, K by wheat crop increased significantly with increasing application rates of MSW1 and MSW2 from 5 to 50 t/ha, over the control. However, the yield and nutrient uptake by mustard crop increased with application of MSW upto the level of 20 and 30 t/ha of MSW1 and MSW2, which further declined with 50 t/ha of solid waste. The accumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) in Indian mustard crop increased significantly with increasing levels of MSW1 and MSW2 and was more than wheat crop.
Open Access
Development of promiscuous and effective rhizobia nodulating kharif legumes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Subha; Gera, Rajesh
Clusterbean, cowpea, mothbean, mungbean, pigeonpea and urdbean are the commonly grown kharif legumes of arid and hyper-arid zones. Inoculation of effective and promiscuous rhizobia improves the nitrogen fixation as well as plant biomass yield of legumes. So, the present investigation has been undertaken for development of promiscuous and effective rhizobia nodulating kharif legumes. A total 209 rhizobial isolates were isolated from 31 soil samples collected from different districts of South-West Haryana and Rajasthan. All rhizobial isolates were checked for their nodulation ability and efficiency in six different kharif legumes. Three rhizobial isolates (PKR177, PKR188 and PKR194) have ability to nodulate all these six crops but with poor nodulation efficiency. So, these three rhizobial isolates were mutagenised by EMS (0.15%) for enhancing nodulation efficiency in all six legumes and it was found that, out of 300, only 4 rhizobial mutants (PKR177m30, PKR188m85, PKR194m24 and PKR194m93) exhibited increase in nodulation efficiency in all the legumes. Rhizobial mutant PKR188m85 was tagged with gfp gene to check its nodulation occupancy in all the legumes. Twenty five native rhizobial isolates, 4 mutants and one GFP marked strain having capability of nodulating more than three crops were evaluated for different traits. Most of the native and mutant rhizobia were able to grow up to 40oC, 4% salt and 30% PEG concentration. All rhizobia were able to produce IAA and ammonia, however, 47 and 63% rhizobia had the ability of bacteriocin production and phosphate solubilization, respectively, whereas, 83% of rhizobia were able to utilize ACC. Most of rhizobia were found to have intrinsic resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and streptomycin upto concentration of 100 μg/ml. All the rhizobia showed the presence of nodC gene, however, nifH gene amplification was observed in 26 rhizobia. ARDRA results showed that all the isolates were distributed in to two major groups with sub and sub groups and divergence among these started at 63 percent similarity with restriction enzymes, MspΙ and HaeΙΙΙ. Rhizobial mutants PKR177m30 and PKR188m85 showed better nodulation efficiency and plant growth parameters than control in chillum jar and pots under both sterilized as well as unsterilized conditions. It was observed that promiscuous GFP marked strain showed more than 80% nodule occupancy under unsterilized conditions.The promising promiscuous rhizobial mutants were identified as Rhizobium sp. on the basis of ribo-typing of partial 16S rRNA gene.
Open Access
Genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating sesbania cultivars in Indian soils
(CCSHAU, 2018) Kuldeep; Gera, Rajesh
The genus Sesbania contains about 70 species widespread over tropical and subtropical regions. The genus has attracted interest for its fast growth, high crop yield, flood tolerance, root as well as stem nodulation with high nitrogen (N2) fixation activity. Due to their importance and diversity within natural populations, identification and characterization of rhizobial strains imply a comprehensive and accurate approach. Yet little is known of the rhizobia that associate with different Sesbania species in terms of their distribution, diversity, ecology or taxonomic status. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken for genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating Sesbania cultivars in Indian soils. A total of 70 rhizobial isolates of different Sesbania species were isolated from 56 soil samples collected from different locations of India using trap plant method. These mainly include 14 isolates of S. sesban, 20 of S. grandiflora, 10 of S. aculeata, 10 of Sesbania rostrata (root nodulating) and 16 of S. rostrata (stem nodulating). The authenticity of these rhizobial isolates were tested on the basis of Gram‟s staining, Hofer‟s alkaline medium, Ketolactase and acid or alkaline production tests. All rhizobia were able to produce IAA and ammonia, however, 79, 40 and 27% rhizobia had the ability of phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and bacteriocin production, respectively, whereas, 54% of rhizobia were able to utilize ACC. On the basis of different PGP traits and nodulation efficiency under aseptic controlled conditions, 20 promising rhizobial isolates were selected. Most of these isolates were found to have intrinsic antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and streptomycin upto concentration of 100 μg ml-1. The Genomic DNA of selected rhizobial isolates for different Sesbania species was amplified for 16S rRNA gene using BAC27F and BAC1378R primers using standard PCR amplification conditions. ARDRA results showed enormous diversity among themselves and divergence among different Sesbania rhizobial isolates was initiated at approximately 54-65% levels of similarity coefficient. These isolates were distributed into two major groups and further into various sub and sub-sub groups. Sole carbon source utilization pattern (SCSUP) with 22 different sugars of 20 selected rhizobial isolates showed diverse sugar utilization pattern. Most of the isolates (88%) utilized dextrose as carbon source, while inulin was the least utilized source of carbon. Five rhizobial isolates; SSKr(ii), SGKe(i), SAMa, SRKr(i)/r and SRTn/s were found to have more nodule number and nodule fresh weight as compared to control and remaining isolates both under sterilized as well as unsterilized conditions. These rhizobial isolates also showed significant increase in shoot and root dry weight along with shoot N and P uptake in their respective crop tested. These isolates have tremendous potential in near future to be used as biofertilizers in salt affected, alkaline and waterlogged field conditions, which will not only improve nitrogen availability and plant growth in Sesbania spp. but also act as nitrogen reserve for next crop. The promiscuous Sesbania rhizobial isolates were identified as Rhizobium sp. on the basis of ribo-typing of partial 16S rRNA gene.
Open Access
Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth
(CCSHAU, 2017) Nandni; Goyal, Sneh
Rice straw is a vegetative part of rice plant which is a waste material after harvesting. A major portion of this agricultural waste is subjected to open field burning leading to many environmental problems. In Haryana, about 6 million tons of rice straw is produced annually and 63% of this is burnt which causes environmental and health problems (Reinhard et al., 2001). Similarly, high rate application of poultry manure decreases the yield of crops which may be attributed to the toxic concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and soluble salts. So, the present investigation was planned to co-compost paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in different ratios was carried out in cemented pits. Total organic carbon (%) was in the range of 32.03 to 47.29% at 0 day and declined to 30.70% in the treatment 4 after 90 days of co-composting. Amount of total N (%) content increased up to 1.91 % after 90 days of co-composting. Ammoniacal nitrogen contents decreased from 8.20 to 5.12 and 49.02 to 10.09 (mg/Kg) in controls, and from 14.01 to 5.08 (mg/ Kg) in the treatment 4 prepared from 5:1 ratio of paddy straw and poultry manure along with microbial consortia and cattle dung. Nitrate nitrogen was maximum (510 mg/Kg) in the treatment 4. Total phosphorus increased in all the treatments during co-composting and same trend was observed with total potassium contents. Initially temperature of all the treatments was around 33°C and elevated to maximum 56°C after 45 day of composting and then dropped down to 31 to 34°C in different treatments after 90 days of composting. The minimum amount of carbon dioxide evolution and water soluble carbon was in the treatment 4 (244 mg/100g and 0.98%, respectively). The maximum amount of humic substances was observed in the treatment 4 (114.51mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) and minimum was in control (12.54 mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) having poultry manure alone. The percentage germination varied from 52.5 to 97.5 in all the finished compost and maximum was in the treatment 4 showing that prepared compost does not have any phytotoxic effect. Root, shoot length, dry weight and N,P,K uptake of wheat crop was maximum in the treatment having 100% R.D.F. with quality compost (@ 5t/ha) prepared from paddy straw and poultry manure in ratio 5:1 along with microbial consortia and cattle dung (10%). The results of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in 5:1 ratio along with microbial consortia and cattle dung 10% resulted into a brown colored quality compost with neutral pH, C:N ratio 16.04 and its application (@ 5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat crop significantly improved the plant growth.
Open Access
Bio-ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes by fermentation
(CCSHAU, 2017) Deepak; Malik, Kamla
Due to increase in the energy consumption rapid depletion of fossil fuels; increasing costs and environmental degradation; there is a spurring demand to look for sustainable; cleaner fuels which are economically competitive with substantial environmental benefit. Bio-ethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide. India is a second largest producer of fruits after China with a production of 81 million tones. Fruits and vegetable waste are commonly generated organic wastes from both household and food processing industries that are low cost waste materials and have potential to be used as feedstock for ethanol production. In the present study, different fruit and vegetable wastes were evaluated for their composition and it was observed that total reducing sugars were maximum in mango peel (3.32 mg/g) followed by carrot (2.67 mg/g) and papaya (2.33 mg/g). Fermentation conditions were optimized for ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes (peel) supplemented in YEPD media at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35oC), pH (4.5, 5.0 and 6.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. Maximum ethanol production (1.0%) was obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 at 35oC, pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation in YEPD medium supplemented with fruit and vegetable peel wastes.
Open Access
Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sushila Devi; Goyal, Sneh
Paddy straw and press mud are agricultural and industrial wastes, which are generated in rice fields and sugar mill respectively. The disposal of these wastes into land or water is great environment hazard. So, co-composting could be considered as a feasible and safe method to recycle and transform them into organic manures which can be used in agricultural soil. So, the present investigation was planned with the objectives to co-compost paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud in different ratio was carried out in pits by adjusting initial C/N ratio to 50:1. Total organic carbon in different treatments decreased due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen upto 90 days. Ammoniacal nitrogen decreased with time during composting in all the treatments. Amount of nitrate-nitrogen increased significantly and varied from 180 mg/kg to 527 mg/kg. The C: N ratio declined from 59.95 and 33.89 to 33.75 and 22.45 in controls (T1 and T2) respectively, after 90 days of composting and treatment T6 had minimum C/N ratio (15.51). Amount of total phosphorous varied from 185 to 1035 mg/kg. Total potassium increased from 0.89 to 1.53 % and 0.72 % to 1.02% in controls. Initial temperature of compostable material was around 33 ºC. But as the decomposition progressed, maximum temperature was observed after 45 days of decomposition. A gradual fall in temperature was observed after 45 days of composting and it decreased to 32 ºC. The amount of humic acid in the finished compost varied from 14.8 to 123.1 mg/g of compost and fulvic acid from 13.0 to 22.5 mg/g of compost. Carbon dioxide evolution was minimum in the treatment T2 (142.4 mg CO2/100g compost) having pressmud alone + cattle dung (10%) followed by treatment T6 (260.2 mg CO2/100g compost) having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. Initially water soluble carbon in compost water extract was 7.05 and 4.02% and declined to 2.94 and 2.02% respectively in control. Maximum germination index was observed in treatment T 6 having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. On the basis of quality parameters two best quality composts were selected and tested in wheat (var. WH-1105) under pot house. Root and shoot length, root shoot dry weight and N P K uptake after 120 days of sowing was maximum in compost 2 (@ 5t/ha) + RDF. The result of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud (1:2)+ cattle dung (10%)+ microbial consortia resulted into compost which is having dark brown color, neutral pH and low C/N ratio and its application (@5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat significantly increased plant growth.

Theses

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results