Loading...
Theses
Browse
9 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access Biocontrol of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) using plant growth promoting rhizospheric bacteria(CCSHAU, 2018) Antil, Sonam; Rakesh KumarEgg plant (Solanum melongena L.) or brinjal is a nightshade species belonging to family Solanaceae and is the second most important vegetable crop after tomato and shows high susceptibility to infection by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Management of the root-knot nematodes via biological methods such as PGPR is a novel technology emerging for sustainable agriculture. In this context, a total of 63 isolates were isolated from nematode affected rhizospheric soil of brinjal, tomato crops and earthworm culture media. All the 63 isolates were characterized for various plant growth promoting traits. Out of 63, fifteen isolates produced siderophores and maximum production was observed by isolate LBB-1and KMT-2. Chitinase activity was observed in 14 isolates and isolates KMT-2 and KMT-8 showed maximum chitinase activity. Sixteen isolates were found to be positive for HCN production and maximum production was seen in isolates NAE-1, KMB-3, KMT-2 and KMS-6. Fifty seven isolates were capable of excreting ammonia and maximum ammonia excretion was observed in KMT-2 (4.8μg/ml) and LBB-1 (4.7 μg/ml). All the bacterial isolates except one were producing IAA and high level of IAA production was observed in KMT-1 (45.9 μg/ml), KMB-2 (38.8 μg/ml), KMB-4 (27.7μg/ml) and KMT-5 (26.4μg/ml). A total of 39 isolates solubilized phosphate and highest P-SI was observed in isolate KMT-1(2.0) and LBB-4 (1.7). Twelve isolates- NAB-4, NAS-1, NAE-1, LBB-1, LBS-1, KMB-3, KMT-2, KMT-4, KMT-5, KMT-8, KMS-3 and KMS-6 resulted in minimum hatching in egg masses and higher mortality rate in J2 of M. javanica (upto 92%). Based on all the screening tests, a total of 12 were selected for pot house experiment on brinjal crop. Rhizospheric microbial count increased in all treatments from 0 DAP to 45 DAP. Under pot house conditions, T14 (RDF +KMT-4), T15 (RDF +KMT-5), T16 (RDF + KMT-8) and T17 (RDF +KMS-6) showed maximum plant growth, reduced galls and eggs in roots, and final nematode population in soil.ThesisItem Open Access Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth(CCSHAU, 2017) Nandni; Goyal, SnehRice straw is a vegetative part of rice plant which is a waste material after harvesting. A major portion of this agricultural waste is subjected to open field burning leading to many environmental problems. In Haryana, about 6 million tons of rice straw is produced annually and 63% of this is burnt which causes environmental and health problems (Reinhard et al., 2001). Similarly, high rate application of poultry manure decreases the yield of crops which may be attributed to the toxic concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, ammonia and soluble salts. So, the present investigation was planned to co-compost paddy straw and poultry manure using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in different ratios was carried out in cemented pits. Total organic carbon (%) was in the range of 32.03 to 47.29% at 0 day and declined to 30.70% in the treatment 4 after 90 days of co-composting. Amount of total N (%) content increased up to 1.91 % after 90 days of co-composting. Ammoniacal nitrogen contents decreased from 8.20 to 5.12 and 49.02 to 10.09 (mg/Kg) in controls, and from 14.01 to 5.08 (mg/ Kg) in the treatment 4 prepared from 5:1 ratio of paddy straw and poultry manure along with microbial consortia and cattle dung. Nitrate nitrogen was maximum (510 mg/Kg) in the treatment 4. Total phosphorus increased in all the treatments during co-composting and same trend was observed with total potassium contents. Initially temperature of all the treatments was around 33°C and elevated to maximum 56°C after 45 day of composting and then dropped down to 31 to 34°C in different treatments after 90 days of composting. The minimum amount of carbon dioxide evolution and water soluble carbon was in the treatment 4 (244 mg/100g and 0.98%, respectively). The maximum amount of humic substances was observed in the treatment 4 (114.51mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) and minimum was in control (12.54 mg/g Humic and Fulvic acid) having poultry manure alone. The percentage germination varied from 52.5 to 97.5 in all the finished compost and maximum was in the treatment 4 showing that prepared compost does not have any phytotoxic effect. Root, shoot length, dry weight and N,P,K uptake of wheat crop was maximum in the treatment having 100% R.D.F. with quality compost (@ 5t/ha) prepared from paddy straw and poultry manure in ratio 5:1 along with microbial consortia and cattle dung (10%). The results of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and poultry manure in 5:1 ratio along with microbial consortia and cattle dung 10% resulted into a brown colored quality compost with neutral pH, C:N ratio 16.04 and its application (@ 5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat crop significantly improved the plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access Bio-ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes by fermentation(CCSHAU, 2017) Deepak; Malik, KamlaDue to increase in the energy consumption rapid depletion of fossil fuels; increasing costs and environmental degradation; there is a spurring demand to look for sustainable; cleaner fuels which are economically competitive with substantial environmental benefit. Bio-ethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide. India is a second largest producer of fruits after China with a production of 81 million tones. Fruits and vegetable waste are commonly generated organic wastes from both household and food processing industries that are low cost waste materials and have potential to be used as feedstock for ethanol production. In the present study, different fruit and vegetable wastes were evaluated for their composition and it was observed that total reducing sugars were maximum in mango peel (3.32 mg/g) followed by carrot (2.67 mg/g) and papaya (2.33 mg/g). Fermentation conditions were optimized for ethanol production from fruit and vegetable wastes (peel) supplemented in YEPD media at different temperatures (25, 30 and 35oC), pH (4.5, 5.0 and 6.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. Maximum ethanol production (1.0%) was obtained by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 at 35oC, pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation in YEPD medium supplemented with fruit and vegetable peel wastes.ThesisItem Open Access Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia and its effect on wheat growth(CCSHAU, 2017) Sushila Devi; Goyal, SnehPaddy straw and press mud are agricultural and industrial wastes, which are generated in rice fields and sugar mill respectively. The disposal of these wastes into land or water is great environment hazard. So, co-composting could be considered as a feasible and safe method to recycle and transform them into organic manures which can be used in agricultural soil. So, the present investigation was planned with the objectives to co-compost paddy straw and pressmud using microbial consortia. Co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud in different ratio was carried out in pits by adjusting initial C/N ratio to 50:1. Total organic carbon in different treatments decreased due to losses of C and total N increased due to accumulation of nitrogen upto 90 days. Ammoniacal nitrogen decreased with time during composting in all the treatments. Amount of nitrate-nitrogen increased significantly and varied from 180 mg/kg to 527 mg/kg. The C: N ratio declined from 59.95 and 33.89 to 33.75 and 22.45 in controls (T1 and T2) respectively, after 90 days of composting and treatment T6 had minimum C/N ratio (15.51). Amount of total phosphorous varied from 185 to 1035 mg/kg. Total potassium increased from 0.89 to 1.53 % and 0.72 % to 1.02% in controls. Initial temperature of compostable material was around 33 ºC. But as the decomposition progressed, maximum temperature was observed after 45 days of decomposition. A gradual fall in temperature was observed after 45 days of composting and it decreased to 32 ºC. The amount of humic acid in the finished compost varied from 14.8 to 123.1 mg/g of compost and fulvic acid from 13.0 to 22.5 mg/g of compost. Carbon dioxide evolution was minimum in the treatment T2 (142.4 mg CO2/100g compost) having pressmud alone + cattle dung (10%) followed by treatment T6 (260.2 mg CO2/100g compost) having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. Initially water soluble carbon in compost water extract was 7.05 and 4.02% and declined to 2.94 and 2.02% respectively in control. Maximum germination index was observed in treatment T 6 having paddy straw and pressmud (1:2) +cattle dung (10%) + microbial consortia. On the basis of quality parameters two best quality composts were selected and tested in wheat (var. WH-1105) under pot house. Root and shoot length, root shoot dry weight and N P K uptake after 120 days of sowing was maximum in compost 2 (@ 5t/ha) + RDF. The result of present study shows that co-composting of paddy straw and pressmud (1:2)+ cattle dung (10%)+ microbial consortia resulted into compost which is having dark brown color, neutral pH and low C/N ratio and its application (@5t/ha) with 100% RDF on wheat significantly increased plant growth.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of bacterial isolates from shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) rhizosphere for antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma lucidium(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet; Pathak, D.V.Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. next to teak (TectonagrandisL.f.), is the most planted tree in South Asia . Timber of D. sissoo finds multipurpose uses in different fields and has a high economical impact on many South Asian countries. The species occurs naturally on the reverine forests mostly in association with Acacia catechu. Hence the most suitable site for its growth is sandy and alluvial soil on the banks of rivers and streams. Dalbergia sissoo, an important tree of tropical region, is grown as monoculture or in Agroforestry system because of the quality of its wood and its effect on soil fertility through N2 fixation. Shisham mortility is spread throughout the shisham zone, more severe in the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Panjab and Haryana in India. It is highly susceptible to a disease called wilt caused by fungi which target particular species. Two pathogens have been found responsible for shisham mortality - Fusarium sp. dalbergiae causing vascular wilt and Ganoderma lucidium causing root rot. The former was found wide spread throughout shisham growing area whereas G. lucidum is associated in drier localities such as Haryana and Punjab. There are several PGPR inoculants currently commercialized that seem to promote growth through at least one mechanism; suppression of plant disease (termed “Bioprotectants”), phytohormone production (termed “Biostimulants”), or improved nutrient acquisition (termed “Biofertilizers”). These bacteria are also capable to suppress the growth of deleterious microorganisms by production of siderophores, β 1,3 glucanases, chitinases and antibiotics. Keeping in view, the economic importance of shisham and to understand the role of PGPRs for control of wilt disease and promotion of plant growth, the present investigations were conducted. Eighteen bacterial isolates were screened for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum and G. lucidium in vitro conditions. Five cultures showed prominent activity against the test pathogen. These cultures were also characterized for HCN production, Siderophore formation and Chitinase activity. On the basis of antagonistic activity against two test pathogens and biochemical characterization; five best cultures were identified as SD-25, SD-30, SD-87, SD-97 and SD-99. Maximum seed germination (100%) in vitro was observed in the treatment having (SD-99 only); followed by SD-99+ G. lucidium. These cultures were also tested for plant growth parameters in Dalbergia sissoo. Under pot house conditions isolate SD-99 showed maximum shoot dry weight (0.463g) and root dry weight (0.228g). This culture showed ninety nine percent similarity to Bacillus sp. strain A2733 on the basis of 16s rRNA sequencing.ThesisItem Open Access Bioethanol production from starchy wastes(CCSHAU, 2017) Sujeeta; Malik, KamlaPotato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important agricultural crops for human consumption and high amount is produced worldwide every year. Potatoes are starchy crops, which do not require complex pre-treatments. Potato peel waste (PPW) is a zero value by product, which occurs in big amounts after industrial potato processing and can range from 15-40 % of initial product mass, depending on the peeling method. PPW has potential as a base for fermentation reactions because of high starch content and could be utilized for bioethanol production. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) represents an important biomass resource for fuel alcohol production, because of its chemical composition and high density of starch, compared to other forms of biomass, and thus premise as an alternative bioresource for the production of ethanol through fermentation. Ethanol production from potato and sweet potato peel wastes (SPPW) is relatively new topic and limited research has been conducted about the utilization of these wastes. In the present study, a total of 15 yeast isolates were obtained from soil and other sources like fruits and vegetables, fermented foods etc. Out of these, 12 yeast isolates were screened for amylolytic activity on starch agar medium. The zone index varied from 1.5 to 3.2 with yeast isolate YPO3 showing the maximum zone index (3.2). Only six isolates were selected for measuring the amylolytic enzyme activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed in YPO3 (181.54 U/ml). However, four yeast isolates were used for optimization of conditions by SHF method for ethanol production from potato and sweet potato peel wastes at different temperatures (30, 35 and 40°C), pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and incubation period under stationary condition. The maximum bioethanol production was observed from PPW and SPPW at temperature 35°C and pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation under SHF. SSF of PPW and SPPW was observed at temperature 35°C and pH 6.0 after 72 h of incubation period using YPO3 and YPmp3. The maximum ethanol 2.83% and 3.14 % were observed by using YPO3 after 72 h of incubation, whereas 3.75% and 4.62% were observed using Sacchromyces cerevisiae HAU-1 after 48 h of incubation from PPW and SPPW. The yeast isolates (YPmp3 and YPO3) showed maximum ethanol production in SSF as compared to SHF.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of textile industry waste water on soil microflora and plant growth of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Savita Rani; Goyal, SnehDue to increasing demand of food has brought more and more land under cultivation which has focused the attention on irrigation water. Use of industrial waste water for irrigation purpose has emerged as an important alternative. Textile industries are major source of these effluents due to the nature of their operation, which require high volume of water that eventually results in high waste water generation. Indiscriminate disposal of waste water may result in adverse impact on soil microorganism and environmental health, which in turn affects soil productivity and its fertility. During present investigation, untreated textile waste water was collected from Panipat textile mill (Haryana). It was wine red in color with pH 7.3, EC 10.5 d sm-1, total carbon 200 mg l-1, nitrogen 12 mg l-1, BOD 420 mg l-1 and COD 830 mg l-1. The soil was amended with 10, 20 and 50% of textile waste water and water holding capacity was maintained 60% and incubated at 30ºC up to 90 days and samples were withdrawn at 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation for enumeration of microbial population. A significant increase in bacterial population was observed up to 20% of textile waste water amendment at 60 days of incubation and declined on further incubation. The actinomycetes count varied from 35 to 75× 102 cfu g-1 dry soil at different waste water concentrations and incubation time. The fungal population varied from 40 to 79 ×104cfu g-1dry soil with different waste water concentration and incubation time. Diazotrophs count varied 18 to 49×101 cfu g-1 dry soil at different concentration of incubation time. Dehydrogenase activity increased with increase in incubation time upto 60 days and with 20% textile waste water concentration, but decreased on further increase in incubation and waste water concentration. The percent germination of seeds varied from 35 to 100% from 3rd to 5th day of incubation. Less inhibition in seeds germination was observed at 10% waste water concentration in comparison to 20, 50 and 100% of waste water concentration under laboratory conditions. Plant height, dry weight of root and shoot were significantly higher in 10 and 20% textile waste water in both, regular irrigation with textile waste water and always irrigated with textile waste water after germination. Analysis of soils after harvest of mustard had more bacterial population than other organism which varied from 25-80×106 cfu g-1 dry soil, 18-32×102 cfu g-1 dry soil, 15-40×101 cfu g-1 dry soil and 27-52×104 cfu g-1 dry soil respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of physico-chemical parameters for biosurfactant production by yeast(CCSHAU, 2017) Sharma, Pankaj; Sangwan, SeemaCommercial production of biosurfactant, a surface-active compound produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi, is restricted due to increased cost of production which could be lowered down by optimization of production process using high yielding strains. The present investigation was designed to optimize various physical and chemical parameters of biosurfactant production monitored in terms of oil displacement and E24 index, by four promising isolates, YK20, YK21, YK22 and YK32. Among carbon sources, olive oil at 8%(v/v) concentration was optimized as it gave maximum oil displacement of 7.5cm in case of isolate YK32 followed by 6.6cm in case of isolate YK20. Diesel being complex hydrocarbon source was not utilized easily and showed poor biosurfactant production, however it was maximum supported by YK22 which gave maximum oil displacement of 4.5cm after 5 days of incubation. Yeast extract at 1.5%(w/v) concentration yielded maximum biosurfactant as evident from maximum oil displacement of 8.1cm followed by 7.3cm along with an emulsification index of 52.6% and 50.2% in case of isolates YK32 and YK20, respectively. Yeast extract showed most encouraging results with isolate YK22 as its supplementation, approximately doubled the biosurfactant production in first 24h from 1.2-1.9cm to 3.0-3.1cm at different concentrations Sodium chloride concentration at the rate of 3%(w/v) was selected for further studies as it supported oil displacement of 8.8 and 8.1cm given by isolates YK32 and YK20, respectively. Any increased concentration above this level, negatively influenced the biosurfactant production. Biosurfactant production was observed maximum at 30°C as monitored in terms of oil displacement of 8.8cm in case of isolate YK32 and it decreased marginally as the temperature was shifted to either 35°C (5.2cm) or 25°C (7.6cm). An increased temperature to 40°C, however, decreased oil displacement, significantly to 2.5cm. Biosurfactant production appeared to be sensitive to varying pH as evident from an emulsification index as high as 67.3% at pH 6.0 in case of isolate YK32 as compared to 60.2%, 60.1% and 52.4% at pH 5.0, 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. Maximum biomass production, 10.3g/L, was observed at pH 6 in isolate YK32 while a minimum biomass, 6.3g/L was attained at pH 7 in case of isolate YK21. Elimination of shaking at the rate of 150rpm reduced the emulsification index from 63.8% to 30.3%, 58.8% to 34.1% and 60.2% to 30.6%, respectively in case of isolates YK20, YK21 and YK22 after 5 days of incubation.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of phyllospheric bacteria for growth promotion of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Satish Kumar; Rakesh KumarA total of forty six bacterial isolates were isolated from phyllosphere of five different crops (Cotton, Mung bean, Potato, Wheat, and Pearl millet). All the bacterial isolates were characterized for IAA production, Ammonia excretion, Antifungal activity, Nitrate reductase and Phosphate solubilization. All the isolates were producing IAA and highest IAA produced by isolate WHK2 (31.06 μg/ml). All the 46 isolates were capable of excreting ammonia and highest ammonia excretion was observed in isolate PMK3 (5.29 μg/ml). Out of 46 isolates, only 17 isolates showed antifungal activity against A. niger and R. solani. All the 46 isolates showed nitrate reductase activity and highest nitrate reductase activity was observed in isolate MUK1 (148.63 μg nitrite ml-1). A total of 15 bacterial isolates solubilized phosphate and highest phosphate solubilisation index was observed in isolate COJ4 (19.18). On the basis of plant growth promoting traits, total 7 isolates (POK3, PMK3, COJ4, MUK1, WHK2, WHN1 and WHN2) were selected for the pot house studies in potato (Kufri bahar var.). Different parameter such as total viable count of bacteria in phyllosphere, chlorophyll a & b content, ROS scavenging enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were observed at different interval of time. Potato yield & its plant height were observed at 90 days after showing. Total phyllospheric viable count was maximum observed in foliar application of isolate PMK3 along with RDF i.e. treatment T15 (7.8 log no. cfu/g leaves) at 90 DAS. Maximum chlorophyll a content (1.80 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b content (1.38 mg/g fresh weight) was observed in isolate COJ4 along with RDF i.e. treatment T19 at 60 DAS. No fixed trend of any phyllospheric bacteria were observed on ROS activity in potato under pot house conditions. However maximum catalase ( 0.24 & 0.22 U/g fresh weight) observed in T4 Azotobacter chroococcum Mac27 (tuber treatment) along with 75% RDF at 30 and 60 DAS, maximum peroxidase (12.67 U/g fresh weight) observed in treatment T3 i.e. control RDF at 30 DAS and treatment T14 isolate PMK3 along with 75% RDF (12.52 U/g fresh weight) at 60 DAS, maximum superoxide dismutase (481.80 U/g fresh weight) observed in treatment T18 isolate COJ4 along with 75% RDF at 30 DAS and treatment T7 Azotobacter chroococcum Mac27 along with RDF (408.85 U/g fresh weight) at 60 DAS. Maximum plant height was observed with foliar application of isolate PMK3 along with RDF i.e. treatment T15 (36.0 cm). Highest potato yield was observed in foliar application of isolate PMK3 along with RDF i.e. treatment T15 which is 0.194 kg respectively. Among the seven bacterial isolates (POK3, PMK3, COJ4, MUK1, WHK2, WHN1 and WHN2) tested for plant growth promotion effect in potato crop, maximum plant growth promotion effect was observed with bacterial isolate PMK3 and COJ4. So, bacterial isolate PMK3 and COJ4 may be explored further for the field experiment.