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Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in Hisar division of Haryana State
(CCSHAU, 2018) Preeti; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Hisar division of Haryana state. Two districts i.e. Bhiwani and Hisar were selected randomly. One block from each district and two villages from each block were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly for making a total of 300 respondents. Data regarding dependent and independent variables were collected with the help of pre tested interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency; percentage weighted mean score and Pearson‟s coefficient of correlation. Results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, were educated upto secondary, belonged to OBC caste, having nuclear families with medium family size and had farming as their main occupation. Majority of them had no social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite sources and high mass media exposure for obtaining information. Majority of farmers followed double cropping pattern with medium cropping intensity. All were grown grain crops and cash crops. Human capital, social capital and financial capital were found to be of medium level. Physical capital was found high while natural capital was found medium in Bhiwani district and it was found low in Hisar district. Food security index in both the districts was found to be quite high (76.00 and 73.2%). Shelter/water and sanitation security, access to institutions, economic security and health security were found to be of moderate level, but the nutritional security index was found to be less than 50 per cent. Farm families faced small land size, lack of capital, no timely procurement, doesn‟t have good quality of seeds and fertilizers are main livelihood problems. A video film was developed on „Poshan Suraksha‟ by using standard procedure. Effectiveness of VCD was assessed in terms of audio, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message and it was perceived high on all the parameters by all the judges. Family size, family education status, occupation and annual income was positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capital expect natural capital. Family education status, occupation and annual income were positively and significantly correlated with all the livelihood securities.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families of Ambala division of Haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2018) Arya, Saurabh; Batra, Asha
The present investigation entitled “Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families of Ambala division of Haryana state” was conducted in Ambala division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Ambala and Yamunanagar were selected randomly from Ambala division. One block from each district viz. Sadhora block from Ambala and Nareingarh block from Yamunanagar district were selected randomly. Two villeges from each block viz. Rajpur and Nashera from Sadhora block, Sain Majra and Badi Ujjal from Nareingarh were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farmers were selected randomly from each village and thus 300 farm families constitute the sample size for present study. Statistical tools like frequency, percentages, weighted mean score, ranking and co-relation coefficient were applied for data analysis. Sixteen independent variables and two dependent variables were selected for study purpose. The overall mean score of Human capital was found to be low in both the selected districts with WMS 1.52 and 1.59 in Ambala and Yamunanagar districts. The overall mean score of social, natural, physical and financial capital was found medium in both selected districts with mean score range from 1.67-2.33. Livelihood security index was medium level for almost all the security but the score for nutritional security was low among all of them. Major problems faced by the farm families of Ambala district related to government followed by climate change, agriculture, household and market respectively. Whereas major problems related to Yamunanagar district was related to market, climate change, government, agriculture and household respectively. Major opportunities perceived by farm families of both districts was same i.e related to household followed by community resources, farm practices and provided by government respectively. Human, social, natural, physical and financial capital were found to be positively and significantly co-related with age, family size, family education status, size of house, occupation, annual income, size of land, social participation and information source utilization. Same trends were observed in all types of security chosen for study purpose viz. food, nutritional, economic, shelter/water and sanitation, health, education security and access to institution. The effectiveness of developed VCD entitled” prakritik kheti dwara khaya suraksha” was assessed through 30 judges on selected parameters viz. audio and visual quality, presentation of message, content and text. The developed VCD was perceived high by the judges.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in gurgaon division of Haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2018) Raman Jodha; Dahiya, Manju
The study was conducted in Gurgaon division of Haryana state .Two districts from Gurgaon division i.e Rewari and Mahendragarh were selected randomly. One block from each district viz., Jatusana block from Rewari district and Kanina block from Mahendergarh district, were selected randomly. From selected two blocks Jatusana and Kanina, four villages (two from each block) Dahina and Maseet from Jatusana and Kakrala and Rambas from Kanina were selected randomly. From the selected villages a sample of 75 small and marginal farm families from was drawn randomly. Thus a total of 300 respondents were selected randomly. Statistical tools frequency, percentages, weighted mean scores and ranking, correlation coefficient were applied for data analysis. In the present study livelihood capabilities and security with problems and opportunities was assessed by developing media on identified aspect of livelihood security. The overall level of Human capital, social capital, physical capital and financial capital was found medium in both the districts (Rewari and Mahendargarh) with the mean score range in between 1.67 to 2.33 whereas natural capital was found low in both the districts (Rewari and Mahendargarh) with the mean score of 1.64 and 1.23 respectively. Livelihood security index was of medium level for almost all the parameters but the score for nutritional security was low amongst all of them. Major problems faced by the farm families were related to climate followed by related to government, related to household and related to climate. Main opportunity was ‘Related to household’ as livestock husbandry, educated family members and skill enhancement. Human capital was found to be positively and significantly correlated with family size(r= 0.479*), family education status(r=0.589*), occupation (r=0.683*), annual income(r=0.602*), size of land (r=0.691*) and information source utilization(r= 0.487*). Relationship between respondent’s independent variables with livelihood security of farm families indicate that variables viz; family size(r=0.392*), family education status(r=0.789*), occupation (r=0.739*), annual income(r=0.741*) and size of land(r=0.375*) were found to be significantly and positively correlated with food security. Effectiveness of CD entitled “Santulit bhojan dwara poshan surksha” was assessed through judges on selected parameters like audio quality, visual quality, and presentation of message, content and text. Audio and visual quality of messages related to ‘Santulit bhojan dwara poshan surksha’ presented in CD was perceived to be high. The audio and visual status of the prepared CD had been rated to be good quality.
Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in rohtak division of haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Anusha; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Rohtak division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal and one block from each district were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly making total 300 respondents. Sixteen independent variables and three dependent variables were selected. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency, percentage, weighted mean score and coefficient of correlation. The study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, educated upto secondary, general caste, married, having nuclear family with medium family size, had farming as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents had negligible social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite and medium mass media source of information utilization. Majority of farm families used double cropping patterrn, had medium cropping intensity. Physical capital in both the districts was found high.Human capital, social capital and financial capitals were found of medium level while natural capital was low in Karnal district and medium in Sonipat district. Overall livelihood security index showedfood security was reported to be high while nutrition security, economic security, shelter/water and sanitation security, health security, education security and access to institution were found to be of medium level. Farm families faced lack of capital, high labour cost as their main livelihood problems. Video film on ‘Swachh Jal Behtar Kal’ was developed by using standard procedures. The effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) was assessed through several parameters. Effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) in terms of audio quality, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message was rated as high.Family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capitals except natural capital. Age, family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood securities.
Open Access
Smart agricultural practices: Problems and prospects
(CCSHAU, 2018) Rohila, Anil Kumar; Shehrawat, P.S.
The study was conducted in Haryana state. Two districts viz. Hisar from South-West Zone and Kaithal from North-East Zone were selected, purposively. Further, three villages from each district were selected, randomly. Further, thirty farmers were selected, randomly from each selected village. Thus, a total number of 180 respondents were interviewed for the present study. Majority of respondents (78.34%) belonged to productive age group and acquired education (88.33%) up to post graduate. Majority of the farmers had land holding up to 5 acres with had livestock along with ricewheat (70%) cropping system and 46.11 per cent farmers used tractor as farm power. Majority of the respondents had low to medium level of mass media exposure and extension contact. While, economic motivation of the maximum number of farmers was middle to high, whereas, majority of the respondents (99.44%) had low to medium innovation proneness. It was observed that farmer’ were well aware about nearest soil and water testing laboratory, SHC helps to studies the soil health, good quality of seed increase yield, high yielding varieties (HYVs), zero tillage reduce the field preparatory, labor and fuel cost, timely irrigation enhance crop yield, INM increase the crop yield, excess pesticides use hazards, weed competes for light, water and nutrients etc., IFS helps to reduce the cost of production, SMS services provided by CCSHAU, Hisar, crop diversification helps to reduce risk of crop failures, harvested water can be used for irrigation and drinking, compost and vermin compost is alternative of chemical fertilizers, agro forestry provide healthy environment and extra income, ICTs services provide information accurately, frequently and timely, burning of crop residue degrade the environment, emarketing promote the cashless transaction, agro-processing helps to get good price, protected cultivation helps to provide off season products, crop insurance minimize the risk of crop failure, CSAP helps to increase productivity, and organic farming reduces input cost. Whereas, adoption level was high about conjunctive use of water, certified seed for crop production, seed cum fertilizer drill machine, integrated nutrient management (INM), recommended nozzle for spray, crop stable burning is abandoned, cropping system having high productivity, visit the kissan mela (Kharif and Rabi), store your produce for future sale, allow the animal to mate within 3 months after parturition, mineral mixture, protect the animals from harsh weather conditions, disinfect the udder before milking, and proper ventilated house for animals. However, lack of seeds of new high yielding varieties (HYVs), lack of knowledge for seed treatment, not familiar with improved practices, lack of farm equipments, inadequate information, knowledge and skills, scarcity of canal water, not aware about the procedure of registration for weather forecasting, conservation agriculture is more labor intensive, lack of minimum support price, wide fluctuation in prices, lack of training to access e-information, climate change effects the seasonal temperature and rainfall, slow results of eco- friendly practices, lack of climate related information, high initial cost of establishment of protected structure, all crops not covered under crop insurance, lack of proper training of agro-processing/value addition, and non-availability of good animal breed were major constraints in adoption of smart agricultural practices (SAPs).
Open Access
Job preferences of adolescent girls and parents in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Shalini; Goel, Rita
Present study was conducted in Haryana state, purposively. Two districts, Hisar and Bhiwani were selected randomly from Haryana state. One block was selected randomly from each selected district comprising of total 2 blocks for the study. A list of villages in both the districts outside the municipal limits having senior secondary schools and a list of senior secondary schools situated in Hisar and Bhiwani city was prepared. From the prepared lists, two villages with senior secondary schools from each block and 2 senior secondary schools from Hisar and Bhiwani cities were selected randomly. Hence, 8 senior secondary schools (i.e. 4 from selected villages and 4 from Hisar & Bhiwani city) were taken. Total 200 adolescent girls from class XI & XII both (25 from each selected school) and their parents were selected. Thus, a sample of 200 adolescent girls and 200 parents (200 mothers & 200 fathers) were selected for the study making a total sample of 600 respondents. Two separate well structured pre-tested interview schedules were developed for each category of respondents. A set of 27 independent variables and 2 dependent variables were used in study. The collected data was quantified and interpreted by using suitable statistical tools. Personal profile of respondents revealed that majority of parents were educated upto high level of family educational status in both the districts, agricultural labourers with medium family size in rural area and service (govt./private) with small size family in urban area in both the districts and majority of respondents had allied occupation. Majority of respondents preferred and control over the media. Cent percent adolescent girls wanted to go for job in both the districts and they discussed about choosing their career with fathers. Communication and transportation means possessed by parents were of medium level. The findings also revealed that majority of respondents had functional family environment in both the districts and parents had secure relationship in the family with their children. Majority of adolescent girls perceived top and mediocre level self managing school environment. Opinion about parents-child-relationship was supportive. In both the districts, crystallization of age of adolescent girls revealed that majority of respondents started to think about career at 16-18 years of age. Knowledge of respondents on various parameters was perceived about job opportunities. Maximum knowledge was seen in terms of art stream. Regarding preference about job opportunities, most preference was seen in science stream (2.28) followed by art stream (2.27) and commerce stream (2.24) in urban area of Hisar district and in rural area, maximum preference about job opportunities was seen in art stream (2.18) followed by science stream (2.11) and commerce stream (2.10). Regarding preference about job opportunities in Bhiwani district, maximum preference was observed in terms of art stream (2.27) followed by commerce (2.22) and science (2.04) in urban area while in rural area, , maximum preference was observed in terms of commerce stream (2.18) followed by art (2.09) and science (2.03). Majority of adolescent girls faced major problems in job preferences i.e. ‘poor examination results’ and ‘lack of confidence’ etc. The major challenges faced by respondents were ‘household chores’, ‘caring for elderly’ and ‘double burden of work’ in home based environment in both the districts. Regarding pre and post knowledge about job opportunities observed that post knowledge was increased after using the booklet. All the situational variables were positive associated with knowledge and preferences about jobs.
Open Access
Contract farming – A study of impact analysis
(CCSHAU, 2017) Charudatt Dattatray Autade; Mehta, S.K.
Contract farming is a system for production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers / suppliers and buyers (Haque, 2000). In contract farming a processing firm purchases the farm produce of independent farmers under certain pre-negotiated terms and conditions on value, quality, quantity and input supply. The National Agricultural Policy 2000, announced by the Government of India, seeks to promote contract farming by involving the private sector to ‘accelerate technology transfer, capital inflow and assured marketing of crop production’ (Asokan, 2005). Young and middle aged farmers were more interested in contract farming. Contract farmers are well educated; more numbers i.e. (70.1%) of contract farmers have studied up to matriculate and above. Majority of contract farmers were having large size land holdings. Most of contract farmers i.e. 43.8 per cent owned medium level farm power. There is no scarcity of water for drinking but for irrigation purpose they are depending on bore-wells/tube-wells in the sample villages, which is the major source. Most of the contract farmers used high irrigation facility (tube-well with canal) as an irrigation source. Majority of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness. The data indicated that majority of contract farmers i.e. (65.60%) earned high level of farm income (above Rs.1, 90,001). 68.80 per cent of contract farmers had low level of social participation. About one third i.e. 33.80 per cent of respondents have low level of risk orientation. One-half of the respondents were placed under medium mass media exposure. One-half of respondents i.e. 53.10 per cent belonged to medium category of economic motivation. Majority of contract farmers contributed for low level area under contract farming. Cropping pattern of an area that decides the types of crops used by the farmers. In the present study most of the famers practiced majorly cereals and vegetables. Almost three-forth (80.00%) of the respondents had highly favourable attitude towards contract farming. There was a significant association between age of respondents and attitude towards contract farming ) 0.025* and highly significant association between attitude and farm income ) = 0.048**. The data emphasized that 42.1 per cent of respondents were low level of prospects about contract farming followed by 39.0 per cent of respondents had categorized as under medium level prospects. The variables like education, land holding, irrigation facility, farm income and area under contract farming are significantly associated with prospects and highly significant association with social participation. Majority of respondents i.e. 58.8 per cent were faced medium level of constraints under contract farming. Only variable age was highly significantly associated with constraints. Among the contract farmers majority of respondent i.e. 63.1 per cent had experienced medium level of impact followed by 21.9 per cent of contract framers had realised high level of impact. Only variable economic motivation was highly significant in association with impact of contract farming and variables like education, farm power and risk orientation had significant association with impact.
Open Access
Assessment of livelihood system and strategies in rural households: A gender analysis
(CCSHAU, 2017) Suchitra; Kaushik, Sushma
Livelihoods are the ways in which people satisfy their needs, or gain a living. The present study was conducted in four districts two each from Eastern and Western zones of Haryana. Total 300 household from different landholding categories were selected from four villages of the selected districts. Socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the households was headed by males. Majorities of landless male as well as females were working as casual labour while most of small, medium and large lands holding males were self-employed in agriculture in both the zones. Income of majority of landless and marginal households was mainly through wages but other categories earned income through farming, livestock, salary and other sources. Medium framers in Eastern and large farmers in Western zone scored high for intensification/extensification strategies while small and medium farmers had higher scores for diversification. Crop intensity up to the extent of 100-200 per cent was obtained by majority of farmers irrespective of land holding and zone, though about one fourth large farmers were getting crop intensity above 200 per cent. Physical, financial and social assets increased with size of land holding, while human and natural assets decreased. Maximum ratio of working to non working population was found among landless categories. Prevalence of chronic illness was found more among larger landholding categories and even more among females. Insect/ pest attack, irregular income, inflation in cost of inputs, unemployment, non-supportive governance policies, poor support price/procurement, non availability of quality seeds/fertilizers were perceived as serious problems among majority of farmers. Different categories of farmers adopted coping mechanism to tackle the problems. Land, caste, family size, education and occupation were found positively and significantly associated with assets and livelihood strategies. Coping mechanism was found positively and significantly associated with caste, education, family education and livelihood strategies.
Open Access
Assessment of mobile based advisory services of KVKs
(CCSHAU, 2017) Saroj Kumari; Sethi, Nishi
The study was conducted in all Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) of Haryana state, purposively with three objectives i.e. content analysis of messages delivered through mobile based advisory services, impact of mobile based extension services among registered farmers and limitations and suggestions for strengthening mobile phone based extension services. There are 23 KVKs in Haryana state. Out of them only 12 KVKs were using MBASs schemes. Thus, these 12 KVKs were selected purposively for the purpose of content analysis of MBASs, all the messages given during the one year (July 2015 to June 2016) constituted the sample size. Two KVKs Fatehabad and Sirsa KVK were randomly selected for the assessment of impact. List of registered farmers were procured from selected KVKs. Out of that list, 150 registered farmers were selected randomly from each KVKs, comprising total sample of 300 registered farmers. Assessing the impact MBASs on farmers were dependent variables. Impact of the MBASs was assessed in terms of quality of the messages, feasibility of the messages and utility of the messages by registered farmers. Various socio-personal, economical, psychological and communicational variables of registered farmers constituted the independent variables for the study. Total number of 2,58,023 farmers were registered under different programmes for MBAS. Among KVK’s maximum no. (15000) of farmers were registered in Fatehabad KVK. Most of MBAS services were started in 2014 in KVKs. Only eight messages were send through KVK Kaithal in whole year. Out of 228 messages 108 messages were found to have long sentence length i.e > 21 -29. Information source of messages was mainly subject matter specialist of KVKs. Maximum no. of messages delivered by KVKs were related to plant protection (26.76%). Among 12 KVKs total messages delivered were 228/year. Among them 214 messages (93.85%) were fresh and 14 were repeated. As per Robert Gunning FOG index except Bhiwani and Gurgaon the language of the messages was ideal scoring below 8. Fifty six per cent of the respondent’s were of old age with primary education, married and possessed medium family education status. Majority of the (62%) farmers were belonging to upper caste having joint and medium size families. Forty four per cent respondents main occupation was farming, annual income was of low (49%), had small size land holding, large herd size with high material possession. Majority of the respondents were having medium mass exposure and medium information sources utilization. Seventy three per cent of the respondents used simple phone. The main purpose to have contact with friends and relatives, were using mobile since 4 years through BSNL service providers and recharge their mobile monthly. Majority of the farmers perceived appropriateness of content, frequency and language of message as somewhat appropriate. Overall impact of the messages was perceived as medium (quality, feasibility and utility) by most of the respondents. All the beneficiaries were reading the message and more than 90 per cent applying the information in the field as per advice. Lack of skill to use smart phone with 2.24 WMS was the main limitation perceived by the registered farmers regarding mobile based advisory services. Majority of the respondent suggested that frequency of messages should be increased. Hundred per cent respondents were using mobile therefore the use of services MBASs through mobile should be exploited fully for extension work. Feedback mechanism is missing. Based on the above facts, Age, respondents education and family education status was significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services among registered farmers and marital status were found negatively correlated. Communication variables, economic variables and psychological variables were significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services and had positive correlation at the 5% level of significance.

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