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Open Access
Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in rohtak division of haryana state
(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Anusha; Kaushik, Sushma
The present study was conducted in Rohtak division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal and one block from each district were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly making total 300 respondents. Sixteen independent variables and three dependent variables were selected. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency, percentage, weighted mean score and coefficient of correlation. The study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, educated upto secondary, general caste, married, having nuclear family with medium family size, had farming as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents had negligible social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite and medium mass media source of information utilization. Majority of farm families used double cropping patterrn, had medium cropping intensity. Physical capital in both the districts was found high.Human capital, social capital and financial capitals were found of medium level while natural capital was low in Karnal district and medium in Sonipat district. Overall livelihood security index showedfood security was reported to be high while nutrition security, economic security, shelter/water and sanitation security, health security, education security and access to institution were found to be of medium level. Farm families faced lack of capital, high labour cost as their main livelihood problems. Video film on ‘Swachh Jal Behtar Kal’ was developed by using standard procedures. The effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) was assessed through several parameters. Effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) in terms of audio quality, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message was rated as high.Family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capitals except natural capital. Age, family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood securities.
Open Access
Use of information and communication technologies by extension personnel to disseminate agricultural information
(CCSHAU, 2017) Noor Agha; Ghanghas, Bharat Singh
India has been experiencing major changes in agricultural extension system since the beginning of the 21st century. The reform included both demand and supply side measures. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become a global tool often used by individuals, organizations, governments and intergovernmental organizations for personal or official activities. Its application cut across all fields of human endeavor like medicine, commerce, engineering, architecture, education, library services, and agriculture. Information and communications technologies have been of great significance in the development agenda of most countries due to their critical role in facilitating socio-economic development. Keeping above facts in mind the study was conducted with following objectives: (i) To determine the availability and accessibility of ICTs among the field functionaries, (ii) To assess the extent of use of Information Communication Technology by field functionaries and (iii) To identify the constraints in use of ICTs by field functionaries to manage agricultural information. The present study was conducted in Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state. All Agricultural Development Officers and Block Agricultural officers working in department of agriculture of selected districts were personally interviewed with the help of pretested and structured interview schedule. The results shows that majority of the respondents were middle age group (36-50 years), female respondents were few, the percentage of agriculture graduates and post graduates was same (36.67 %), about one third of the respondents had less than 5 years job experience, majority of the respondents have not received trainings on ICT despite that majority of the extension personnel had ICTs skills viz. use of internet, MS Word, data entry and power point, more than half of the respondents had rural background, findings also indicated that job requirements for job commitment expressed by the extension personnel were field visits, technical guidance to farmers, organizing field days, conducting demonstrations and office work, the educational status and rural-urban background of the extension personnel were significantly associated with the ICTs skills and job satisfaction, 55.6 per cent respondents had not access to ICTs in their department. Majority of the respondents were aware about advantages of ICTs VIZ, time saving, more outreach, easy to access and access to more information sources. A vast majority (90.00 %) of the respondents evaluated ICT as positive tool for effective extension, more than half of the respondents were competent enough to handle and use ICTs properly. The study further illustrates that majority of the extension personnel used mobile phone to seek farmers’ participation and to deliver extension & advisory services, more than 80.00 percent and about 60.00 per cent of the respondents used social media like Whats App and facebook for extension activities respectively. Regarding constraints faced in use of ICT tools were less knowledge of farmers about ICTs and lack of specialized trainings received on ICTs were very serious constraints followed by lack of farmer’s interests in ICT tools, lack of ICT trainers and lack of ICT experience and skill. Loss of competitiveness, loss of contact with timely information and loss of extension management efficiency were the major consequences /concerns perceived by field functionaries for not using the ICTs presently or in near future.
Open Access
Content analysis and reading behaviour towards “Swachh Bharat Mission”
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ashma; Goel, Rita
Media is an essential tool of communication which helps in educating the masses. Print media is the oldest communicating tool still being used in all the life stages. The importance of print media especially newspaper can be estimated from the fact that millions of people across the country depend for the information that appears in the newspapers. Sanitation is not only associated with internal beauty but also with the health of the people. The well known international organizations and other sanitation related schemes or programmes like Swachh Bharat Mission cannot be ignored whenever sanitation and issues related with it become headlines. In India, most of the print media studies have been in the area of content analysis. Very little attempts have been made to know quantitative and qualitative coverage of issues related to Swachh Bharat Mission in the newspapers. Therefore, the study was conducted by keeping in view the importance of content analysis with the objectives: Content analysis of coverage on “Swachh Bharat Mission” in Hindi newspapers and Analyze the reading behaviour towards “Swachh Bharat Mission”. Four Hindi newspapers i.e. Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Tribune and Punjab Kesri were selected on the basis of maximum circulation of these newspapers in locale of the study. Content analysis of the selected newspapers was conducted in three phases. Hisar district of Haryana state was selected purposively to study the readers‟ behavior towards Swachh Bharat Mission. Total 100 respondents from the 2 wards (50 from each) of the Hisar city were interviewed randomly. The results of content analysis revealed that Dainik Jagran had maximum number of items and space related to Swachh Bharat Mission followed by Dainik Bhaskar. Majority of the items were published in the form of news followed by campaigns and photographs. Most of the items related to issue were covered by the newspaper correspondents and national agencies. Majority of items were of national level and placed on local page. The number of items and space covered in 1st column was highest. The maximum items and highest space were covered in 15 days after launching. The results of readership behaviour signifies that majority of the respondents were aware about national newspapers in both Hindi and English languages and read newspapers regularly. Most of the respondents read newspapers for improving their knowledge and preferred Dainik Bhaskar newspaper. About one fourth of the respondents preferred political section in the newspaper. Half of the respondents found the coverage regarding Swachh Bharat Mission somewhat adequate in the selected newspapers and felt that Dainik Bhaskar published content related to Swachh Bharat Mission was able to create awareness.
Open Access
Adoption constraints and technological gap for chickpea production technology
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sharma, Nidhi; Shehrawat, P.S.
This study was conducted to develop strategies for popularizing chickpea among farmers of Haryana state. The study was conducted in Bhiwani district of Haryana state, two blocks Tosham and Shiwani were selected randomly, from each block, two villages were selected and from each village, thirty farmers were selected randomly. Thus, total one hundred twenty farmers were selected and interviewed with the help of well-structured schedule. The interview schedule was divided into four categories i.e. adoption, constraints, dissuading factors and strategies. Findings of the personal profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the farmers were of middle age group (31-50 years), educated up to metric, belonged to nuclear family with 5-6 members, performed only farming and had land holding up to 5 acres. Result pertaining to adoption that maximum number of respondents used HC-3 variety followed by C-235. In case of seed rate adoption level higher in desi gram as compared to kabuli gram. Adoption rate is very lower in seed treatment.75.66 per cent of respondents adopted recommended method of sowing and 71 per cent farmers adopted recommended spacing in gram. Regarding manures and fertilizers, Di-ammonium phosphate is most common fertilizer used by the farmers followed by urea, single super phosphate and zinc sulphate, respectively. In irrigation requirement 67.33 per cent farmers applied irrigation before flowering followed by 33.33 per cent farmers applied irrigation at pod formation stage. In case of weed control 98.66 per cent farmers done hand weeding 25-30 days after sowing followed by 48 per cent farmers applied 45-50 days after sowing. Regarding disease control and cultural control 33.3 per cent farmers had adopted disease and cultural control. In case of insect pest control 59.66 per cent farmers had adopted control measure of gram pod borer followed by 33.33 per cent adopted control measure of Gram dhora. As far as constraint of chickpea cultivation was concerned, maximum respondents experienced various constraints like lack of promising varieties, inadequate rain at critical stages, lack of demonstration and training, the government does not do higher interest rate on loans, scarcity of agro-processing units and procurement of produce. Among dissuading factors, low yield potential is very accountable factor among chickpea growers followed by lack of promising varieties.
Open Access
Impact assessment of food processing trainings on scheduled caste women
(CCSHAU, 2017) Nisha; Seema Rani
The study was conducted to assess the impact of food processing training on scheduled caste women. A total of 155 scheduled caste women respondents of seven villages of 3 blocks i.e. Hisar-I, Hisar–II and Hansi of Hisar District of Haryana state were imparted training on food processing. Out of these 104 respondents were selected for the present study. Various socio- personal, economic, psychological and communication variables constitute the independent variables for the study and knowledge, attitude, skill acquisition and adoption constitute the dependent variables for the study. Most of the respondent (52.88%) were of lower middle age group , educated up to matriculation (45.19%), married (80.78%) having medium family education status and belong to nuclear families. Majority of them were laborers with monthly income between rupees. 40,000-60,000 and had medium level of material possession. The psychological profile revealed medium level of change proneness, risk orientation and high entrepreneurial motivation. Maximum training effectiveness score was recorded for pickling of seasonal vegetables (WMS 2.43) followed by fruit and vegetable preservation (WMS2.26), processing of milk and milk products (WMS 2.40) and baking (WMS 2.20). Most of the respondents succeeded in acquiring knowledge of all the training on food processing. Respondents were highly satisfied with the green chilli pickle in fruit and vegetable preservation training, pickling of seasonal vegetables training, production & preservation of paneer in milk and milk products training and making of chocolate cake in baking training. Respondents were highly satisfied about quality of trainer and subject matter for all the trainings. Sufficient knowledge was recorded for all components of food processing and knowledge level of trainees was found high. Skill acquisition of respondents was of medium level for all the trainings. Overall impact of trainings was of medium level. Economic constraints were perceived as major constraint followed by personal, market and technical constraints for all the trainings. Attitude of respondents was found favourable towards all selected trainings. The training component had significant association with knowledge, attitude and skills.
Open Access
Contract farming – A study of impact analysis
(CCSHAU, 2017) Charudatt Dattatray Autade; Mehta, S.K.
Contract farming is a system for production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers / suppliers and buyers (Haque, 2000). In contract farming a processing firm purchases the farm produce of independent farmers under certain pre-negotiated terms and conditions on value, quality, quantity and input supply. The National Agricultural Policy 2000, announced by the Government of India, seeks to promote contract farming by involving the private sector to ‘accelerate technology transfer, capital inflow and assured marketing of crop production’ (Asokan, 2005). Young and middle aged farmers were more interested in contract farming. Contract farmers are well educated; more numbers i.e. (70.1%) of contract farmers have studied up to matriculate and above. Majority of contract farmers were having large size land holdings. Most of contract farmers i.e. 43.8 per cent owned medium level farm power. There is no scarcity of water for drinking but for irrigation purpose they are depending on bore-wells/tube-wells in the sample villages, which is the major source. Most of the contract farmers used high irrigation facility (tube-well with canal) as an irrigation source. Majority of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness. The data indicated that majority of contract farmers i.e. (65.60%) earned high level of farm income (above Rs.1, 90,001). 68.80 per cent of contract farmers had low level of social participation. About one third i.e. 33.80 per cent of respondents have low level of risk orientation. One-half of the respondents were placed under medium mass media exposure. One-half of respondents i.e. 53.10 per cent belonged to medium category of economic motivation. Majority of contract farmers contributed for low level area under contract farming. Cropping pattern of an area that decides the types of crops used by the farmers. In the present study most of the famers practiced majorly cereals and vegetables. Almost three-forth (80.00%) of the respondents had highly favourable attitude towards contract farming. There was a significant association between age of respondents and attitude towards contract farming ) 0.025* and highly significant association between attitude and farm income ) = 0.048**. The data emphasized that 42.1 per cent of respondents were low level of prospects about contract farming followed by 39.0 per cent of respondents had categorized as under medium level prospects. The variables like education, land holding, irrigation facility, farm income and area under contract farming are significantly associated with prospects and highly significant association with social participation. Majority of respondents i.e. 58.8 per cent were faced medium level of constraints under contract farming. Only variable age was highly significantly associated with constraints. Among the contract farmers majority of respondent i.e. 63.1 per cent had experienced medium level of impact followed by 21.9 per cent of contract framers had realised high level of impact. Only variable economic motivation was highly significant in association with impact of contract farming and variables like education, farm power and risk orientation had significant association with impact.
Open Access
Assessment of livelihood system and strategies in rural households: A gender analysis
(CCSHAU, 2017) Suchitra; Kaushik, Sushma
Livelihoods are the ways in which people satisfy their needs, or gain a living. The present study was conducted in four districts two each from Eastern and Western zones of Haryana. Total 300 household from different landholding categories were selected from four villages of the selected districts. Socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the households was headed by males. Majorities of landless male as well as females were working as casual labour while most of small, medium and large lands holding males were self-employed in agriculture in both the zones. Income of majority of landless and marginal households was mainly through wages but other categories earned income through farming, livestock, salary and other sources. Medium framers in Eastern and large farmers in Western zone scored high for intensification/extensification strategies while small and medium farmers had higher scores for diversification. Crop intensity up to the extent of 100-200 per cent was obtained by majority of farmers irrespective of land holding and zone, though about one fourth large farmers were getting crop intensity above 200 per cent. Physical, financial and social assets increased with size of land holding, while human and natural assets decreased. Maximum ratio of working to non working population was found among landless categories. Prevalence of chronic illness was found more among larger landholding categories and even more among females. Insect/ pest attack, irregular income, inflation in cost of inputs, unemployment, non-supportive governance policies, poor support price/procurement, non availability of quality seeds/fertilizers were perceived as serious problems among majority of farmers. Different categories of farmers adopted coping mechanism to tackle the problems. Land, caste, family size, education and occupation were found positively and significantly associated with assets and livelihood strategies. Coping mechanism was found positively and significantly associated with caste, education, family education and livelihood strategies.
Open Access
Assessment of mobile based advisory services of KVKs
(CCSHAU, 2017) Saroj Kumari; Sethi, Nishi
The study was conducted in all Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) of Haryana state, purposively with three objectives i.e. content analysis of messages delivered through mobile based advisory services, impact of mobile based extension services among registered farmers and limitations and suggestions for strengthening mobile phone based extension services. There are 23 KVKs in Haryana state. Out of them only 12 KVKs were using MBASs schemes. Thus, these 12 KVKs were selected purposively for the purpose of content analysis of MBASs, all the messages given during the one year (July 2015 to June 2016) constituted the sample size. Two KVKs Fatehabad and Sirsa KVK were randomly selected for the assessment of impact. List of registered farmers were procured from selected KVKs. Out of that list, 150 registered farmers were selected randomly from each KVKs, comprising total sample of 300 registered farmers. Assessing the impact MBASs on farmers were dependent variables. Impact of the MBASs was assessed in terms of quality of the messages, feasibility of the messages and utility of the messages by registered farmers. Various socio-personal, economical, psychological and communicational variables of registered farmers constituted the independent variables for the study. Total number of 2,58,023 farmers were registered under different programmes for MBAS. Among KVK’s maximum no. (15000) of farmers were registered in Fatehabad KVK. Most of MBAS services were started in 2014 in KVKs. Only eight messages were send through KVK Kaithal in whole year. Out of 228 messages 108 messages were found to have long sentence length i.e > 21 -29. Information source of messages was mainly subject matter specialist of KVKs. Maximum no. of messages delivered by KVKs were related to plant protection (26.76%). Among 12 KVKs total messages delivered were 228/year. Among them 214 messages (93.85%) were fresh and 14 were repeated. As per Robert Gunning FOG index except Bhiwani and Gurgaon the language of the messages was ideal scoring below 8. Fifty six per cent of the respondent’s were of old age with primary education, married and possessed medium family education status. Majority of the (62%) farmers were belonging to upper caste having joint and medium size families. Forty four per cent respondents main occupation was farming, annual income was of low (49%), had small size land holding, large herd size with high material possession. Majority of the respondents were having medium mass exposure and medium information sources utilization. Seventy three per cent of the respondents used simple phone. The main purpose to have contact with friends and relatives, were using mobile since 4 years through BSNL service providers and recharge their mobile monthly. Majority of the farmers perceived appropriateness of content, frequency and language of message as somewhat appropriate. Overall impact of the messages was perceived as medium (quality, feasibility and utility) by most of the respondents. All the beneficiaries were reading the message and more than 90 per cent applying the information in the field as per advice. Lack of skill to use smart phone with 2.24 WMS was the main limitation perceived by the registered farmers regarding mobile based advisory services. Majority of the respondent suggested that frequency of messages should be increased. Hundred per cent respondents were using mobile therefore the use of services MBASs through mobile should be exploited fully for extension work. Feedback mechanism is missing. Based on the above facts, Age, respondents education and family education status was significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services among registered farmers and marital status were found negatively correlated. Communication variables, economic variables and psychological variables were significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services and had positive correlation at the 5% level of significance.
Open Access
Content analysis and readers behaviour towards 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' Scheme
(CCSHAU, 2017) Bisht, Shakshi; Verma Trar, Vandana
The content analysis was done of three newspapers. „Beti Bachao Beti Padhao‟ issues were analyzed for the period of January-February in the year 2015, 2016 and 2017. For readership survey, the study was conducted in Hisar city of Haryana state. Two localities, Urban Estate-II and Sector 15-a were selected randomly. The total sample constituted 100 women comprising 50 working and 50 non working women from both the localities. Various socio-personal, economical and communication variables were selected as independent variables. Readership behaviour comprising of reading frequency, reading pattern, reading response was taken as dependent variable. The Times of India gave 451.85col.cm., Space covered regarding BBBP issues in all the three years was 451.85col.cm., 509.21col.cm and 219.65col.cm in The Times of India, The Tribune and Nabh-chor respectively..Space devoted to ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ in the year 2015 was 547.15 col.cm by all the three dailies, which decreased to 378.87 col.cm. in 2016 and further decreased to 254.69 col.cm. in 2017. All the three newspapers gave first priority to news, second priority was given to editorial by The Times of India, feature in The Tribune and photographs in Nabh-chor. Working women are subscribing more multiple newspapers as compared to non working women. This can be due to other family members. Majority of respondents who were regular readers, who read newspapers daily, were non working women, possible reason could be more free time as compared to working women. Respondents have high exposure to print media then electronic media and have low social participation. Association between profile of respondents with reading behaviour of the respondents was significant for age (14.7) at degree of freedom 6, education (12.745) at degree of freedom 6, occupation (6.071) at degree of freedom 2, type of family (6.671) at degree of freedom 2 and number of girls (12.875) at degree of freedom 6 while no association was found between caste(2.60), marital status (3.392), size of family (7.219), family occupation (1.314), monthly income (7.904) and order of girls (0.801) with readership behaviour of respondents.

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