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ThesisItem Open Access Livelihood security of small and marginal farm families in rohtak division of haryana state(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Anusha; Kaushik, SushmaThe present study was conducted in Rohtak division of Haryana state. Two districts viz. Sonipat and Karnal and one block from each district were selected randomly. Seventy five small and marginal farm families from each selected village were drawn randomly making total 300 respondents. Sixteen independent variables and three dependent variables were selected. Data was collected with the help of well-structured interview schedule. The inferences were drawn on the basis of frequency, percentage, weighted mean score and coefficient of correlation. The study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to 35-50 years of age, educated upto secondary, general caste, married, having nuclear family with medium family size, had farming as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents had negligible social participation, used high localite sources, medium cosmopolite and medium mass media source of information utilization. Majority of farm families used double cropping patterrn, had medium cropping intensity. Physical capital in both the districts was found high.Human capital, social capital and financial capitals were found of medium level while natural capital was low in Karnal district and medium in Sonipat district. Overall livelihood security index showedfood security was reported to be high while nutrition security, economic security, shelter/water and sanitation security, health security, education security and access to institution were found to be of medium level. Farm families faced lack of capital, high labour cost as their main livelihood problems. Video film on ‘Swachh Jal Behtar Kal’ was developed by using standard procedures. The effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) was assessed through several parameters. Effectiveness of Video Compact Disc (VCD) in terms of audio quality, visual quality, content importance and presentation of message was rated as high.Family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood capitals except natural capital. Age, family size, family education status, occupation, annual income and information source utilization were positively and significantly correlated with all livelihood securities.ThesisItem Open Access Contract farming – A study of impact analysis(CCSHAU, 2017) Charudatt Dattatray Autade; Mehta, S.K.Contract farming is a system for production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers / suppliers and buyers (Haque, 2000). In contract farming a processing firm purchases the farm produce of independent farmers under certain pre-negotiated terms and conditions on value, quality, quantity and input supply. The National Agricultural Policy 2000, announced by the Government of India, seeks to promote contract farming by involving the private sector to ‘accelerate technology transfer, capital inflow and assured marketing of crop production’ (Asokan, 2005). Young and middle aged farmers were more interested in contract farming. Contract farmers are well educated; more numbers i.e. (70.1%) of contract farmers have studied up to matriculate and above. Majority of contract farmers were having large size land holdings. Most of contract farmers i.e. 43.8 per cent owned medium level farm power. There is no scarcity of water for drinking but for irrigation purpose they are depending on bore-wells/tube-wells in the sample villages, which is the major source. Most of the contract farmers used high irrigation facility (tube-well with canal) as an irrigation source. Majority of the respondents had medium level of innovativeness. The data indicated that majority of contract farmers i.e. (65.60%) earned high level of farm income (above Rs.1, 90,001). 68.80 per cent of contract farmers had low level of social participation. About one third i.e. 33.80 per cent of respondents have low level of risk orientation. One-half of the respondents were placed under medium mass media exposure. One-half of respondents i.e. 53.10 per cent belonged to medium category of economic motivation. Majority of contract farmers contributed for low level area under contract farming. Cropping pattern of an area that decides the types of crops used by the farmers. In the present study most of the famers practiced majorly cereals and vegetables. Almost three-forth (80.00%) of the respondents had highly favourable attitude towards contract farming. There was a significant association between age of respondents and attitude towards contract farming ) 0.025* and highly significant association between attitude and farm income ) = 0.048**. The data emphasized that 42.1 per cent of respondents were low level of prospects about contract farming followed by 39.0 per cent of respondents had categorized as under medium level prospects. The variables like education, land holding, irrigation facility, farm income and area under contract farming are significantly associated with prospects and highly significant association with social participation. Majority of respondents i.e. 58.8 per cent were faced medium level of constraints under contract farming. Only variable age was highly significantly associated with constraints. Among the contract farmers majority of respondent i.e. 63.1 per cent had experienced medium level of impact followed by 21.9 per cent of contract framers had realised high level of impact. Only variable economic motivation was highly significant in association with impact of contract farming and variables like education, farm power and risk orientation had significant association with impact.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of livelihood system and strategies in rural households: A gender analysis(CCSHAU, 2017) Suchitra; Kaushik, SushmaLivelihoods are the ways in which people satisfy their needs, or gain a living. The present study was conducted in four districts two each from Eastern and Western zones of Haryana. Total 300 household from different landholding categories were selected from four villages of the selected districts. Socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that majority of the households was headed by males. Majorities of landless male as well as females were working as casual labour while most of small, medium and large lands holding males were self-employed in agriculture in both the zones. Income of majority of landless and marginal households was mainly through wages but other categories earned income through farming, livestock, salary and other sources. Medium framers in Eastern and large farmers in Western zone scored high for intensification/extensification strategies while small and medium farmers had higher scores for diversification. Crop intensity up to the extent of 100-200 per cent was obtained by majority of farmers irrespective of land holding and zone, though about one fourth large farmers were getting crop intensity above 200 per cent. Physical, financial and social assets increased with size of land holding, while human and natural assets decreased. Maximum ratio of working to non working population was found among landless categories. Prevalence of chronic illness was found more among larger landholding categories and even more among females. Insect/ pest attack, irregular income, inflation in cost of inputs, unemployment, non-supportive governance policies, poor support price/procurement, non availability of quality seeds/fertilizers were perceived as serious problems among majority of farmers. Different categories of farmers adopted coping mechanism to tackle the problems. Land, caste, family size, education and occupation were found positively and significantly associated with assets and livelihood strategies. Coping mechanism was found positively and significantly associated with caste, education, family education and livelihood strategies.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of mobile based advisory services of KVKs(CCSHAU, 2017) Saroj Kumari; Sethi, NishiThe study was conducted in all Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) of Haryana state, purposively with three objectives i.e. content analysis of messages delivered through mobile based advisory services, impact of mobile based extension services among registered farmers and limitations and suggestions for strengthening mobile phone based extension services. There are 23 KVKs in Haryana state. Out of them only 12 KVKs were using MBASs schemes. Thus, these 12 KVKs were selected purposively for the purpose of content analysis of MBASs, all the messages given during the one year (July 2015 to June 2016) constituted the sample size. Two KVKs Fatehabad and Sirsa KVK were randomly selected for the assessment of impact. List of registered farmers were procured from selected KVKs. Out of that list, 150 registered farmers were selected randomly from each KVKs, comprising total sample of 300 registered farmers. Assessing the impact MBASs on farmers were dependent variables. Impact of the MBASs was assessed in terms of quality of the messages, feasibility of the messages and utility of the messages by registered farmers. Various socio-personal, economical, psychological and communicational variables of registered farmers constituted the independent variables for the study. Total number of 2,58,023 farmers were registered under different programmes for MBAS. Among KVK’s maximum no. (15000) of farmers were registered in Fatehabad KVK. Most of MBAS services were started in 2014 in KVKs. Only eight messages were send through KVK Kaithal in whole year. Out of 228 messages 108 messages were found to have long sentence length i.e > 21 -29. Information source of messages was mainly subject matter specialist of KVKs. Maximum no. of messages delivered by KVKs were related to plant protection (26.76%). Among 12 KVKs total messages delivered were 228/year. Among them 214 messages (93.85%) were fresh and 14 were repeated. As per Robert Gunning FOG index except Bhiwani and Gurgaon the language of the messages was ideal scoring below 8. Fifty six per cent of the respondent’s were of old age with primary education, married and possessed medium family education status. Majority of the (62%) farmers were belonging to upper caste having joint and medium size families. Forty four per cent respondents main occupation was farming, annual income was of low (49%), had small size land holding, large herd size with high material possession. Majority of the respondents were having medium mass exposure and medium information sources utilization. Seventy three per cent of the respondents used simple phone. The main purpose to have contact with friends and relatives, were using mobile since 4 years through BSNL service providers and recharge their mobile monthly. Majority of the farmers perceived appropriateness of content, frequency and language of message as somewhat appropriate. Overall impact of the messages was perceived as medium (quality, feasibility and utility) by most of the respondents. All the beneficiaries were reading the message and more than 90 per cent applying the information in the field as per advice. Lack of skill to use smart phone with 2.24 WMS was the main limitation perceived by the registered farmers regarding mobile based advisory services. Majority of the respondent suggested that frequency of messages should be increased. Hundred per cent respondents were using mobile therefore the use of services MBASs through mobile should be exploited fully for extension work. Feedback mechanism is missing. Based on the above facts, Age, respondents education and family education status was significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services among registered farmers and marital status were found negatively correlated. Communication variables, economic variables and psychological variables were significantly correlated with overall impact of mobile phone based extension services and had positive correlation at the 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Study on impact analysis of Bt cotton in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2017) Sumit; Godara, A.K.Cotton is a major fibre crop and used for textile purpose by about 75 percent of world’s population. The present study was conducted in the native state Haryana. Out of 22 districts, in the state, Hisar and Sirsa have the largest area and production under Bt-cotton in the state and therefore these two districts were selected for the study. In this study, adoption, attitude, impact and constraints of Bt-cotton growers were assessed from 160 respondents selected from 20 villages. Most of the respondents were from middle age group and educated up to intermediate to graduate and had medium level of land holding, socio-economic status, extension contact and mass media exposure. The results revealed that medium level of adoption was present for manure and fertilizer application, pest and diseases management and post harvest techniques of Bt-cotton production. There was a positive and favourable attitude towards environmental aspects, economical aspects, social aspects and technological aspects of Bt-cotton production technology in the respondents. It was also concluded that farmers had perceived a positive impact of Bt-cotton on their health, social, economical and ecological aspects. There was a positive and highly significant correlation of extension contact, education, mass media exposure and risk orientation with the impact of Bt cotton production technology while correlation of socio-economic status, irrigation facilities, scientific orientation and economic motivation with impact was found positive but non-significant. High cost of seed, failure of crop due to unfavourable weather condition, low price of farm produce at the time of harvesting, lack of demonstration trail and high rate of interest by money lenders, were found as most serious constraints related to Bt-cooton production during the study. It is obvious that adoption of Bt technology by cotton farmers benefited them significantly. Therefore, Bt-cotton should be expanded among all cotton growers to harvest benefits in term of higher yield and income.ThesisItem Open Access Effectiveness of training programmes of Krishi Vigyan Kendras : A gender analysis(CCSHAU, 2017) Sulekha; Mehta, SudershanThe study was conducted in four KVKs two each from western (Bhiwani and Fatehabad) and eastern zone (Rohtak and Jhajjar), Haryana working under CCSHAU, Hisar and financed by ICAR on the basis of those who were functioning for the last five years and maximum numbers of rural women participated in their trainings. Gender-wise performance of trainings was analyzed through two years (April 2012 to March 2014) annual reports of KVKs. Total 200 respondents included both male and female beneficiaries from all the four KVKs were interviewed to explore their opinion and expectations from trainings and impact of trainings. All the 19 extension personnel of selected KVKs involved in conduct of trainings were also interviewed to explore their role perception, performance and constraints. Results related to gender-wise analysis of annual reports indicated that irrespective of type, clientele and venue of trainings, comparatively male participation was more in all the trainings. Male and female participation was 59.9 and 40.1 per cent in on campus general trainings conducted for rural youth. In case of on campus vocational trainings for unemployed and self employed rural youth, 67.6 and 32.4, 57.5 and 42.5 per cent male and female beneficiaries respectively attended the various trainings. 81.4 and 18.6 per cent male and female beneficiaries attended 3-5 days duration general trainings. Further, male and female respondents’ participation in various extension activities organized by western zone KVKs was 76.4 and 23.6 per cent where as in eastern zone, it was 68.8 and 31.2 per cent. Results further indicated that majority of male respondents were getting information about trainings from friends and relatives, KVK scientists and mobile SMS. While for female, family members followed by mobile SMS and university scientists. Overall level of opinion of respondents towards trainings was medium followed by high. Whereas, level of expectations was high followed by medium. Comparatively male beneficiaries have more expectations from KVKs training programmes than female. Out of total sample, 31.5 and 25.0 per cent male and female had partial followed by no and full adoption. Overall effectiveness of training programmes of KVKs rated by male and female beneficiaries was medium followed by high. 47.4 per cent trainers had high followed medium (36.8%) role perception. Regarding role performance, more than half of the respondents irrespective of KVKs had medium (52.6%) followed by high (36.8%) level of role performance. Major constraints experienced by the trainers were: lot of paper work and reporting and excessive burden of work and responsibilities due to number of vacant posts in all the KVKs.