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Open Access
Impact study on training programmes of extension education institute nilokheri
(CCSHAU, 2005) Shah, Fida Hussain; Hudda, R.S.
Training is an overt process, a sequence of experiences, a series of opportunities to learn, in which trainee is exposed in some more or less systematic way to certain materials or events. Broadly training aims to maintain and increase the employees effectiveness in his present job, prepare him for promotion by stimulating his potentials and develop his skill and knowledge for greater organizational effectiveness. Extension Education Institute Nilokheri (Haryana) imparts training to middle level extension personnel of the land based departments and master trainers of SAUs in northern region. The objective of study were: (i) to assess the impact of training programme of EEI Nelokheri, (ii) to find out constraints experienced by trainees and suggestion and (iii) to determine the relationship between personality traits of trainees and the impact of training programme. The study was conducted in 7 districts of Haryana. From each district 10 trainees and 10 non trainees were selected. The total sample size was 140 respondents. - Majority of trainees were of middle age, possessed Masters degree, low level of training, had moderate service experience, job stress job satisfaction, positive attitude towards job had good communication behaviour and belonged to medium level of communication credibility category. There was substantial impact of training programme for the trainees. The considerable impact of training programme was mainly in activities related to use of communication channels in transfer of technology, information technology, evaluation of programme, application of PRA technique, application of extension management skills in job performance and in other activities in descending order. Attitude towards job, message credibility, information input behaviour, information processing behaviour and information output behaviour play significant role for training impact while as age, experience and job stress showed negative but non-significant relationship with impact of training programme. Very serious constraints as perceived by trainees during training programme were disturbance in the class due to frequent running of trains, lack of recording unit facility, no proper facility for photographic unit, lack of faculty member in the area of computer section, short duration of training programme. The suggestion given by the trainees for improvement of training programme were duration of training should be enhanced, duration of workshop on computer, PRA technique, marketing skill and video production should be increased to 15-20 days. Faculty member should be appointed in the computer section, modern methods like laptop, multimedia for presentation should be used, training proramme should be made more practical oriented and should include field visits.
Open Access
Job performance and job satisfaction of Horticulture development officers in diversified agriculture
(CCSHAU, 2005) Bhat, Showkat Hussain; Kharb, R.K.
The dissemination of horticulture technologies at operation level rest on the job performance and job satisfaction of Horticulture Development Officers (HDOs) in Haryana. The present study was under taken to answer the following objective: 1. To find out the job performance and job satisfaction of Horticulture Development Officers [HDOs]. 2. To identify training needs of HDOs and fruit growers in diversified agriculture. 3. To asses the constraints perceived by HDOs in diversified agriculture. 4. To find out the association between personality traits of HDOs and their job satisfaction and job performance. In order to realize the objectives all the 19 districts of Haryana state formed the locale of the study. Despite best efforts, data was collected from 60 HDOs, out of 74. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (60.00%) belonged to middle age group, possessed B.Sc. (Hons.) Ag. qualification (63.33%) had medium service experience (63.33%), medium level of trainings attended (46.67%), hailed from rural areas (86.67%), having farming as their parental occupation (63.33%), medium and high source of information utilized (86.66%) and had low aspiration (80.00%). More than 63.00 per cent of the respondents were having medium level of job performance in nearly all the dimensions as well as in over all job performance. Nearly half (48.00%) of the respondents had moderate level of job satisfaction in all the two dimensions as well as in overall job satisfaction. The study pointed out that source of information and trainings attended have contributed positively and significantly towards the job performance. Whereas, parental occupation and rural urban back ground have contributed positively and significantly towards job satisfaction but education and experience have contributed negatively and significantly towards job satisfaction. The study revealed that training needs of HDOs were high in post harvest technology, fruit storage and integrated pest management. Whereas, fruit growers liked to be trained in insect pest control and disease control. Regarding constraints respondents (50.00%) belonged to medium and 33.33 per cent in high constraints category.
Open Access
Knowledge and attitude of farmers about soil testing practices in Hisar district
(CCSHAU, 2005) Mohd. Sultan Changa; S.N. Singh]
The problem of gap in the use of balanced fertilizer still remains even after lot of extension programmes initiated and highlighted for the same. The skewed use as indicated is a dangerous trend which may encourage lot of imbalance in flora and fauna of soils. Therefore, fertilizer application based on soil test is the need of the hour. Soil testing is a comprehensive soil fertility evaluation programme through which farmers can help themselves in better management of their agricultural operations and use of fertilizers, for optimum production. The study was conducted in two villages of block Hisar-II in district Hisar. Fifty respondents from each village were selected. The total sample size was 100 respondents, out of which 60 were adopters and 40 were non adopters Half of adopters and 40 per cent of non adopters belonged to middle age. Forty two per cent of non adopters were of old age. Majority of adopters possessed medium level of education, half of non adopters possessed low level of education. Half of adopters fall in medium category of land holding. Sixty five per cent of non adopters fall in small land holding category. 41.67 per cent of adopters and half of non adopters belonged to medium and low category of socio economic status respectively. Sixty five per cent of adopters and half of non-adopters possessed medium and low level of family education respectively. Majority of adopters and non adopters were having medium and low level of extension contact. Half of the adopters and non adopters were having medium and low level of mass media exposure. Half of the adopters and non adopters had medium and low level of knowledge about soil testing practices respectively. Half of adopters and non adopters had medium and low level of attitude towards soil testing practices respectively. Education, socio economic status, family education, extension contact had positive and significant relationship with knowledge of adopters, age had negative and significant relationship with knowledge and attitude of non adopters towards soil testing practices. Education and family education had positive and significant relationship with attitude of adopters. Socio economic status and education had positive and significant relationship with knowledge and attitude of non adopters respectively. Constraints as perceived by respondents were high cost of recommended fertilizers non-availability of material recommended by soil testing staff, non availability of mobile soil testing laboratories, contact of extension personnel with a few influencial/resource persons and soil testing is time consuming process. The suggestions given by respondents were Government should organize training programmes to Convince/aware farmers about soil testing practices before each season (kharif/Rabi), the results of soil testing should be given timely, and after soil testing the recommended material such as fertilizer and amendment like gypsum/ pyrite should be supplied to farmers at subsidized rates.
Open Access
An Analytical study of training management in line departments of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2005) Sharma, Rakesh Kumar; Ram Pal Singh
India became member of WTO in 1995 and has become an important player in the process of globalization, there upon the agriculture sector has been drastically affected. The production in agriculture sector has reached to 212 million tonnes per annum, however, the international demand of agriculture commodities have not increased to a desired level. The reason being the poor quality of the production in agriculture sector. The other dimension related to agriculture sector is development of hi-tech production practices for various crops. Keeping these factors in mind, the undersigned has undertaken the present study “An Analytical study of training management in line departments of Haryana” with the following objectives: 1. To assess the training needs of extension personnel of Line departments. 2. To study the course planning and preparation approach for conducting a training programme. 3. To analyze the effectiveness of different training methods used by the trainers of selected training institutions. 4. To find out the problems faced by trainers/training institutions and suggestions for improvement. The study has been conducted in the four selected districts of Haryana viz. Karnal, Kurukshetra, Jind and Hisar alongwith four premier training institutions of line departments of the state viz. EEI, Nilokheri, IATTE, Hisar, HTI, Karnal and HVTI Hisar. The data has been collected from 80 respondents. The important findings of the study are summarized below:  The ADOs/AIs of Haryana have perceived low to medium training need in the area of communication as well as socio-psychological/human relations. However, most of the ADOs have perceived low training need in the area of subject matter i.e. Paddy and wheat crops.  While studying the planning and preparation of training programme by the trainers of selected training institutions of Haryana, it has been found that all the training institutions except HVTI Hisar do ‘very good’ planning and preparation for organizing their training programmes.  All the selected training institutions have ‘Quite adequate’ infrastructure for conducting various training programmes.  All the training institutions except HVTI have quite adequate physical facilities. The present investigation has revealed that the trainers usually use lecture, extension talk, group discussion, skill teaching and institutional visits as training methods.  While studying the exposure of trainers to various training methods it has been found that most of the trainers have been exposed ‘very much’ in lecture, extension talk, group discussion and institutional visits.  Regarding the problems faced by the trainers/training institutions. The study brought to surface across to observation that medium participation and poor motivation of trainees are the major problems. It is therefore, suggested that ADOs/AIs should be deputed on training to the training institutions organizing training on the concerned areas for facilitating better technology transfer to the farmers; the trainers of HVTI Hisar need improvement for pre-course planning for their training programmes and should also improve their physical facilities; the trainers of all selected institutions should also make use of the effective training methods for improving the quality of training programmes and deputation of trainers, for training to acquaint them with latest training methods and techniques for making effective training programmes.
Open Access
Knowledge and constraints in adoption of organic farming in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2006) Munir Hussain Naik; Srivastava, S.R.
This explanatory study was conducted in Haryana state of India with the sample of eighty organic farmers. The main objectives of the study were (i) To know the nature and extent of adoption of organic farming in Haryana; (ii) To study the knowledge level of organic farming practice in Haryana and (iii) To identify the constraints faced by farmers in adoption of organic farming. Organic farmers were found with middle to young age, well educated, medium level of family education, higher mass media exposure, low level of social participation. Majority of them had medium level of risk bearing capacity, economic motivation and innovativeness. More than half of the respondents had medium level of adoption of organic farming practices. Near about half of the farmers had high knowledge very few of them had low knowledge and remaining had medium level of knowledge about organic farming practices. Factors like education, mass media exposure, social participation, risk bearing capacity, innovativeness were found significantly associated with the adoption of organic farming practices. While, education, mass media exposure and innovativeness were positively and significantly related to the knowledge level when examined through correlation test. All the nine variables were fitted in regression equation of their adoption level and knowledge level with total variation about 0.72 and 0.79 per cent of organic farmers, respectively. Lack of knowledge among farmers and absence of govt. policies and programmes were found as main barriers in the development of organic farming in the state. Besides this, non-availability of package of practices on organic farming technology, low yield of crops, high cost of labour during peak seasons, low prices of organic products in local market, lack of co-ordination between various services, supply and marketing agencies were perceived as major constraint. At present the adoption rate is very slow in the state and thus demanding a greater attention at government and community level. A state wide organic awareness campaign is essential to change the attitude of producers and consumers both, encourage them to go for “organic farming”.
Open Access
Adoption and constraints in mango cultivation
(CCSHAU, 2006) Manmohan Singh; Godara, A.K.
Mango occupies a place of pride both in acreage and production among various fruit crops grown in the Haryana state. However, its productivity is low in comparison to other mango growing states. Despite the fact that many factors and conditions affect the low productivity of mango, the focus of the present study was to determine the adoption level of mango growers, study their constraints and make suggestions with regards to the adoption of recommended technology for mango production. Following were the specific objectives of the present study: 1 To assess the knowledge level of farmers regarding mango cultivation. 2. To determine the adoption status of recommended package of practices for mango production. 3. To find out the constraints encountered by farmers in the adoption of recommended package of practices for mango production. 4. To determine the relationship between the personality traits of farmers and their adoption status regarding mango production. The study was conducted in Yamunanager and Panchkula districts of Haryana having maximum area under mango culivation. Proportionate random sampling technique was used for the selection of blocks and -Vrespondents. The data were analysed by using scientific procedures and techniques. The findings revealed that the mango grower in general had higher level of adoption on the recommendation which were traditionally known and not difficult to understand. The respondents had an over all medium level of adoption of mango production technology. Background variables such as land holding, socio-economic status, extension contact, mass media exposure and innovativeness had significant relationship with adoption level of mango growers. Non-availability of quality inputs, high cost of insecticides/pesticides, and fungicides, ominus attack of plant diseases, absence or scarcity of agro-processing units, lack of marketing facilities, lack of knowledge of current advances for mango production and self marketing were the most important constraints in the adoption of improved technology as reported by majority of respondents Some important suggestions for the higher and quick adoption of scientific cultivation of mango technology were; providing technical guidance, making provision for financial assistance to the farmer to meet expenses on inputs, availability of quality inputs at village/block level and at reasonable price, provision of cold storage facilities, literature regarding recommended mango cultivation practices made available in local languages. Organising demonstration to educate and convince the mango growers on recommended mango production technology. The study thus concludes that the extension agency follow a systematic, well planned and coordinated approach for improving the adoption status of mango growers and providing remedies to their constraints.
Open Access
Training needs of beekeepers in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2006) Vishal Rania; Nasib Singh
The present study was carried out to determine the training needs of beekeepers in Haryana. In addition to this, relationship of training needs with beekeeper’s ‘antecedent’ variables was also analyzed. Data was collected from one hundred and twenty respondents from two purposively selected districts. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were of young to middle age and they had medium level of family education, socio-economic status, mass media exposure, risk bearing capacity, innovativeness, land holding and low extension contact. Training needs of beekeepers regarding protection from bee pests, diseases and the business of bees was of high level. Selection of site and equipment was found to be less preferred training areas by the respondents. Socio-economic status, innovativeness and risk bearing capacity were negatively and significantly correlated with training needs of beekeepers. In addition to these variables, mass media exposure was also negatively and significantly correlated with training needs in case of landless beekeepers. Lack of knowledge about diseases, pests/predators control in beekeeping, unorganized market of hive products in the state, lack of proper adequate efforts by State Department of Agriculture for bringing about coordination between various supply, services and marketing agencies, low yield of hive products and lack of training facilities at district level were the major constraints in the adoption of beekeeping.
Open Access
Effectiveness of communication channels in the adoption of farm practices
(CCSHAU, 2006) Devinder Singh; Malik, Joginder S.
Improved and effective communication is a crucial requirement for sustainable agricultural development and is directly related to social and economic development. While transferring improved agricultural practices, the research and client systems represent two separate social systems, each having its own peculiar characteristics, set of norms, values, languages and communication behaviour. The extension system is a link between these two and if this system is not properly equipped, it may lead to serious communication gap resulting in yield reduction. The effective communication system based on specific communication requirements of farmers has to cope with several constraints faced by the farmers for sustainability in the paddy/cotton-wheat cropping system. This would mean to identify and disseminate sustainable paddy/cotton-wheat production technologies through appropriate compatible communication channels. The study was conducted in two blocks, namely, Hisar-II and Thanesar from Hisar and Kurukshetra districts respectively. A total of 100 respondents from four villages, two from each block were selected randomly. The selected communication channels were mass media, group discussions, meetings, demonstrations, personal contact and indirect influence. The selected improved practices were use of improved seed, fertilizer application, green manuring and plant protection measures. The background variables of respondents were studied to find the degree of influence on their behaviour. A majority of respondents belonged to young age category (49.00 per cent), having educational level upto matric (66.00 per cent), high caste (92.00 per cent), joint family type (68.00 per cent) and large family size, above five members (64.00 per cent). The respondents were in a comfortable position as most of them were in the large holding size group (46.00 per cent). The degree of enthusiasm of respondents for social participation varied and is lacking i.e., majority had not participated in the activities of social organizations (69.00 per cent) like panchayats, cooperatives etc. Since farming was their role occupation, hence monthly income was low. The respondents were distributed in three categories, according to their extent of adoption. The majority belonged to partial-adopters category (45.25 per cent) followed by non-adopters (42.75 per cent) and then full-adopters (12.00 per cent). Regarding the comparative effectiveness of communication channels, indirect influence leads (47.68 per cent) followed by demonstrations (19.11 per cent). Personal contact and group discussions through A.D.Os. were at par (11.32 per cent) and 11.09 per cent) respectively. This was followed by meetings (5.49 per cent) and mass media (5.31 per cent). The mass media and meetings were effective at the initial stages of adoption, i.e., awareness and interest, whereas others were at evaluation and trial stages of adoption. In all the selected practices indirect influence showed high effectiveness percentage except in green manuring practice where demonstrations by A.D.Os. have shown high effectiveness (45.85 per cent). While analyzing the overall critical constraints faced by the respondents in the non-adoption of improved farm practices in paddy/cotton-wheat cropping system. It was found that lack of technical guidance, high cost of inputs, lack of irrigation facilities, unawareness about the incidence of pests-diseases and their control were the major constraints of concern to respondents. The suggestions based on findings of the study are that the characteristics of farmers along with particular practices need to be taken into account while formulating extension strategies. Conducting demonstrations at farmers’ fields for increasing adoption of green manuring in the paddy/cotton-wheat cropping system is must. Strengthening of irrigation facilities and awareness regarding the seeds of green manuring crops is also stressed in this study. It is, therefore, recommended that a target approach in imparting technological education to the farmers belonging to different socio-economic sections of the society is likely to be more effective. The pattern of land holdings strengthened the case for target approach in providing technical education for agricultural development
Open Access
Knowledge and Adoption of Population Control Measures Among Rural and Urban Tribal Women in Udaipur District of Rajasthan :A Comparative Study
(Department of Extension Education, Rajasthan College of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2007) Dashora, Neeta; Bhimawat, B. S.

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