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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of habitat manipulation and biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Jeevan B G; Kalkal, DeepikaStudies were carried out on habitat manipulation and effect of biorationals on major insect pests of cabbage and their natural enemies during Rabi, 2021-22 at HAU, Hisar. The experiment was carried out to access the impact of different cropping patterns, viz., T1 [cabbage + coriander as border crop], T2 [cabbage + mustard as border crop], T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop], T4 [cabbage +fenugreek (3:1)], T5 [cabbage + marigold (3:1)], T6 [cabbage + fennel (2:1)] T7 [cabbage + coriander (2:1) + fennel as border crop], T8 [cabbage + mustard (2:1) + fenugreek as a border crop] and T9 [Control (Cabbage as sole crop)] on three insect pests viz., mustard aphid, diamondback moth and cabbage butterfly and two natural enemies viz., coccinellids and syrphid fly. Results on habitat manipulation revealed that lowest mean population of aphid and cabbage butterfly was found in T8 with 8.10 aphids/plant and 3.47 larvae/plant, respectively while highest in T6 with 13.38 aphids/plant and 5.13 larvae/plant, respectively whereas, DBM larval population was found lowest in T7 with 0.61 larvae/plant and highest in T3 [cabbage + marigold as border crop] with 1.15 larvae/plant. For increasing the population of coccinellids and syrphid fly treatment T7 was found best with highest population 3.44 coccinellids/plant and 1.57 maggots/plant, respectively. Aphid population shows significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity and negative correlation with maximum temperature and coccinellid population. Larval population of DBM (P. xylostella) showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae larvae population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and evening relative humidity and negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity and aphid population. Syrphid fly maggot population also showed significant negative correlation with evening relative. Maximum cabbage yield (180.62 q/ha) was recorded in the treatment T2 with third highest B:C ratio (2.46) while the first highest B:C ratio (3.38) was observed in T5. Results of bio-efficacy of eleven treatments (nine biorationals and one chemical along with unsprayed control) revealed that malathion 50 EC (as check) recorded maximum per cent reduction over control against both mustard aphid (62.24 %) and diamondback moth (52.14 %). Among biorationals, L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) and azadirachtin 0.15% exhibited maximum per cent reduction over control against mustard aphid and DBM with 53.75 % and 47.66 %, respectively. However, maximum population of coccinellids (2.52 coccinellids/plant) and syrphids (0.76 maggots/plant) was recorded in L. lecanii(1x108cfu/g) and (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5 % WP), respectively. Maximum yield of 198.69 q/ha was recorded in malathion 50 EC whereas the highest yield among biorationals was recorded in L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with 186 q/ha. The benefit cost ratio for efficacy was found highest (2.58) in treatment malathion 50 EC followed by L. lecanii (1x108cfu/g) with B:C ratio 2.36 and azadirachtin 0.15% with B:C ratio 2.20. The control had the lowest benefit cost ratio, B:C (1.72).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pest complex in pulses, biology and management of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) in green gram, Vigna radiata (L. Wilczek)(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Sonu Kumari; Balbir SinghThe current studies entitled “Studies on insect pest complex in pulses, biology and management of spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata(Fabricius) in green gram, Vigna radiata (L. Wilczek)” was carried out at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal and oilseed section, Deparment of Genetics and Plant Breeding during Kharif 2020 and 2021. Survey revealed that the population of leafhopper (6.96 leafhopper/plant), hairy caterpillar (0.85 larvae/plant), aphid (12.04 aphid/plant), whitefly (7.71 whitefly/plant), spotted pod borer (2.75 larvae/plant), blister beetle (13.24 adults/plant) and tur pod bug (6.63 bugs/plant) was more abundant in Gurugram district as compared to Mahendragarh and Rewari. The seasonal incidence revealed that the larval population of spotted pod borer increased significantly with maximum temperature (r=0.956 and 0.761) and showed significant negative correlation with rainfall (r=-0.823 and -0.911) during Kharif 2020 and 2021, respectively. The biology of spotted pod borer, M. vitrata showed that total developmental period (egg to adult) was 34.35±1.62 days. The fecundity of female moth was on an average 47±5.48 eggs/female. The treatment azadirachtin (0.03%) was found most effective protectants resulted in reduction larval population (4.32 larvae /m2), per cent pod damage (12.94%) and highest grain yield (13.01 q/ha) as well as per cent increase yield over control (35.69%) followed by neem oil (20 ml/l) and neem seed kernel extract 5 per cent (50 ml/l). The trichome density on leaves and pods and pod breadth was responsible for the resistance to spotted pod borer. Whereas, pod size, number of grains per pod and pod wall thickness were associated with the susceptibility to M. vitrata. Expression of resistance to spotted pod borer infestation was associated with higher amount of phenol content, low amount of soluble sugar and crude protein in pods as well as grains of pulses crop.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and eco-friendly management of major insect-pests on tomato under open field and polyhouse conditions(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-04) Dharmendar Singh; Rajesh KumarThe present studies entitled “Population dynamics and eco-friendly management of major insect-pests on tomato under open field and polyhouse conditions” were carried during the years 2019 and 2020 at farm area of CCSHAU Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jhajjar and at farmers’ field, Village Surajgarh, Block Matanhail, Distt. Jhajjar (Haryana). The population dynamics was studied on seven varieties of tomato viz., Hisar Arun, Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby, Pusa Rohini, Red Cherry, Sona Cherry and Kesar Cherry under open field conditions. The population of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) was recorded from 9th SMW with its peak during 12th SMW on varieties Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby and Pusa Rohini. The whitefly remained present on most of the varieties up to 15th SMW. Leaf hopper (Amrasca devastans Ishida) remained present on tomato from 7th SMW till 18th SMW with its peak during 13th and 14th SMW. The fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) population appeared in 10th SMW on Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby and Hisar Arun varieties of tomato with its peak in 16th and 17th SMW being highest on Punjab Sona Cherry (5.53 larvae/plant). The whitefly population showed non-significant positive correlation with the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and rainfall whereas non-significant negative correlation with the relative humidity. However, pest population of leafhopper and fruit borer exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature whereas significant negative correlation with the relative humidity. Number of branches/plant, pericarp thickness, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant exhibit significant negative correlation with the whitefly population. Leafhopper population exhibited significant positive correlation with pericarp thickness. The correlation coefficient revealed negative significant correlation between number of branches/plant and fruit borer population. Under polyhouse conditions, the maximum temperature and minimum temperature of 33.5oC and 18.7oC, respectively and relative humidity 70 per cent favoured peak population build-up of whitefly under polyhouse conditions whereas the maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity of 33.5oC, 18.7oC and 70 per cent, respectively were congenial for peak population build-up of leaf miner. Seven eco-friendly insecticides were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera on tomato under open field conditions. The highest larval reduction over untreated control was recorded in Spinosad 45% SC (85.80%) whereas it was lowest in Dashparniark (54.71%). All the insecticidal treatments proved statistically better than untreated control in lowering the fruit damage (weight basis) due to fruit borer on tomato. No significant adverse effect was observed due to different insecticidal sprays on the population of natural enemies Coccinella spp., Chrysoperia carnea and Menochilus spp. Under polyhouse conditions, out of 6 eco-friendly insecticides, Spinosad 45% SC @ 188 ml/ha proved to be most effective treatment in keeping the population of whitefly and leaf miner at significantly lowest level. Neem oil @ 0.3% was found to be the next most effective treatment Beauveria bassiana (1% wp 1x108 cfu/g) against whitefly and leaf miner, respectively. The cow urine based formulations viz. Brahmastra, Neemastra and Dashparniark were found least effective among all the treatments but significantly better than untreated control.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical changes in genetic and induced systemic resistance due to infection of Albugo candida (Pers. ex. Lev) in Indian mustard(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-03) Annu; Rathi, A. SWhite rust disease incited by Albugo candida is an important disease of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in India particularly in northern and North eastern states. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the pathogen, the present investigation has been devised on biochemical changes due to infection of Albugo candida in different Indian mustard genotypes, induction of systemic resistance by non conventional chemicals, identification of slow white rusting genotypes and role of micronutrients in defence against white rust under laboratory, screen house and field conditions at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The results of biochemical analysis revealed that total phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity were found higher in healthy leaves of resistant genotypes (BIOYSR, EC399299) as compared to moderately resistant genotypes (EC399301, DRMRIJ-31) and susceptible genotypes (RH 30, RH 8812) at 35-40 DAS. There was steep increase in all the biochemical constituents at the time of disease initiation ie. at 45-50 DAS. However, increase was more in inoculated environment as compared to uninoculated environment. At maximum disease severity i.e.70-75 DAS, there was decline in all the biochemical constituents in all genotypes under both the environments. Decrease was more in susceptible genotypes indicating the exhaustion of these biochemical constituents which otherwise consider necessary to trigger genetic resistance through pathways. Efficacy of six non conventional chemicals were tested with different concentrations for induction of resistance against white rust. None of the non conventional chemical completely controlled the white rust disease even at higher concentration of 100 μg/ml. However, a maximum control was also recorded by BTH at 100 μg/ml concentration after six weeks of challenge inoculation by the pathogen followed by SA in both the variety (RH 30 and RH 0749) under screen house conditions. BTH has shown maximum induction of phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity at three days after inoculation (DAI) in both the varieties at 100 μg/ml concentration followed by SA. However, MgSO4 has shown minimum induction of these activities at three DAI in both the varieties.Out of 22 Indian mustard genotypes screened for identification of slow white rusting component, 9 genotypes exhibited longer incubation and latent periods, minimum number of pustules per leaf, minimum size of pustule, minimum sporulation, minimum disease severity and minimum AUDPC indicating slow white rusting behaviour. Among the different treatments of mcronutrients alone and in combinations, soil application of Gypsum + Borax + CuSO4 + Na2MoO4 at 30 DAS as basal dose recorded minimum white rust severity of 31.1% and staghead incidence of 4.44% and highest seed yield of 2228.55 kg ha-1 as compared to the 45.83% white rust severity and 6.09% staghead incidence and seed yield of 1779.79 kg ha-1 in control. Maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.83), secondary branches per plant (12.33), main shoot length (90.93 cm), siliquae on main shoot (62.60) and seeds per siliquae (12.53) were also observed with above treatment. Plant height, siliqua length, oil content and 1000 seed weight did not vary significantly among all the treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Deepak Kumar; Maha SinghThe present investigation entitled, “Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize” was carried out at Research Farm and laboratories, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and Research Farm CCS Haryana Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal during Kharif, 2020. The biology of S. frugiperda was observed at four different temperatures viz., at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The average fecundity of S. frugiperda was 1110.6, 714.8, 1303.9 and 1013.1 eggs/female at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Egg hatchability was observed as 93.3, 74.9, 83.5 and 92.5 per cent whereas incubation period as 2.68, 6.08, 3.24, 2.80 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Average larval period was 15.44, 32.97, 19.96 and 15.09 days whereas larval survival as 85.6, 58.8, 62.4 and 84.3 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Pupal period was noticed as 7.78, 25.63, 9.28 and 7.42 days whereas the adult emergence as 64.2, 52.0, 63.0 and 68.5 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Total life cycle of females was observed as 35.13, 79.33, 45.19 and 34.73 days while those of males as 33.24, 77.05, 42.71 and 32.46 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Studied on population dynamics of S. frugiperda revealed that larval population prevailed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW. Its peak was observed during the 33th SMW with a mean population of 4.93 larvae per plant. The average plant infestation was observed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW (second week of July to first week of October) with a maximum of 79.1 per cent during 40th SMW. Larval population had a significant positive correlation with evening relative humidity (r = 0.652) and significant negative correlation with sun shine hours (r = -0.634) whereas per cent plant infestation indicated a non-significant correlation with all the weather entities. During the study period, three hymenopteran larval parasitoids (Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Campoletis sp) were also observed. Studies on screening of maize genotypes against S. frugiperda indicated that amongst the 55 maize genotypes, HM 10 recorded lowest leaf injury (4.45 score), while HKI 1348-6-2 recorded highest leaf injury (8.85 score). Five genotypes (HKI 1105, HKI 139, HKI 193-2, HKI 1011 and HM 10) were categorized as partially resistant (leaf injury score: 4.0 to 5.99), 20 genotypes as susceptible (leaf injury score: 6.0 to 7.99) and 30 genotypes as highly susceptible (leaf injury score: 8.0 to 9.00). Studies on effect of date of sowing on incidence of S. frugiperda indicated that plant infestation and larval population was observed minimum when crop was sown during last week of June while infestation and larval population gradually increased as date of sowing is delayed.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding different carbohydrate and pollen sources on Apis mellifera L. colonies during dearth period(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Rathee, Mandeep; Chaudhary, O. PThe present investigations were carried out at the apiary located at College of Agriculture, Kaul, CCS HAU, Hisar to evaluate the effect of feeding different carbohydrate sources with and without pollen on Apis mellifera L. colonies during 2017 dearth period. A total of 30 A. mellifera bee colonies in standard Langstroth hives were tested under two sets of experiments i.e. without pollen and with pollen (80 g/colony/week), and each set had five treatments [4 carbohydrates sources (500 g/colony/week): sugar syrup, jaggery, liquid glucose, high fructose rice syrup and 1 control (no feeding)]. During 2018, jaggery was ruled out and remaining carbohydrate sources were fed @ 750 g/colony/week with high protein (23%) and low protein pollen (18%). Observations were recorded on pollen income, colony growth parameters, colony weight, incidence of insect-pests, diseases and mites, robbing, bee mortality, deformities, feed consumption, chemical and organoleptic analysis of honey, survey of bee flora, melissopalynology of pollen loads, their protein content and calorific value. Economics of feeding treatments was evaluated alonth with colony performance in ensuing honey flow seasons. Based on two years of studies, it was concluded that experimental area had severe dearth of nectar and pollen providing floral plants from June to October during both the years. In the absence of feeding, A. mellifera colonies could not survive beyond 57 and 64 days during 2017 and 2018, respectively, indicating necessity of supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Sugar syrup was the most economical and effective carbohydrate source for feeding A. mellifera colonies followed by liquid glucose. Pollen supplement feeding along with carbohydrate syrups significantly improved survival and growth of A. mellifera colonies during dearth period. HFRS was comparatively less effective carbohydrate source when fed alone however; with pollen its performance improved significantly. Jaggery was the least preferred source and not at all recommended for dearth feeding, as it induced maximum mortality (27.0 to 27.7 dead bees/feeder/week), fermented faster and attracted intruders like wasps. Incidence of insect-pests, mites and diseases was lowered by proper hygiene, care and supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Inter and intra-specific robbing was characteristic feature during dearth period in A. mellifera colonies. Most of the honey quality parameters although remained within the prescribed limits but variations were recorded in HMF (3.33-26.16 mg/kg), moisture (15.87- 20.10 g/100g), F:G ratio (1.00-1.09), ash content (0.17-0.45 g/100g) and acidity (0.042-0.062 g/100g), while sucrose remained below LOQ, i.e. 0.5g/100g. Organoleptic scores revealed maximum acceptability of fresh honey (8.43-8.60) while honeys from HFRS fed colonies had the least acceptance (7.03-7.40). Seventy one different plant species belonging to 31 families were foraged by bees during dearth period. Protein content and calorific value in different pollen types ranged from 15.5-42.5% and 399.6-493.0 Kcal/100g, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management of charcoal rot of sesame incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Gupta, Ramesh Nath; Saharan, Hawa SinghCharcoal rot disease incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the most destructive disease of sesame and causes heavy losses. The disease appears moderate to severe form every year in Haryana. Keeping in view of economic importance of this disease, the present study on epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management has been conducted under laboratory, screen house and field conditions during kharif 2017 and 2018 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Epidemiological studies showed the onset of charcoal rot varied in varieties HT 1 and HT 2 during different dates of sowing. The disease first appeared in early sown crop with higher disease incidence; however, disease appearance was delayed in mid and late sown with lower incidence of disease. The intensity of disease in mid sown and late sown was almost similar however; rate of disease progression was higher in late sown as compared to mid sown conditions. In vitro evaluation of non-conventional chemicals, salicylic acid (SA) was found most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of M. phaseolina followed by IAA and IBA. Under screen house conditions, SA showed maximum reduction of charcoal rot incidence than other chemicals. Similarly, under field conditions, SA enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits than other treatments. Induction of total phenol content, total sugar content, peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and catalase activity was significantly increased by the treatment of SA followed by IAA, IBA and least by riboflavin. These activities reached at peak on six days after inoculation of pathogen and afterwards declined in both the varieties. However, variety HT 2 showed higher induction of biochemical activities than HT 1. Phytoextracts were evaluated for control of disease under in vitro conditions in which garlic extract (10%) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth followed by onion, karanj, neem and least by lantana extract. Similarly, under screen house conditions, garlic extract more reduced the incidence of charcoal rot than other phytoextracts. Under field conditions, seed treatment with combination of fungicides (carboxin+thiram) was most effective in controlling charcoal rot disease as well as enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits. Three hundred fifty sesame germplasm lines were evaluated for their relative resistance under field conditions in which majority of them showed moderately susceptible and susceptible reaction against charcoal rot. None of them identified as resistant, whereas only eighteen lines showed moderately resistant reaction against charcoal rotdiseaseThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Aarti; Ram KaranThe studies entitled “Insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.” were carried out during 2020-21 at guava orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station (RRS), Bawal. Population dynamics of insect pest; incidence of fruit flies, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, red banded thrips and mealy bug was recorded. The first appearance of fruit fly was recorded in 16th standard meteorological week (SMW), 2020 and maximum fruit fly (132/trap/week) were recorded during 35th SMW, while fruit infestation by fruit fly was initially noticed during 25th SMW, 2020 and peak fruit infestation (75.0%) was recorded during 35th SMW. The castor capsule borer infestation was noticed in 28th SMW and maximum fruit infestation (12.0%) was during 43rd SMW. The castor capsule borer was not appeared during hasth bahar fruiting season. The first symptoms of bark eating caterpillar infestation recorded on 2nd fortnight of April, 2020 and maximum plant infestation (70.0%) with active holes 6.00 leaded to index of incidence 4.2 recorded on 2nd fortnight of August. There was no further increase in infestation of bark eating caterpillar after September. The first appearance of red banded thrips was recorded in 19th SMW, 2020 and maximum population (24.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th and 27th SMW. The maximum population of mealy bug (34.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th SMW. In correlation studies minimum temperature, relative humidity shows a highly significant and positive effect on all the insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were found in guava orchard. The maximum population of both species were found in 35th SMW, while B. dorsalis (55.13%) was dominant over B. zonata (44.87%). Maximum number of pupae were found in the 2nd fortnight of August and their viability was maximum in the 1st fortnight of July. The varietal/germplasms screening revealed that among the six varieties/germplasms screened, the susceptibility against fruit fly was maximum in Banarsi Surkha sequentially followed by L-49, Hisar Surkha, Allahabadi Safeda, Hisar Safeda and Desi. The correlation studies of physical traits showed that fruit firmness have highly significant and negative impact on fruit fly infestation while fruit weight, fruit size are positively related. The correlation studies of biochemical traits such as TSS, Vitamin C and total phenol showed highly significant and positive effect on fruit fly infestation, while acidity showed negative effect on fruit fly infestation. An analysis of all the parameters revealed that no single factor governed the fruit fly infestation independently and that the level of infestation was the result of the combined effects of all the factors.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the population dynamics, monitoring, mortality and control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton crop(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Mehra, Swati; Rolania, KrishnaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on the population dynamics, monitoring, mortality and control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton crop” was carried out during 2017 and 2019, both in the Laboratory as well as at Experimental Area, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The population dynamics study revealed that peak activity of whitefly and its parasitoids, Encarsia spp. was observed from April to May on brinjal, cucumber and okra; in August on greengram, soybean and okra; and in September on cotton. In descending order, the peak abundance of whitefly was observed on cotton followed by cucumber, soybean, greengram, brinjal and okra while, parasitization by Encarsia spp. was highest on soybean followed by cotton, greengram, brinjal, cucumber and okra during 2017 and 2019. A total of 46 host plants belonging to 12 families were reported to be infested by whitefly, B. tabaci. Monitoring studies revealed that peak population of whitefly adults on yellow sticky traps (14,392 whitefly adults/trap) and in direct count (19.06 whitefly adults/leaf) was recorded during 38th SMW i.e., 3rd week of September; whereas, whitefly nymphal population i.e., 31.2 per leaf by direct count method was at its peak during 39th SMW i.e., 4th week of September. In direct count, whitefly adult population showed a significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = -0.53) (r = -0.56) and total rainfall (r = -0.61) (r = -0.58) during 2017 and 2019, respectively. Nymphal population showed significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = - 0.52) and total rainfall (r =-0.54) in 2019. Population captured on yellow sticky traps showed no correlation with weather parameters in 2017. While, whitefly adults captured on both horizontal (r = 0.54) (r = -0.51) and vertical traps (r = 0.55) (r = -0.51) showed significant positive and negative correlation with sunshine hours and total rainfall, respectively in 2019. Across all the immature developmental stages, principal mortality governing factor was dislodgement in cotton, predation in brinjal and parasitism in cucumber crop. The highest mortality occurred during fourth nymphal instar on cotton, brinjal and cucumber. Azadirachtin 0.03 per cent @ 7.5 ml/l was found more effective against whitefly adults and nymphs. However, it remained significantly at par with Azadirachtin 0.03 per cent @ 5 ml/l (recommended dose) and Azadirachtin 0.15 per cent at the dose of 7.5 ml/l and 5 ml/l.
