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Open Access
Biochemical changes in genetic and induced systemic resistance due to infection of Albugo candida (Pers. ex. Lev) in Indian mustard
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-03) Annu; Rathi, A. S
White rust disease incited by Albugo candida is an important disease of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in India particularly in northern and North eastern states. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the pathogen, the present investigation has been devised on biochemical changes due to infection of Albugo candida in different Indian mustard genotypes, induction of systemic resistance by non conventional chemicals, identification of slow white rusting genotypes and role of micronutrients in defence against white rust under laboratory, screen house and field conditions at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The results of biochemical analysis revealed that total phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity were found higher in healthy leaves of resistant genotypes (BIOYSR, EC399299) as compared to moderately resistant genotypes (EC399301, DRMRIJ-31) and susceptible genotypes (RH 30, RH 8812) at 35-40 DAS. There was steep increase in all the biochemical constituents at the time of disease initiation ie. at 45-50 DAS. However, increase was more in inoculated environment as compared to uninoculated environment. At maximum disease severity i.e.70-75 DAS, there was decline in all the biochemical constituents in all genotypes under both the environments. Decrease was more in susceptible genotypes indicating the exhaustion of these biochemical constituents which otherwise consider necessary to trigger genetic resistance through pathways. Efficacy of six non conventional chemicals were tested with different concentrations for induction of resistance against white rust. None of the non conventional chemical completely controlled the white rust disease even at higher concentration of 100 μg/ml. However, a maximum control was also recorded by BTH at 100 μg/ml concentration after six weeks of challenge inoculation by the pathogen followed by SA in both the variety (RH 30 and RH 0749) under screen house conditions. BTH has shown maximum induction of phenolic content, PO, PPO, PAL and chitinase activity at three days after inoculation (DAI) in both the varieties at 100 μg/ml concentration followed by SA. However, MgSO4 has shown minimum induction of these activities at three DAI in both the varieties.Out of 22 Indian mustard genotypes screened for identification of slow white rusting component, 9 genotypes exhibited longer incubation and latent periods, minimum number of pustules per leaf, minimum size of pustule, minimum sporulation, minimum disease severity and minimum AUDPC indicating slow white rusting behaviour. Among the different treatments of mcronutrients alone and in combinations, soil application of Gypsum + Borax + CuSO4 + Na2MoO4 at 30 DAS as basal dose recorded minimum white rust severity of 31.1% and staghead incidence of 4.44% and highest seed yield of 2228.55 kg ha-1 as compared to the 45.83% white rust severity and 6.09% staghead incidence and seed yield of 1779.79 kg ha-1 in control. Maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.83), secondary branches per plant (12.33), main shoot length (90.93 cm), siliquae on main shoot (62.60) and seeds per siliquae (12.53) were also observed with above treatment. Plant height, siliqua length, oil content and 1000 seed weight did not vary significantly among all the treatments.
Open Access
Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Deepak Kumar; Maha Singh
The present investigation entitled, “Biology, population dynamics and management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on maize” was carried out at Research Farm and laboratories, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and Research Farm CCS Haryana Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal during Kharif, 2020. The biology of S. frugiperda was observed at four different temperatures viz., at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. The average fecundity of S. frugiperda was 1110.6, 714.8, 1303.9 and 1013.1 eggs/female at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Egg hatchability was observed as 93.3, 74.9, 83.5 and 92.5 per cent whereas incubation period as 2.68, 6.08, 3.24, 2.80 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Average larval period was 15.44, 32.97, 19.96 and 15.09 days whereas larval survival as 85.6, 58.8, 62.4 and 84.3 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Pupal period was noticed as 7.78, 25.63, 9.28 and 7.42 days whereas the adult emergence as 64.2, 52.0, 63.0 and 68.5 per cent at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Total life cycle of females was observed as 35.13, 79.33, 45.19 and 34.73 days while those of males as 33.24, 77.05, 42.71 and 32.46 days at room temperature, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Studied on population dynamics of S. frugiperda revealed that larval population prevailed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW. Its peak was observed during the 33th SMW with a mean population of 4.93 larvae per plant. The average plant infestation was observed from 28th SMW to 40th SMW (second week of July to first week of October) with a maximum of 79.1 per cent during 40th SMW. Larval population had a significant positive correlation with evening relative humidity (r = 0.652) and significant negative correlation with sun shine hours (r = -0.634) whereas per cent plant infestation indicated a non-significant correlation with all the weather entities. During the study period, three hymenopteran larval parasitoids (Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Campoletis sp) were also observed. Studies on screening of maize genotypes against S. frugiperda indicated that amongst the 55 maize genotypes, HM 10 recorded lowest leaf injury (4.45 score), while HKI 1348-6-2 recorded highest leaf injury (8.85 score). Five genotypes (HKI 1105, HKI 139, HKI 193-2, HKI 1011 and HM 10) were categorized as partially resistant (leaf injury score: 4.0 to 5.99), 20 genotypes as susceptible (leaf injury score: 6.0 to 7.99) and 30 genotypes as highly susceptible (leaf injury score: 8.0 to 9.00). Studies on effect of date of sowing on incidence of S. frugiperda indicated that plant infestation and larval population was observed minimum when crop was sown during last week of June while infestation and larval population gradually increased as date of sowing is delayed.
Open Access
Effect of feeding different carbohydrate and pollen sources on Apis mellifera L. colonies during dearth period
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Rathee, Mandeep; Chaudhary, O. P
The present investigations were carried out at the apiary located at College of Agriculture, Kaul, CCS HAU, Hisar to evaluate the effect of feeding different carbohydrate sources with and without pollen on Apis mellifera L. colonies during 2017 dearth period. A total of 30 A. mellifera bee colonies in standard Langstroth hives were tested under two sets of experiments i.e. without pollen and with pollen (80 g/colony/week), and each set had five treatments [4 carbohydrates sources (500 g/colony/week): sugar syrup, jaggery, liquid glucose, high fructose rice syrup and 1 control (no feeding)]. During 2018, jaggery was ruled out and remaining carbohydrate sources were fed @ 750 g/colony/week with high protein (23%) and low protein pollen (18%). Observations were recorded on pollen income, colony growth parameters, colony weight, incidence of insect-pests, diseases and mites, robbing, bee mortality, deformities, feed consumption, chemical and organoleptic analysis of honey, survey of bee flora, melissopalynology of pollen loads, their protein content and calorific value. Economics of feeding treatments was evaluated alonth with colony performance in ensuing honey flow seasons. Based on two years of studies, it was concluded that experimental area had severe dearth of nectar and pollen providing floral plants from June to October during both the years. In the absence of feeding, A. mellifera colonies could not survive beyond 57 and 64 days during 2017 and 2018, respectively, indicating necessity of supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Sugar syrup was the most economical and effective carbohydrate source for feeding A. mellifera colonies followed by liquid glucose. Pollen supplement feeding along with carbohydrate syrups significantly improved survival and growth of A. mellifera colonies during dearth period. HFRS was comparatively less effective carbohydrate source when fed alone however; with pollen its performance improved significantly. Jaggery was the least preferred source and not at all recommended for dearth feeding, as it induced maximum mortality (27.0 to 27.7 dead bees/feeder/week), fermented faster and attracted intruders like wasps. Incidence of insect-pests, mites and diseases was lowered by proper hygiene, care and supplementary feeding during dearth periods. Inter and intra-specific robbing was characteristic feature during dearth period in A. mellifera colonies. Most of the honey quality parameters although remained within the prescribed limits but variations were recorded in HMF (3.33-26.16 mg/kg), moisture (15.87- 20.10 g/100g), F:G ratio (1.00-1.09), ash content (0.17-0.45 g/100g) and acidity (0.042-0.062 g/100g), while sucrose remained below LOQ, i.e. 0.5g/100g. Organoleptic scores revealed maximum acceptability of fresh honey (8.43-8.60) while honeys from HFRS fed colonies had the least acceptance (7.03-7.40). Seventy one different plant species belonging to 31 families were foraged by bees during dearth period. Protein content and calorific value in different pollen types ranged from 15.5-42.5% and 399.6-493.0 Kcal/100g, respectively.
Open Access
Epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management of charcoal rot of sesame incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-01) Gupta, Ramesh Nath; Saharan, Hawa Singh
Charcoal rot disease incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the most destructive disease of sesame and causes heavy losses. The disease appears moderate to severe form every year in Haryana. Keeping in view of economic importance of this disease, the present study on epidemiology, induction of systemic resistance and management has been conducted under laboratory, screen house and field conditions during kharif 2017 and 2018 at CCS HAU, Hisar. Epidemiological studies showed the onset of charcoal rot varied in varieties HT 1 and HT 2 during different dates of sowing. The disease first appeared in early sown crop with higher disease incidence; however, disease appearance was delayed in mid and late sown with lower incidence of disease. The intensity of disease in mid sown and late sown was almost similar however; rate of disease progression was higher in late sown as compared to mid sown conditions. In vitro evaluation of non-conventional chemicals, salicylic acid (SA) was found most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of M. phaseolina followed by IAA and IBA. Under screen house conditions, SA showed maximum reduction of charcoal rot incidence than other chemicals. Similarly, under field conditions, SA enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits than other treatments. Induction of total phenol content, total sugar content, peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPOX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and catalase activity was significantly increased by the treatment of SA followed by IAA, IBA and least by riboflavin. These activities reached at peak on six days after inoculation of pathogen and afterwards declined in both the varieties. However, variety HT 2 showed higher induction of biochemical activities than HT 1. Phytoextracts were evaluated for control of disease under in vitro conditions in which garlic extract (10%) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth followed by onion, karanj, neem and least by lantana extract. Similarly, under screen house conditions, garlic extract more reduced the incidence of charcoal rot than other phytoextracts. Under field conditions, seed treatment with combination of fungicides (carboxin+thiram) was most effective in controlling charcoal rot disease as well as enhanced the yield and yield attributing traits. Three hundred fifty sesame germplasm lines were evaluated for their relative resistance under field conditions in which majority of them showed moderately susceptible and susceptible reaction against charcoal rot. None of them identified as resistant, whereas only eighteen lines showed moderately resistant reaction against charcoal rotdisease
Open Access
Studies on insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Aarti; Ram Karan
The studies entitled “Insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.” were carried out during 2020-21 at guava orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station (RRS), Bawal. Population dynamics of insect pest; incidence of fruit flies, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, red banded thrips and mealy bug was recorded. The first appearance of fruit fly was recorded in 16th standard meteorological week (SMW), 2020 and maximum fruit fly (132/trap/week) were recorded during 35th SMW, while fruit infestation by fruit fly was initially noticed during 25th SMW, 2020 and peak fruit infestation (75.0%) was recorded during 35th SMW. The castor capsule borer infestation was noticed in 28th SMW and maximum fruit infestation (12.0%) was during 43rd SMW. The castor capsule borer was not appeared during hasth bahar fruiting season. The first symptoms of bark eating caterpillar infestation recorded on 2nd fortnight of April, 2020 and maximum plant infestation (70.0%) with active holes 6.00 leaded to index of incidence 4.2 recorded on 2nd fortnight of August. There was no further increase in infestation of bark eating caterpillar after September. The first appearance of red banded thrips was recorded in 19th SMW, 2020 and maximum population (24.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th and 27th SMW. The maximum population of mealy bug (34.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th SMW. In correlation studies minimum temperature, relative humidity shows a highly significant and positive effect on all the insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were found in guava orchard. The maximum population of both species were found in 35th SMW, while B. dorsalis (55.13%) was dominant over B. zonata (44.87%). Maximum number of pupae were found in the 2nd fortnight of August and their viability was maximum in the 1st fortnight of July. The varietal/germplasms screening revealed that among the six varieties/germplasms screened, the susceptibility against fruit fly was maximum in Banarsi Surkha sequentially followed by L-49, Hisar Surkha, Allahabadi Safeda, Hisar Safeda and Desi. The correlation studies of physical traits showed that fruit firmness have highly significant and negative impact on fruit fly infestation while fruit weight, fruit size are positively related. The correlation studies of biochemical traits such as TSS, Vitamin C and total phenol showed highly significant and positive effect on fruit fly infestation, while acidity showed negative effect on fruit fly infestation. An analysis of all the parameters revealed that no single factor governed the fruit fly infestation independently and that the level of infestation was the result of the combined effects of all the factors.
Open Access
Studies on the population dynamics, monitoring, mortality and control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton crop
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Mehra, Swati; Rolania, Krishna
The present investigation entitled “Studies on the population dynamics, monitoring, mortality and control of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) on cotton crop” was carried out during 2017 and 2019, both in the Laboratory as well as at Experimental Area, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The population dynamics study revealed that peak activity of whitefly and its parasitoids, Encarsia spp. was observed from April to May on brinjal, cucumber and okra; in August on greengram, soybean and okra; and in September on cotton. In descending order, the peak abundance of whitefly was observed on cotton followed by cucumber, soybean, greengram, brinjal and okra while, parasitization by Encarsia spp. was highest on soybean followed by cotton, greengram, brinjal, cucumber and okra during 2017 and 2019. A total of 46 host plants belonging to 12 families were reported to be infested by whitefly, B. tabaci. Monitoring studies revealed that peak population of whitefly adults on yellow sticky traps (14,392 whitefly adults/trap) and in direct count (19.06 whitefly adults/leaf) was recorded during 38th SMW i.e., 3rd week of September; whereas, whitefly nymphal population i.e., 31.2 per leaf by direct count method was at its peak during 39th SMW i.e., 4th week of September. In direct count, whitefly adult population showed a significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = -0.53) (r = -0.56) and total rainfall (r = -0.61) (r = -0.58) during 2017 and 2019, respectively. Nymphal population showed significant negative correlation with evening relative humidity (r = - 0.52) and total rainfall (r =-0.54) in 2019. Population captured on yellow sticky traps showed no correlation with weather parameters in 2017. While, whitefly adults captured on both horizontal (r = 0.54) (r = -0.51) and vertical traps (r = 0.55) (r = -0.51) showed significant positive and negative correlation with sunshine hours and total rainfall, respectively in 2019. Across all the immature developmental stages, principal mortality governing factor was dislodgement in cotton, predation in brinjal and parasitism in cucumber crop. The highest mortality occurred during fourth nymphal instar on cotton, brinjal and cucumber. Azadirachtin 0.03 per cent @ 7.5 ml/l was found more effective against whitefly adults and nymphs. However, it remained significantly at par with Azadirachtin 0.03 per cent @ 5 ml/l (recommended dose) and Azadirachtin 0.15 per cent at the dose of 7.5 ml/l and 5 ml/l.
Open Access
Studies on resource partitioning by honey bees and nectar secretion rhythms in different Brassica spp
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-02) Jyoti; Yadav, Sunita
The present study was carried out on eleven genotypes/varieties belonging to eight Brassica spp. at Research Area of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2019-20. The flowering phenology of various rapeseed-mustard genotypes/varieties showed that flowering initiation and cessation was earliest on TH 68 (32.67 and 81.67 DAS) while total flowering period was highest on RH 725 (53.00 DAS). The flower morphological parameters i.e. flower length, flower breadth, corolla and calyx length of different genotypes varied from 1.41 to 1.74 cm, 1.42 to 2.23 cm, 0.76 to 1.14 cm, 0.49 to 1.06 cm respectively and flower color was bright yellow in all genotypes/varieties. Eighteen bee species belonging to twelve families of five orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) were recorded. The Apis spp. were most abundant on variety TH 68 (16.77 bees/m2/10 min). The mean densities of A. mellifera was maximum (15.50 bees/m2/10 min) followed by A. cerana (12.90 bees/m2/10 min), A. dorsata (12.25 bees/m2/10 min) and A. florea (9.37 bees/m2/10 min). The foraging rate of Apis spp. was highest on HNS 0901 (15.16 flowers/min). The mean foraging rate of A. cerana was maximum (18.06 flowers/min) followed by A. dorsata (16.65 flowers/min), A. mellifera (16.66 flowers/min) and A. florea (6.57 flowers/min). The comparative mean time spent per flower was highest on variety T-27 (3.52flowers/sec). The mean foraging speed of A. florea was maximum (6.38 flowers/sec) followed by A. dorsata (2.39 flowers/sec), A. mellifera (1.94 flowers/sec) and A. cerana (1.83 flowers/sec). Highest mean percentage of nectar, pollen and both nectar plus pollen gatherers were observed at 2nd fortnight of December i.e. 37.67, 24.84 and 43.08 per cent respectively. Top workers were highest in case of A. dorsata (97.33%) followed by A. mellifera (90.33%) A.cerana (90.00%) and A. florea (66.33%) and the highest percentage of side workers was observed in A. florea (43.33%) followed by A. mellifera (21.00%), A. cerana (21.33%) and A. dorsata (4.33%). The maximum DNS was produced by the flowers of HC-212 and T-27 (1.50 and 1.49 mg/flower) and also amount of energy produced by nectar was highest in HC-212 and T-27 (25.11 and 24.92 joules energy). Abundance of all four honey bee species showed positive non-significant correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. Relative humidity was significantly positive correlated with the abundance of. A. mellifera, A. cerana, A. dorsata but showed non-significant positive correlation in case of A. florea at morning and analysis of relative humidity resulted significant positive correlation with the all bees at the evening. Wind speed showed significant positive correlation with all Apis spp. and sunshine hours were non-significantly correlated.
Open Access
Studies on biodiversity and DNA barcoding of predatory ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Mohammad Thamseer M K; Yadav, S.S
The biodiversity of predatory ladybird beetles was investigated in the state of Haryana,India. The predators were collected from natural and manipulated ecosystems across the state by hand collection. The collected specimen were identified with appropriate taxonomic keys. The state presented a highly abundant but less diverse ecosystem with respect to coccinellid predators. 2253 specimen of 20 species belonging to coccinellidae were collected from 17 ecosystems. The Shannon-weiner index,Simpson’s index,Effective number of species,Margalef’s index and Pielou’s evenness index were calculated for different ecosystems and it was found that sheesham (Dalbergia sisoo) and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was ecologically the most diverse ecosystem in the state. The diversity indices of the predators in the state was very low for most of the crop ecosystems which can be attributed to the fact that the state is one of the leading consumer of insecticides in the country. Thus, the present data reflects on the grave consequences of indescriminate usage of pesticides on the natural enemies which, if left unchecked, can cause potential localised extinction of predatory fauna. DNA of the six species among the collection were successfully barcoded and the phylogenetic tree revealed a close relationship between Chilocorinae and Scymninae. The temporal distribution of the major aphidiphagous predators in wheat ecosystem revealed the presence of five major predators including two syrphids viz., Episyrphus viridaureus and Ischiodon scutellaris and three coccinellids viz., Hippodamia variegata, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Coccinella septempunctata. The cumulative population of the predators had significant positive correlation with aphid population (r= 0.999).
Open Access
Determination of pollen trapping frequency, pollen collection and hoarding behaviour in Apis mellifera L. colonies
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Dalal, Pradeep Kumar; Yadav, Sunita
With a view to explore the potential of pollen load trapping as subsidiary occupation among Indian beekeepers, the present investigations were carried out in 3 seasons (mustard bloom at Hisar and Kaul; multi-floral season at Kaul) during 2016-17 and 2017-18 to determine the optimum pollen trapping frequency that allow economically viable pollen collection as well as sufficient honey production and colony development. Fifteen colonies each of high (12-frame) and medium strength (8-frame) were put to five pollen trapping frequencies viz. daily, alternate days, 3 days, weekly and without trapping (control). The floral biology of dominant flowering crop under different seasons revealed that each flower of mustard, Brassica campestris and Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrium offered floral resources to A. mellifera bees for a period of 3 and 3.9 days, respectively. Mean pollen collection from high and medium strength colonies was 14.9 and 8.1 g/colony/day, translating to 1.98 and 1.09 kg/colony, respectively in mustard season. Pollen collection increased with increasing order of trapping frequencies. Pollen collection from high strength colonies from mustard was more in daily pollen trapping (25.3 g/colony/day) followed by alternate (18.4 g), 3 days (17.1) and weekly trapped colonies (14.0 g/colony/day). Similar trend was noticed for medium strength colonies on mustard bloom and multi-floral season, indicating direct relationship of pollen trapping with pollen load collection. Botanical diversity of pollen loads was estimated by employing 3 methods viz. visual, segregation on colour basis and haemocytometer method. Melissopalynological analysis identified 11 pollen types, yellow coloured B. campestris pollen being major source both at Hisar and Kaul comprising >50% of total pollen loads. During multi-floral season (Mar-Apr), white coloured pollen loads from weed, Ageratum conyzoides were in majority during initial phase and T. alexandrium in final phase. Crude protein and calorific value of B. campestris was 24.3% and 367.1 Kcal/100 g while values for A. conyzoides and T. alexandrium were 16.0 and 23.8% and 422.6 and 418.9 Kcal/100 g, respectively. Impact of different pollen trapping frequencies was studied on colony traits viz. honey, nectar, and pollen store, brood area, drone numbers, etc. During mustard bloom, in daily trapping the honey area depleted in high strength colonies (-5.0%) while in medium strength grew by 43.0%. Alternate trapping of high strength and 3 days trapping of medium strength colonies allowed honey area to expand by 95.3 and 73.1%, respectively over season. During multi-floral season, honey area dipped uniformly irrespective of trapping frequencies. Brood development suffered as a result of daily pollen trapping during mustard bloom as high and medium strength expanded by -2.9 and 11.0%. Under alternate trapping of high and 3 days trapping medium strength colony the brood area grew by 22.5 and 49.6%, respectively. During multi-floral season, shortage of good quality major floral source, led to reduction in total brood area across all trapping frequencies. Daily trapping of high strength colonies led to depletion of pollen store area (-24.7%) in colonies which triggered them to additionally recruit maximum proportion of foragers (29.0%) for pollen collection from existing foraging force, impacting other colony functions. Similarly medium strength daily trapped colony recruited additional pollen foraging force of 25.6%. Experimental colonies were also categorized based on pollen hoarding behavior and their sensitivity to hygiene. A total of 14 colonies possessed high pollen hoarding behaviour out of 90 colonies tested during all the season. Moderately sensitive (MS) trait alongside high pollen hoarding character was found in only one of the total lot of colonies. Overall analysis including economics suggested alternate trapping of high strength colonies as more remunerative in comparison to other trapping frequencies with adequate pollen yield, optimum colony growth and honey production with additional economic returns of Rs 264.9 per colony. Among medium strength colonies, 3 days pollen trapping was relatively better with net income of Rs 4.9 as per colony in addition to prolific honey production and brood development.

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