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ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of premix formulation of flubendiamide and buprofezin in soil(CCSHAU, 2018) Monika; Duhan, AnilIn Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. To study the persistence behaviour of flubendiamide and buprofezin at single and double dose, i.e., 210 and 420 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, flubendiamide and buprofezin was applied at 50 (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa) and GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. For both insecticides limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics in case of both flubendiamide and buprofezin. Half-life of flubendiamide was found to be 25.1 and 26.6 days in clay loam soil and in case of sandy loam, 27.3 and 31.3 days at both the doses, respectively. For buprofezin, half-life was 12.4 and 12.6 days in clay loam and 19.1 and 20.2 days in sandy loam at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days in case of flubendiamide for both the treatments however buprofezin residues reached below detectable limit after 60 days. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were retained up to soil depth of 30-35 cm but maximum retention was found upto 15 cm in flubendiammide and upto 20 cm in buprofezin. There were no fractions of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in leachate indicating about poor leaching potential of both insecticides.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on phytochemicals, nutritional parameters and antioxidant potential of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.)(CCSHAU, 2018) Jangra, Satya Shree; Madan, V. K.The present study was undertaken to estimate the phytochemical and nutritional parameters; comparison of microwave assisted and conventional extraction techniques and effect of herbal extracts (infusion, decoction and strong decoction) on total phenolics, flavonoids as well as on the antioxidant potential of the extracts of different plant parts of Chicory and Garden cress (Hisar and Solan regions). Moisture, fat, ash, protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrates were estimated in different parts viz. seeds, aerial parts & roots of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions). All parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) were found to be very rich sources of energy on the basis of their calorific values. Seeds, aerial parts & roots of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) also contained minerals viz. Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Different parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) were found to contain ascorbic acid, starch, tannins, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars also in varying amounts. Oil content in seeds of Chicory, Garden cress (Hisar region) and Garden cress (Solan region) were 18.05, 22.42 and 25.52%, respectively. Major constituents in Chicory and Garden cress (both regions) seed oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Total phenolics (6.90 - 10.78 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (1.55 - 6.33 mg CE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (63.15 - 223.70 mg AAE/g) were highest in whole plant and seeds extracts of both crops prepared by soxhlet extraction technique followed by column chromatography, microwave assisted and homogenization techniques. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of whole plant and seeds (IC50: 410.6 - 647.8 μg/mL) was also highest of extracts of both crops prepared by soxhlet extraction technique followed by column chromatography (IC50: 411.9 - 666.7 μg/mL), microwave assisted (IC50: 419.1 - 668.0 μg/mL) and homogenization (IC50: 437.4 - 701.1 μg/mL) techniques. Among plant parts of Chicory, total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity were higher in whole plant extracts in comparison to seeds extracts; whereas in Garden cress of both regions, total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of seeds extracts were higher in comparison to whole plant extracts. Strong decoctions of aerial parts and roots of both crops had highest total phenolics (1.83 - 19.62 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (0.53 - 8.53 mg CE/g) and total antioxidant capacity (11.93 - 80.31 mg AAE/g) in comparison to their corresponding decoctions and infusions. Strong decoctions of aerial parts and roots also exhibited highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50: 372.7 - 736.1 μg/mL) in comparison to corresponding decoctions (IC50: 385.8 - 739.2 μg/mL) and infusions (IC50: 396.1 - 744.0 μg/mL). Among different plant parts of Chicory and Garden cress (both regions); total phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity were higher in herbal extracts of aerial parts in comparison to herbal extracts of roots. Hence, Chicory and Garden cress possess good antioxidant potential which may be due to the presence of various phytochemicals; therefore, play an important role in antioxidant defence system against free radicals and thus aid in human health.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chemical constituents of Prosopis cineraria (L.) and interaction of phenolics with protein(CCSHAU, 2018) Suman; Rajvir SinghProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce is native species of Indian desert, mainly known as “King of Desert”. Its all parts have various parmaceutical and medicinal importance. Plant materials i.e. bark, flowers, leaves and pods of Prosopis cineraria were collected and extracted with hot methanol by refluxing method. The respective extractives were divided into two parts. One major part was subjected to column chromatography which affored a total twenty-two compounds. Bark column contained four compounds namely, 24- methylenecycloartan-3-one, Lupeol, 5,7,4‟-trihydroxy-3‟-methoxy flavanone and β- Sitosterol while six compunds namely, Hexacosane, Tetracosyl tetracosanoate, 1- triacontanol, Patuletin, Bis (cis-13-docosenamido) methane and β- Sitosterol from flowers of P.cineraria. leaves afforded eight compounds namely, 1- Heptacosanol, 1- Nonadecanol, Stigmasterol, nonacosane-15-one, 1- tetracosanoic acid, β- Sitosterol, 3-O-methoxy-D-Glucose and 13- docosenamide. Four compounds namely, 1-heptatricontanol, 3,8,8-trimethoxy-3-piperidyl- 2,2‟binaphthalene-1,1‟,4,4‟-tetrone, β- Sitosterol and Catechin were isolated from pods of Prosopis cineraria. Various phytochemical activities like total phenolic content, total flavonoids, mineral contents and phenolics interaction with protein were evaluated from methanolic extract and their fractions. Total phenolic contents were found to be maximum in methanol fraction of pods of Prosopis cineraria while acetone fraction of pods contained maximum total flavonoid content. P. cineraria possessed mineral content in trend of N> P> K> Fe> Cu> Zn> Mn. Acetone fraction of pods part was found to be maximum protein binding capacity at highest concentraction (10μg/μl). It was significantly showed that P. cineraria has nutritionl and digestible value of various fractions by stepwise increased in the percentage activity at different concentrations.ThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of phenolics from agri-byproducts in vegetable oil(CCSHAU, 2018) Nehra, Sukriti; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of phenolics from pod coat of pulses in stabilising soybean oil. Pod coat of five pulse crops (cowpea, clusterbean, mungbean, Mothbean and pigeonpea) were extracted with three solvents (acetone, ethylacetate and chloroform). Phytochemical constituents (phenols, flavonoids, tocopherols and tannins) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were estimated by using spectroscopic methods. Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used for evaluation of total phenolic content and flavonoid content respectively. Among the various extracts, highest yield was observed in acetone extract of clusterbean (5.44%) while lowest was observed in chloroform extract of cowpea (2.99%). Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) varied from 7.24-24.18 in all of the extracts. Similarly, flavonoids (mg CAE/g) ranged from 3.30 to 10.77 in all of the extracts. Tocopherol content (mg/g) was highest in ethylacetate extract of pigeonpea (9.56) while lowest in chloroform extract of cowpea (3.41). Tannin content (mg TAE/g) was highest in acetone extract of clusterbean (2.48) while lowest in chloroform extract of mungbean (0.71). Results obtained by DPPH method showed that free radical scavenging capacities of various pod coat extracts from different species of legumes ranged from 54.95 to 78.21%. Their IC50 values (mg/mL) varied from 0.23- 0.83. Analogous to results obtained for total phenolics and flavonoids, free radical scavenging activities were highest in acetone extract of clusterbean. The high content of total phenolics and total flavonoids indicated that these bioactive metabolites contribute to synergistic effect for the antioxidant activity. Moreover, a highly significant correlation (p<0.05) between free radical scavenging efficiencies and phenolic contents as well as flavonoids was observed in most of the extracts under study. All extracts were added to crude soybean oil at two concentrations (1000 and 2000ppm). Soybean oil sample stabilized with various extracts were incubated at 50ºC for a period of 28 days. Effect of incorporation of these extracts on oxidative stability of crude soybean oil was measured in terms of various oxidative quality indices. Among the three extracts, acetone extract was found most effective in retarding oxidative degradation of soybean oil during incubation. Extracts were more effective at 2000ppm concentration in comparison to 1000ppm. Among the five crops, cluster bean extracts displayed highest inhibition towards oxidation of soybean oil. The results concluded that the pod coat extracts of these pulses may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and are potentially applicable in both medicine and food industry.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of refining and antioxidants on the storage stability of edible vegetable oils(CCSHAU, 2018) Anjani; Rajvir SinghThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of refining and addition of antioxidants on the storage stability of some edible vegetable oils viz. cotton, flaxseed, groundnut, soybean and mustard. The seeds were collected from farmer’s field at Hisar, Haryana and grounded to powder. Oil was extracted by Soxhlet method using petroleum ether (60-80°C) for 8 h. Solvent extraction processes include basically three steps: preparation, extraction, and desolventizing. Refining of oils was done by chemical method in different steps: degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorizing. The dried defatted seed meal of sunflower and sesame were extracted with acetone by Soxhlet method for 8 h. The calculated quantity 200 ppm of Tertiary Butylated Hydroxy Quinone and Propyl Gallate and 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm of acetone extracts of defatted seed meals of sesame and sunflower, each were with the crude and refined oil taken in an open mouthed beaker and wrapped with aluminium foil. The mixture was thoroughly homogenised and the samples were prepared in duplicate. Then control sample was also prepared and the oil samples were stored at 50°C thermostat. Required quantity of the samples were removed periodically and studied for oxidative quality indices viz. free fatty acid, peroxide value, panisidine value, total oxidation value, conjugated dienes, carotenoid, total tocopherol, thiobarbituric acid value and fatty acid composition. Free fatty acid ranged from 0.9 to 3.49 (% as oleic acid) for crude oils and from 0.3 to 1.98 (% as oleic acid) for refined oils. Peroxide value ranged from 1.26 to 3.4 (meq/kg) for crude oils and for refined oil range was 0.92 to 1.5 (meq/kg). p-Anisidine value ranged from 1.75 to 10.14 and 1.03 to 4.77 for crude and refined oils respectively. Total oxidation values ranged from 6.41 to 16.94 and 3.36 to 6.74 respectively for crude and refined oils. Conjugated dienes ranged from 0.36 to 3 (% as dienoic acid) for crude oils and 0.21 to 3.2 (% as dienoic acid) for refined oils. The range of carotenoid was 41.3 to 126.09 (mg/kg) for crude oils and 30.2 to 75.69 (mg/kg) for refined oils. Total tocopherol value ranged from 476 to 1620 (mg/kg) and 219 to 829 (mg/kg) for crude and refined oil respectively. Thiobarbituric acid ranged from 4.63 to 15 (meq/kg) for crude oils and for refined oils it was 2.73 to 9.3 (meq/kg). Stability order of oils under study was Groundnut > Mustard > Flaxseed > Cotton > Soybean. Sesame and sunflower meal acetone extracts at varying concentration, when added to vegetable oils lower the free fatty acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid value compared to control under similar conditions. Thus, acetone extracts of sesame and sunflower meals have high antioxidant efficacy against vegetable oil protection even high than propyl gallate. Among the both meal extracts sesame meal extract is more effective than sunflower meal extracts. Present study could be an effective introduction to the antioxidant potential of seed meals that are being discarded as by-products. Refined vegetables oil was more prone to oxidative deterioration than crude oil because natural antioxidants such as total tocopherol, sterol and carotenoid had been lost during refining.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds using ecofriendly conditions and their bioevaluation(CCSHAU, 2018) Suprita; Rajvir SinghCoumarins, Chalcones, Pyrazoles and Imidazoles are versatile classes of heterocycles and intermediates for the preparation of other organic compounds due to their variety of biological activities. For the preparation of these compounds and their derivatives, different organic solvents and reagents are being used which are quite hazardous to environment and human health due to their volatile nature. Since last few years attempts are being made for ecofriendly synthesis viz. microwave irradiation synthesis and synthesis by grinding methods. Therefore an attempt has been made to synthesize above mentioned classes of compounds by grinding methods, aqua mediated methods and microwave assisted methods. These compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques viz. 1HNMR, IR, Elemental analysis and other analytical data. Structure of the compounds were found identical in all methods of synthesis i.e. conventional, grinding methods, aqua mediated methods and microwave assisted method. Synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal activity by poison food technique at four different concentrations. Compounds 33 and 93 were found more active against the tested fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus niger with EC50 values 53.13 and 56.52μg/ml respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Residue dynamics and leaching potential of chlorantraniliprole in chilli crop(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; SushilThe main objective of this study was to understand the persistence behaviour of new novel insecticide chlorantraniliprole (coragen 18.5 SC) in chilli fruit and its leaching behaviour in sandy loam soil. Recovery experiments were carried out at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/g fortification level in both chilli and soil samples for which average recoveries were found to be 85.23% and 87.46% in chilli samples and 85.92% and 87.11% in soil samples respectively. For dissipation / persistence study a field experiment was conducted following application of single dose (30 g a.i./ha) and double dose (60 g a.i./ha) on chilli crop. The initial residues of CAP at single and double doses were 3.16 and 4.68 mg/kg. Residues persisted upto 7th and 15th day in single and double doses respectively, after which BDL (0.01 mg/kg) comes. For single dose half-life value was of 1.18 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.58 day -1. For double dose half-life was 2.05 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.33 day-1. Leaching behavior of CAP in soil was studied at single (5.6 μg) and double dose (11.2 μg) respectively, for which soil plexi columns were packed and percolated with 35 ml of tap water after each 24 hours. Total amount of CAP recovered out of 5.6 and 11.2 μg were 82.40% and 81.42% from single and double doses respectively. Maximum retention of pesticide in both doses was in 0-5 cm soil core i.e. 79.82% in single dose and 79.11% in double dose. None of the leachate fractions from both the treatments showed the presence of chlorantraniliprole residue considering it safe for ground water table after field application.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and dissipation of ready premix formulation (Novaluron + Indoxacarb) in/on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its leaching in soil(CCSHAU, 2017) Anita; Madan, V.K.A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour in tomato fruits and soil underneath and effect of processing on the reduction of residues of ready pre-mix formulation (Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC) during 2014-15. A laboratory experiment was perfomed for assessing the leaching potential of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb at two doses in soil (sandy loam) and leachate fractions. The field experiment was laid out at Research Farm of Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar using randomized block design (RBD) on tomato crop (variety HS-86). Single dose (T1) consisted of 825 g ha-1 (equivalent to 43.31 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 37.13 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) and double dose (T2) consisted of 1650 g ha-1 (equivalent to 86.62 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 74.26 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) of ready pre-mix formulation. Samples of tomato fruits and soil were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after applications. Residues were estimated by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with capillary column and electron capture detector (ECD). Per cent recoveries at the fortification levels of 0.01, 0.10 and 0.25 mg kg-1 in tomato fruits and at 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1 in soil were in the range of 82-94 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Limit of detection was 0.005 mg kg-1. Dissipation in tomato fruits followed first order kinetics with half life period from 1.40 - 2.48 days at both the doses of novaluron as well as indoxacarb. Various household processing were found to be effective in reducing the residues of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb in tomato fruits. Residues decreased substantially during household processing among which peeling was found most effective which resulted 80-89 % reduction. For sandy loam soil under tomato crop, half-life period was found to be in the range of 0.63 to 2.17 days at single and double doses, respectively, for both novaluron as well as indoxacarb following first order kinetics. In leaching experiment carried out under laboratory conditions, 55 - 60% retention of novaluron and 70 - 75% retention of indoxacarb were observed up to 10 cm soil in both the doses, showing their very less mobility in soil. Residues were not detected after 40 cm depth of soil in both the doses. Since, residues of novaluron and indoxacarb were not detected in any of the leachate fractions of soil, hence, these may be safe for soil and ground water contamination.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of halosulfuron-methyl in soil(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Devi; Duhan, AnilA laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of halosulfuron-methyl residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. Halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra75 WG) at single and double dose, i.e., 67.5 and 135 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots to study the persistence behaviour. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, halosulfuron-methyl was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Prior to taking up analysis of test samples recovery experiments using different sample preparation techniques (Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and QuEChERS with slight modification) were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g. Maximum recoveries (85.5 to 94.5%) were obtained by using QuEChERS with PSA and without MgSO4. Residues were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa). Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order rate kinetics with half-life of 9.4 and 10.7 days in sandy loam soil and in case of clay loam, 8.4 and 10.3 days at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of halosulfuron-methyl were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm in both soil types at single and double dose under continuous and discontinuous flow. The residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils and doses under continuous as well as discontinuous flow conditions; hence there might be a risk of sideway and lateral movement of residues.