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Open Access
A study on the effect of custom hiring centres on paddy and wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Rawal, Sagar; Ashok Kumar
The study was done in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana which was selected on the basis of highest per cent change in farm power availability since the inception of Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM). For the study, data were collected from 80 farmers for wheat during agricultural year 2019-20 and paddy during agricultural year 2020-21. It was found that farmers hiring machines from Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) found a reduction in operational costs by 10.52 per cent in paddy and 10.26 per cent in wheat compared to farmers hiring machinery from private machine providers. Further, study revealed that increase in net returns of farmers hiring from CHCs was about 27.06 per cent in paddy and 26.19 per cent in wheat compared to hiring machinery from private sources. In case of resource use efficiency analysis machine labour was found to be most efficiently utilised resource under CHCs. Non-availability of all the machines especially the combine harvesters was found to be most severe constraint faced by farmers hiring machinery from CHCs. While, farmers hiring machineries from private sources, most important constraint was of difficult availability of machines at peak season. For CHC’s owners, most severe one was problem of idle machinery especially turbo happy seeder. In case of private farm machinery owners, the most severe constraint was of high initial cost of investment. Hence, the study suggested the need to increase the CHC number, subsidies for heavy machinery like combine harvester and awareness among farmers regarding CHCs and benefits of using machines like turbo happy seeder in the study area.
Open Access
An Economic Analysis of Laser Land Levelling Practice in Haryana
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020) Dinesh Kumar; Dalip Kumar Bishnoi
The Study was carried out in Karnal and Sirsa district of Haryana in 2019-2020. These districts were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under paddy-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping patterns, respectively. 120 respondents were selected randomly. Results revealed that total cost of cultivation of all the crops under study was found higher under LLL as compared to CLL while gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio were found higher under CLL as compared to LLL, showing its profitability. Major benefits of using LLL were in reducing irrigation time per irrigation and per crop season and increasing water productivity. But, reduction in irrigation time and net benefits of using LLL were higher in paddy-wheat (Karnal) compared to cotton-wheat (Sirsa) cropping system. Also, study showed that machine hours and yield were increased while use of all other inputs were reduced under LLL vis-à-vis CLL showing resource conserving potential. Results of Bisaliah decomposition model showed that major change in productivity was due to technological change (positive impact) as compared to input use (negative impact). Regression analysis showed that by adopting LLL resource use efficiency of irrigation and fertilizer can be improved significantly while that of other inputs varies from crops under study. Major constraints found in adoption were non-availability of machine due to sorter window between two seasons, orthodox mindset and high cost of levelling. Also, study revealed role of fellow farmers and friends in diffusion of technology and of private players in providing service. It was found that LLL is not biased towards large farmers and is a scale neutral technology. Therefore, study suggested to increase machines under custom hiring by cooperatives societies, farmers cooperatives and Department of Agriculture, Government of Haryana, so that constraints related to high cost of levelling and non-availability of machine during peak season could be resolved.
Open Access
Performance and functioning of Electronic National Agricultural Market (e-NAM) in Haryana: An economic analysis
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Baljit Kaur; Kundu, K.K.
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyse the impact of e-market on prices received by farmers and market arrivals, functioning of e-markets in Haryana from the stakeholders’ perspectives and also process innovation, lessons learned from electronic trading to e-NAM in Haryana, constraints in the diffusion of e-NAM and to suggest the policy measures. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. A total of 30 markets with 15 e-NAM linked markets as treatment (e-NAM) and another 15 as control (non-e-NAM) were selected for data collection. In the present study samples of 10 Farmers and 5 traders from each e-market and five each farmers and traders from each non-e-market were selected randomly. Similarly, the secondary data were collected for the year 2014-2019 for e-NAM and 2010-2019 for non-e-NAM selected markets from agmarknet website for collecting the information on arrival and prices from selected mandis. The tools and techniques employed in the analysis of gathered data were Absolute change, comparative change, average, Difference in-difference (DID) approach, price volatility. The outcomes of study revealed that the increase in prices was more in the e markets (treatment group) compared to non-e-markets (control group) for all three commodities wheat, paddy and potato. There is increase in arrivals of potato in the e-markets as compared to non-e-markets. However there is decrease in arrivals of wheat and paddy in e-markets after the implementation of e-NAM in the selected markets. Through the difference in difference technique the e-NAM impact was observed as 27.96, 47.86 and 107.19 per cent increase for wheat, paddy and potato respectively. The similar figures for arrivals of these commodities were 57.36, -28.86 and 92.04 indicating decline in arrivals for paddy through e-NAM platform; while increase in arrival was observed for wheat and potato. About 95 per cent of the farmers told that proper cleaning facilities are available at the mandi. Only 29 per cent of the farmers reported availability of sorting facility, 20 per cent reported availability of grading facility, 100 per cent and 79 per cent reported proper weighing and assaying facility respectively at the selected e-NAM mandis.mandis. The trader cum commission agent response about cleaning (85%) sorting (17%) grading (16%) weighing hundred percent assaying (61%) bid management (73%) e-auction (59%) and grain storage (51%) were aware about these facilities in the e-NAM selected markets. The time taken for online payments received by the farmers takes more than 20 days (57.3%) followed by 10 to 20 days (28%) and 2 to 10 days (15%). The similar figures for traders were 24, 45 and 31 per cent respectively. Both the farmers and traders cum commission agents reported that there is no online payment on the same day. Majority of the farmers were aware of e-auctions (86%) and computer entry at the gate (92%) in the e-markets, but in the non e-NAM markets, 36 per cent of the farmers knew about e-markets functioning and process. Overall, 70.7 per cent of farmers, 32 per cent of traders cum commission agents said the e-market concept is good and were satisfied with the e-NAM. Majority of the traders cum commission agents (68 %) did not favour e-markets, but majority of the farmers were in its favour. None of the farmers and trader cum commission agent informed that they got timely payment. All of the traders highlighted no proper dissemination of information, 80 per cent of traders reported complexity of sale process, 14.7 per cent reported the lack of trained personnel to help them with e-NAM, 85.3 percent of traders faced delay in online payments, and 80 per cent & 60 per cent of traders reported for unavailability of adequate assaying laboratory. About 89.3 per cent of respondent traders faced difficulties in getting license for trading. The increase in prices was more in the e-NAM markets compared to non-e-NAM markets. There is increase in arrivals of potato in the e-NAM markets as compared to non-e-NAM markets. However there is decrease in arrivals of wheat and paddy in e-NAM markets after the implementation of e-NAM in the selected markets. Most preferred medium of crop sale by farmers during post e-NAM period is commission agents. Almost all sampled farmers preferred e-NAM platform to sell the crops in post e-NAM period. Most of the farmers were satisfied with the e-NAM concept but traders cum commission agents did not favour it. None of the farmer or trader reported timely payments in e-NAM system. The findings of the study also revealed constraints by different stakeholders and suggestions for improvement in the functioning of e-NAM in Haryana.
Open Access
An economic analysis of spring maize cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Mandeep Kumar; Pannu, R.S.
The present study was conducted in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana during 2019- 20 with a view to study the cost and returns of spring maize in relation to its competing crops, to work out the resource use efficiency of spring maize vis-à-vis competing crops and to identify the constraints in the production of spring maize cultivation. 80 farmers were selected using multi-stage purposive sampling technique from the identified districts. The outcome of the study revealed that the total cost of cultivation was highest for marigold i.e. ₹ 183411 ha-1, followed by spring maize (₹ 83350 ha-1), sunflower (₹ 76297 ha-1) and least for summer mungbean i.e. ₹ 59721 ha-1. Further, the per hectare gross returns obtained from marigold, spring maize, sunflower and summer mungbean were ₹ 462250, ₹ 108029, ₹ 91526 and ₹ 85744, respectively. Furthermore, the net returns realized from marigold (₹ 278838 ha-1) was highest followed by summer mungbean (₹ 26023 ha-1), spring maize (₹ 24679 ha-1) and sunflower (₹ 15229 ha-1). Moreover, it was worth to mention that B:C ratio was found highest for marigold (2.52) tracked by summer mungbean (1.40), spring maize (1.30) and least for sunflower (1.20) in the study area. In case of spring maize, chemical fertilizers and seed were the most efficiently utilized resources in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts, respectively whereas irrigation was found to be least efficiently utilized resource in both the districts. Further, in case of summer mungbean, seed and machine labour exhibited highest resource use efficiency in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts, respectively whereas chemical fertilizers was found to be least efficient resource in selected districts. Furthermore, in case of marigold and sunflower, seed was used to the maximum extent of its efficiency whereas machine labour came out to be least efficiently utilized resource in both the districts. In addition to this, the decreasing returns to scale have been observed for spring maize in specified districts. However, summer mungbean, marigold and sunflower cultivation in both the districts exhibited increasing returns to scale. High wage rate of labour, damage to the standing crop by wild animals, higher cost of seed, incidence of insect-pests and diseases, non-procurement of maize produce by government agencies, low market price realization due to high moisture content etc., are the some of the major constraints faced by spring maize growers.
Open Access
An economic analysis of nutri-millets cultivation in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Patil, Manojkumar; Pawar, Neeraj
The present study was undertaken to know the growth rate, instability and contribution of area and yield on the production of nutri-millets. The study also focussed on the economic analysis of nutrimillets cultivation and constraints faced by farmers in production and marketing of these crops. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. For collection of primary data, a multistage sampling method was used i.e., a sample of 40 farmers cultivating pearl millet from Haryana and 40 farmers cultivating finger millet from Karnataka. The secondary data was collected for a period of 50 years from 1970-71 to 2018-19 for all India as well as major states growing nutri-millets. The growth rate was estimated using compound annual growth rate, instability is measured using Cuddy-della and valle index, contribution of area and yield on production is studied using decomposition analysis. The economics of millets cultivation was calculated using B:C Ratio and for constraints analysis Garrett’s ranking technique was employed. Results revealed that the growth rate in area and production of nutri millets was found to be decreased with -2.05 and -0.42 per cent per year while productivity was found to be increased by 1.67 per cent per year in India. The instability in production and productivity nutrimillet showed a higher degree of instability compared to area. The decomposition analysis showed that the interaction effect (210.59%) of area and yield and area effect (205.66%) were found to be responsible for decrease in production of nutri millets in India. The yield effect (-316.25) was found to be negative which showed that the yield was not found responsible for decrease in production. Similarly, the growth rate, instability and decomposition analysis of all nutri-millets viz. pearl millet, sorghum, finger millet and small millets in all major growing states also followed same pattern as all India. The per hectare total cost of cultivation of pearl millet worked out was ₹47507. Farmers received a gross return of ₹54376 and net returns ₹6869 with a B:C ratio of 1.14 per hectare . Similarly, the farmers growing finger millet in Karnataka obtained a gross return of ₹56421 and net returns ₹5908 per hectare and total cost of cultivation worked out was ₹50513 with a B:C ratio of 1.12. The major constraints faced by farmers were labour-intensive cultivation of millets, high cost of labour, nonavailability of suitable machines for harvesting, low price realization, non-availability of good storage facilities and low demand for millet produce in the study area.
Open Access
Assessment of Kisan Credit Card scheme in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Sonia; Malik, D.P.
The study was conducted in Karnal, Hisar and Jhajjar districts of zone-I, zone-II and zone-III of Haryana, respectively in 2020-2021. The objectives of study were to assess the progress of KCC in India with special reference to Haryana, to examine the utilization pattern of Kisan Credit Card, to identify the factors influencing the adoption of Kisan Credit Card and to pinpoint the constraints faced by beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. The study was based primary as well as secondary data. The secondary data namely number of KCCs issued and amount sanctioned under the scheme by different financial agencies were collected from various published and unpublished sources for the time period 1999-2019. Compound growth rate, mean value and coefficient variation were computed to assess the progress of KCC scheme. 60 beneficiary and 30 non-beneficiary farmers were selected randomly for collection of primary data. The results revealed that number of KCCs issued and amount sanctioned showed positive growth rates during time period 1999-2019. But the progress of KCC scheme was not found uniform in different regions of India. Commercial banks showed highest growth rate followed by RRBs and co-operative banks in terms of number of cards issued and amount sanctioned under the scheme. The number of KCCs issued and amount sanctioned exhibited periodically positive growth rate in the study period. Commercial banks and RRBs showed positive growth rate whereas co-operative banks showed negative annual growth rate in terms of KCCs issued and amount sanctioned. The progress of KCC scheme was uniform in different zones of Haryana. The variation was highest in commercial banks both in terms of cards issued and amount sanctioned in study period. Major share of total amount sanctioned under KCC scheme was utilized for purchase of machinery and creation of irrigation structure followed by crop production activities, dairy enterprise, high value crops and minimum for crop insurance. Logit model manifested that education level and size of owned area of farmer were positively influenced the adoption of KCC scheme and age of head of household and family type were the factors which negatively influenced the adoption of KCC scheme. Mean percent score analysis conveyed that lengthy paper work, cumbersome procedure, etc. were the some of major constraints reported by beneficiary farmers whereas, subdivision of land, fear of being defaulter, lack of motivation from officials, difficulty in opening bank account, etc. were some of the major constraints encountered by the non-beneficiary farmers.
Open Access
An economic analysis of potato cultivation in India and Afghanistan
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Rahman, Jawid Rahmani; Bhatia, Jitender Kumar
The present study was undertaken to analyse the growth rate in area, production and productivity and cost of cultivation as well the growth rate in export and import of potato in the India and Afghanistan. Data regarding input use, yield attained and input output prices were collected from 60 sample farmers i.e., 30 from India and 30 from Afghanistan. The secondary data pertaining to area, production, productivity, import and export was collected for a period of 20 years (2000-2019) from various published sources. The study revealed that area, production and productivity of potato in the world grew at a compound growth rate of -0.53, 1.13 and 1.67 per cent per annum. In India the area, production and productivity of potato grew at a growth rate of 3.17, 4.76 and 1.53 pe cent per annum. And for Afghanistan the growth was 5.23, 4.76, -0.83 per cent annually, respectively. The growth rate analysis of export and import of potato show that the growth rates of export and import at the world level shows that export quantity, export value, import quantity and import value grew at a compound growth rate of 3.18,6.77, 3.46 and 6.42 per cent per annum, respectively. In India, export quantity and export value grew at a compound growth rate of 15.58 and 21.44 per cent per annum. In Afghanistan the export quantity, export value, import quantity and import value grew at a compound growth rate of 0.45, 19.51, 25.10 and 29.17 per cent per annum, respectively. The total cost of cultivation of potato in India and Afghanistan worked out was ₹166449 per ha and Afs 259171 per ha. The gross return obtained were ₹ 254710 per ha in India and Afs 491794 per ha in Afghanistan. Thus, a B:C ratio of 1.51 and 1.90 was found for India and Afghanistan, respectively.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and trade performance of pulses in India vis-à-vis Myanmar
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Nyein Aye Khine; Kundu, K.K
The present study has been conducted with the aim of working out trends in the area, production, and productivity of pulses, analyzing the import and export scenario of pulses, also studying the various policy initiatives for the promotion of pulses, and identifying the constraints associated with pulses production and trade in India vis a vis Myanmar. Major Pulses, namely, chickpea, pigeonpea, lentil, black gram, green gram and cowpea were selected for India and Myanmar according to production trend and trade pattern. The study was conducted on the basis of secondary data where the data from 1970 to 2019 were aggregated to determine trends in area, production, and productivity and 1988 to 2019 data were used for the export-import scenario for both countries. The analysis used in this research were compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and instability (CV%).The study revealed that in case of India, trends in area and production of major pulses increased exponentially during the study periods while yield increased slightly in 2018-19 except in chickpea (1041kg/ha) and lentil (901kg/ha). In an opposite case in Myanmar, yield of major pulses (1478 kg/ha in chickpea, 1178kg/ha in pigeonpea, 1432 kg/ha in black gram, 1239kg/ha in green gram and 881 kg/ha in cowpea) increased significantly in 2018-19. The growth rate of major pulses in India was mostly low in period I in the case of chickpea (-0.18% in area, -0.6% in production and -0.41% in yield) while black gram (-1.55% in area, -1.39% in production and 0.15% in yield) and green gram (0.21% in area, -1.44% in production and -1.64% in yield) found declining growth in period IV. The fluctuations in area (23.05%), production (44.69%) and yield (21.11%) in case of black gram were shown the highest in India. The overall area (83.51%) and production (105.54%) fluctuations in Myanmar in case of pigeonpea was the highest among the major pulses while yield fluctuation was the highest in chickpea (40.05%). In case of export-import scenario, India's pulses imports were now ranked first in the world due to increasing population, lower yield and higher prices. The exports from Myanmar declined in the recent year due to restriction of imports quota from India. To meet the ever increasing domestic demand, the government of India brought several programs from time to time for promoting pulses production like Pulses Development Scheme (1969-74), Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses (1985-86), Integrated Schemes for Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize (2004-10)and National Food Security Mission (2007-onwards). Problems of Indian pulses economy might be solved with the increase the sources of production, inputs, marketing and extension activities. Effective and continuous efforts are required to increase the area under cultivation as well as the yield of pulses. Lack of R& D program in Myanmar pulses sector is the biggest constraint. There are many constraints and accelerators in production, marketing and trade which are related to foundational factors, financial and technical factors in both countries.
Open Access
Economic analysis of integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated nutrient management (INM) in paddy (Basmati) crop in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Sehal, Mohit; Pawar, Neeraj
The present study was carried out with the objective to study the extent of use of IPM-INM among IPM-INM farmers, to estimate the cost of cultivation, yield and returns obtained in the IPM-INM and CPM farmers and to identify the constraints faced by the farmer in the adoption of IPM-INM in basmati paddy. Four district of Haryana namely Karnal, Kaithal, Sonipat, Jind was purposively selected. One block was selected randomly from each district. From each Block, 20 IPM-INM farmers and 10 CPM farmers were selected. Thus, in all, 120 farmers were selected randomly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2019-20 was collected by survey method through personnel interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed interval schedules. The overall findings reveal that mostly cultural practices are adopted by IPM-INM farmers and in case of INM, farmers use organic component more as compared to biological. The total cost of cultivation for IPM-INM paddy (₹ 110574/ha) was somewhat greater than CPM paddy (₹ 106456/ha), the per quintal cost of production of IPM-INM paddy (₹ 2197) which was lower as compared to its CPM (₹ 2300) mainly due to higher productivity of IPM-INM (50.33 q/ha) paddy than the CPM (46.29 q/ha). The gross returns from IPM-INM and CPM farm was estimated to ₹ 138854 and ₹ 127927 per hectare respectively. As indicated by B: C ratio of 1.26:1 for IPM-INM and 1.20:1 for CPM, paddy cultivation was economically more viable in IPM-INM methods than CPM paddy. As far as the constraints were concerned, Lack of skill in using IPM-INM tools was 37.50 per cent, non-availability of bio-pesticide agents and bio-fertilizers was with 96.25 per cent, Non-availability of labour for inter-culture like uprooting of weeds, cleaning of water channels/harvesting was 53.75 per cent. Therefore, the cultivation of paddy was found to be profitable with the adoption of IPM-INM technology due to the saving in cost of plant protection on one hand and increase in yield on the other. Based on the findings of the study, it is suggested that the extension activity need to be intensified to create awareness among the farmers for higher adoption of IPM-INM technology for sustainable production of paddy.

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