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Open Access
Production and Export potential of Tomato and its processed products in India
(CCSHAU, 2015) Punia, Meenu; Mehta, V.P.
India ranks second in the area as well as in production of tomato next to China. In total world production, the share of China and India was 23.61 and 8.49 per cent, respectively. The surplus production of tomato causes glut in the market, causing distress sale and low profit to the growers and the probable solutions to the problem is to export the surplus tomato production in fresh or processed form. The present study has made an attempt to have Production and Export Potential of Tomato and its processed products in India with these objectives, (1) to study the trends in area, production and productivity of tomato in India, (2) to analyze the performance and trends in export of tomato and its processed products, (3) to analyze the contribution of Haryana in production and export of tomato. The present study is based on secondary data which were collected from various issues of the Statistical Abstract of Haryana, agricultural statistics at a glance and economic survey of India and other published and unpublished sources. Linear growth rates were computed by fitting linear function and least square technique was used to compute the compound growth rates by fitting exponential function. The regression analysis was carried out for a time span, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. In overall period (1991-2014), area, production and productivity of India increased at a compound annual growth rate of 4.9, 6.4 and 1.1 per cent per annum. RCA in both tomatoes and tomato products was far less than unity and the RSCA were negative, almost -1. Fresh tomatoes contributed maximum in the export basket of India. In overall period (1991-2013), area and production of Haryana increased at a compound annual growth rate of 9.1 and 6.7 per cent and productivity declined by 2.1 per cent per annuum. Haryana’s rank was12th in tomato production with 2.2 per cent share. The values of CV in export of tomato and its products, except fresh tomatoes, came down during the second period than first period, which indicated that export of tomato and tomato products from India became more stable during the second period than first period. The study reveals that the existence of high instability in export of tomato and its products require the attention of policymakers to retain hold on the international market. Tomato is an important vegetable-cum-processing crop of India. Its productivity is very low. So, there is need to popularize the improved production technology and processing varieties. Market survey of importing countries should have to be done to strengthen the export in the upcoming years. Government should declare support price for tomato crop prior to its sowing season and implement, “Crop Insurance Scheme” as the crop is highly perishable.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.
Vegetables are the main source of vitamins and minerals. The vegetables also offer better crop diversification and crop intensification. During winter season under north Indian conditions, it is extremely difficult to grow capsicum, cucumber in open field conditions; however various types of protected structures have been developed for growing some high value crops continuously by providing favorable environment condition and giving protection from the excessive cold and this is called polyhouse technology. The present study has made an attempt to have Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana with these objectives. 1. To study the present status of polyhouse cultivation in Haryana. 2. To compare the economics of vegetable cultivation under polyhouse & open field conditions. 3. To identify the constraints and to assess the prospects of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses. The present study was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana selected purposely on the basis of maximum number of polyhouses in the state. Two blocks were selected randomly, i.e. Gharaundha and Indri. Again, two villages from each block were selected on the basis of predominance of vegetable cultivation both under polyhouses & open field conditions. Ten respondent farmers each under polyhouses & open field conditions were randomly selected from each village, thus making a total sample of 80 respondents. On the basis of the nature of the data, simple statistical tools like averages and percentage were used to compare, contrast and interpret results properly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by survey method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedule. The overall findings reveal that in polyhouses, farmers adopted three cropping pattern R1, R2 and R3 i.e. tomato-cucumber (R1), capsicum-cucumber (R2) and cucumber-cucumber-cucumber (R3) respectively. The cost of cultivation for R1, R2 and R3 were ₹607720.36, ₹581816.43 and ₹849876.2 per acre respectively. In comparative economics analysis the cost of cultivation of selected vegetables tomato, capsicum and cucumber under polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹206816.90, ₹246564.40 and ₹185651 per acre respectively. The net retunes from polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹51097.54, ₹124870.01 and ₹97138.68 per acre respectively. The results of the study revealed that the vegetables cultivation under polyhouses have contributed to the yield significantly. The major constraint reported by the respondent farmers were short life of polyethylene sheet, infestation of insect, nematodes & diseases, high cost of fertilizers and seeds. The constraints in the marketing of vegetable were lack of minimum support price, high price fluctuations, lack of market information and high cost of transportation.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of baby corn in sonipat district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sonu Ram; Parminder Singh
The present study was undergone to analyze the cost and returns, marketing cost, margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of baby corn in Sonipat district of Haryana. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 60 farmers i.e. 30farmers each from two villages i.e. Rajpura and Aterna which acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data on various aspects on production and marketing of baby corn were collected from 60 farmers and 10 market intermediaries. In baby corn production, the major components in total cost of cultivation was rental value of land, harvesting, weeding and fertilizer use. Net return per hectare was found to be ` 146012.50 in Sonipat district. Benefit cost ratio was 2.28, in which large farmers recorded significant cost benefit ratio. In the study of Baby corn, the following two marketing channels were found i.e. Producer → Processing mill, and Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The channel-I was found to be more efficient, receiving highest share in the crops. There is a need to improve the marketing infrastructural facilities from time to time and ensure effectiveness of marketing channels. The main production constraints noticed were high cost of seeds & non availability of quality seeds in time (80%), relatively high harvesting cost (60%),lack of awareness about value addition at farmers level (35%) and sub optimal input use (33.00%). The main marketing constraints observed from the analysis of the study that are delay in sale of produce (63.00%), no open auction sale of produce facility (58.00 ), arbitrary rate fixation of baby corn by commission agents ( 55%), forced money lending by commission agents on high interest rate ( 48%), unauthorised marketing charges by commission agents( 46%), lack of interest and awareness of farmer in marketing of baby corn( 36 %) and low selling price during the months May-August ( 30% ) were the major constraints in the marketing of baby corn.
Open Access
Market Integration and price volatility of cotton in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Mahesh V.; Grover, R.K.
The present study aimed to study the price movement of cotton i.e. growth, trend, seasonal variation, volatility and co-integration among the selected cotton markets in Haryana. The monthly data on prices and arrivals of cotton were collected for the period from 2005-06 to 2016-17. Moving average method was used to estimate seasonal indices. The advanced econometric tools like ADF test, Johansen co-integration test and Granger Causality test were used to study market integration. Coefficient of Variation measure was employed to assess price volatility. The results shown the considerable increase in cotton prices in the selected markets, whereas arrivals growth and trend found positive but non-significant in all markets except Uklana and Fatehabad markets having negative growth due to shift in cropping pattern. Seasonal analysis resulted that the cotton arrivals in the selected markets were higher in the months of October to January (Peak period) and lower in the months of February to May (Lean period). The inverse relationship was found between price and arrivals of cotton in the selected markets with few exceptions. The price series of all selected markets showed the consequences of unit root and were stationary at first difference. The long run equilibrium relationship among the selected markets indicated that these were integrated with each other. This implies that prices in domestic markets of Haryana move together in response to changes in the demand and supply and other economic variables. The intra year prices in selected cotton markets during the study period remained almost stable with less than 10 per cent of variation, whereas for overall period Coefficient of Variation ranged from 28.50 to 30.88 per cent in the selected cotton markets indicating presence of not much higher volatility in the study period. The increased volatility can be addressed through stock management and by employing risk management strategies like crop insurance, future markets etc.
Open Access
Role of Haryana state in food security of India
(CCSHAU, 2018) Neelam Kumari; Mehta, V.P.
The present investigation aimed to study the role of Haryana state in food security of India. The research work has been entirely carried out with the secondary data for the period 1995-96 to 2015-16. The time series secondary data regarding area, production, productivity, etc. for the selected crops were collected from various published sources and electronic media both for India and Haryana state. To study the food security in India, secondary data on such as net availability of cereals and pulses, per capita availability of foodgrains and decadal population were collected for the period 1995 to 2015 from the Statistical Abstract of India. The production-wise scenario of foodgrains has indicated that, major cereals like rice, wheat and maize showed consistent improvement, but pulses production was not consistent. Rice and wheat production during 1995-96 was 76.98 and 62.10 million tonnes, which increased to 104.41 and 92.29 million tonnes respectively in 2015-16. Productivity of rice, wheat, maize, barley, coarse cereals, total cereals and total foodgrains increased continuously during the entire period. In Haryana, earlier, share of rice in total area under foodgrains was 20.64 per cent which increased to 30.39 per cent in 2015-16. Although, wheat is the traditional crop of the state, its share to the total foodgrains area increased from 49.05per cent in 1995-96 to 57.85 per cent in 2015-16. In 2015-16, 88 per cent of the area under total foodgrains in Haryana was occupied with rice-wheat cropping-system. The procurement of wheat from Haryana state to the central pool was 42.52 per cent during the year 1995-96 which increased to 59.74 percent during the year 2015-16. Haryana contributes about 12 per cent of wheat and around 6 per cent of rice to central pool during the study period. Trend in availability of foodgrains indicate that India was secure in cereals, but not in case of pulses over the study period. For sustainability of food, the availability of food is very important because Haryana is the major state in India which is providing food to a huge population. So, proper attention is needed in availability of food to ensure the future food security in India.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of spices in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2018) Sachin Kumar; Gurnam Singh
The present study was undergone to analyze the cost and returns, marketing cost, margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of garlic and turmeric in Haryana. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60each from Karnal and Yamuna Nagardistricts which acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data pertainingto marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from 40 intermediaries i.e. 20 from each districtand used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis.In case of garlic and turmeric, the major components in total cost of cultivation are rental value of land, harvesting, weeding and fertilizer use. Net return per hectares is`82819.28 and`130635.21 in Karnal (garlic) and Yamuna Nagar (turmeric), respectively. Benefit cost ratio was 1.65and 1.56 in garlic and turmeric respectively, where garlic recorded significant cost benefitratio.In the study of garlic and turmeric, the following three marketing channels in garlic i.e. producer → consumer, producer → retailer → consumer and producer → wholesaler → retailer → consumer and the following four channels in turmeric i.e. producer → consumer, producer → retailer → consumer and producer → processor → retailer → consumer, producer → wholesaler → processor → retailer → consumer were identified. The channel-I was found to be more efficient, receiving highest share in both the crops. There is a need to improve the marketing infrastructural facilities from time to time and ensure effectiveness of marketing channels. The main production constraints noticed were shortage of labour at right time, poor quality of insecticides/pesticides, poor technical knowledge, costly storage facilities, unfavourable weather conditions sub-optimal input use, poor quality weedicides and inadequate inputs availability. The mainmarketing constraints were low price of garlic and turmeric produce, high regulation of market intermediates andlack of extension and marketing services.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of production and marketing of strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kalita, Bidyut; Grover, R.K.
The study on “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana” with the following objectives: (i) To estimate the cost and returns of strawberry production. (ii) To study the marketing cost, margin and marketing channels of strawberry. (iii) To identify the constraints of production and marketing of strawberry. In the present study 60 farmers were selected from which 20 and 40 farmers were selected depending upon the availability of farmers from Satrod and Saharwa villages, respectively. Total numbers of strawberry growers in the study area were approximately 80-85. Thus Sample farmers constituted nearly 80 percent of the total strawberry growers. The study revealed that the growers had to incur overall an average cost of production of ₹ 362592.04 per acre. The total cost of cultivation was highest in case of large category farmers followed by medium and small category. Overall average net return earned by strawberry growers in Hisar district was ₹ 321091.42 per acre. Net returns were highest for small farmers followed by medium and large. B-C ratios for small, medium and large growers were 1.94, 1.82 and 1.70, respectively. Overall B-C ratio was 1.88. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) which accounted for 70.60 per cent of the consumer’s price. Market efficiency worked out in strawberry marketing showed that channel III (Producer→Consumer) was most efficient marketing channel. The constraint analysis revealed that the major constraints faced by the strawberry growers in production were lack of availability of good quality runner followed by high cost of production due to unsuccessful sprouting of runner, lack of availability of labours at reasonable wage rate, lack of finance at reasonable rate of interest, lack of knowledge of recommended practices, attack of pest and diseases, unfavorable climate conditions, no provision of technical support from extension staff, poor quality of land and lack of irrigation facility. Major constraints faced by the producers in marketing of strawberry were lack of demand in Hisar market followed by high cost of packaging material, delayed payment by the wholesaler, lack of minimum support price, lack of storage facility, non-availability of agro processing unit, high fruit perishability, problem of price fluctuation, predominance of commission agent in the marketing system and Lack of proper market information.
Open Access
Performance and prospects of primary agricultural credit societies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Mohit Kumar; Mehta, V.P.
The study on “Performance and Prospects of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies in Haryana” was done with the following objectives: (1) To analyse the trends and growth of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. (2) To examine the pattern of credit disbursed by PACS. (3) To assess the extent of overdue and recovery of loans in PACS. The present study was based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data Hisar and Karnal district of Haryana were selected purposively on dry and wet zone basis. Two blocks Hisar-1 and Ghraunda were selected one each from districts Hisar and Karnal respectively on the basis of higher loans disbursed by PACS. From all villages Dhansu and Dabra from Hisar and Arainpur and Alipur Khalsa from Karnal were selected randomly for the study. From one village 30 farmers who have taken loans from PACS were selected and thus making sample sizes of 120 for the study. The secondary data pertaining to the year 2000-01 to 2014-15 were collected from the various issues of statistical abstract of Haryana, various annual reports of NABARD. Data related to cooperatives were collected from published and unpublished sources. The primary data were collected for the year 2014-15 regarding various loans taken by the farmers, their over dues and recovery. The overall findings revealed that the number of societies decreased at an annual compound growth rate of 11.93 per cent over the study period. Membership, paid up share capital, deposits and working capital have increased over the study period. Every district showed a negative per cent change as far as number of PACS is concerned. The share of owned fund to total working capital was very small in proportion. The higher credit deposit ratio depicts more loans advanced than deposits. Deposits have increased significantly over the study period in Haryana but share of deposits in working capital was small. Number of PACS in profit decreased while no of PACS in loss increased over the study period. Agricultural loans (short and medium term) constituted more than 90 per cent of total loan advanced over the study period. Consumption loans, loans to rural artisan and loans to petty shopkeeper decreased with a CAGR of 16.54%, 10.27% and 1.19% respectively over the study period. Major portion of total loan advanced was given as short term loans followed by long term. Short term loans outstanding constituted more than 90 per cent of total loans outstanding. Karnal was having more recovery percentage than Hisar for the year 2014-15. Loan recovered and loan outstanding increased with a compound annual growth rate of 8.38% and 5.46% over the study period.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of pulses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kamal Kumar; Bhatia, J.K.
Pulses on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Haryana since inception, as a consequence of green revolution and is a cause of great concern. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study to examine the various aspects of pulse production and marketing in Haryana with the following objectives: i) To workout growth in area, production and productivity of pulses, ii) To estimate the costs and returns of pulses iii) To study marketing pattern and price spread through different marketing channels iv) To identify major constraints in the production and marketing of pulses. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 90 farmers i.e. 45 each from Bhiwani and Hisar district. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from various intermediaries and used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis. On the basis of the nature of data, various statistical and economic tools were used for estimation of cost and returns of production, marketing costs and margins. The decade wise compound growth rates of area, production and productivity under pulses in Haryana state for the year 1966-67 to 2015-16 have been calculated. The area and production of total pulses in Haryana declined at a respective compound growth rate of 5.5 and 5.0 per cent per annum while its productivity has shown an increase by 0.5 per cent per annum, during entire study period. Decade wise analysis revealed that negative growth in area and production was more prominent during fifth decade i.e. (9.09%) and (7.97%) respectively. In the production process, average cost of cultivation was found Rs. 13500/acre and Rs. 13700/acre in case of moong and gram production, respectively. Net profit was Rs. 1866/acre from moong while that was Rs. 2131/acre from gram. Net returns showed an increasing trend with the rise in farm size. This established that the large farm was more economical. Benefit-cost ratio was 1.14 and 1.16 in case of moong and gram production, respectively. In the study, the following four marketing channels i.e Producer Commission agent Processor  Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer  Village traderProcessor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer Processor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer and Producer ProcessorConsumer. It was observed that producer's share in consumer's rupee was highest in channel-IV and marketing cost was highest in channel- II due to more intermediaries. The main production constraints noticed were inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices, unfavorable weather condition and non-availability of quality water for irrigation. The main marketing constraints were price fluctuation, small quantity of marketable surplus, non-availability of reliable market information system and involvement of large number of intermediaries in the marketing.

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