Theses

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9

Open Access
Production and Export potential of Tomato and its processed products in India
(CCSHAU, 2015) Punia, Meenu; Mehta, V.P.
India ranks second in the area as well as in production of tomato next to China. In total world production, the share of China and India was 23.61 and 8.49 per cent, respectively. The surplus production of tomato causes glut in the market, causing distress sale and low profit to the growers and the probable solutions to the problem is to export the surplus tomato production in fresh or processed form. The present study has made an attempt to have Production and Export Potential of Tomato and its processed products in India with these objectives, (1) to study the trends in area, production and productivity of tomato in India, (2) to analyze the performance and trends in export of tomato and its processed products, (3) to analyze the contribution of Haryana in production and export of tomato. The present study is based on secondary data which were collected from various issues of the Statistical Abstract of Haryana, agricultural statistics at a glance and economic survey of India and other published and unpublished sources. Linear growth rates were computed by fitting linear function and least square technique was used to compute the compound growth rates by fitting exponential function. The regression analysis was carried out for a time span, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. In overall period (1991-2014), area, production and productivity of India increased at a compound annual growth rate of 4.9, 6.4 and 1.1 per cent per annum. RCA in both tomatoes and tomato products was far less than unity and the RSCA were negative, almost -1. Fresh tomatoes contributed maximum in the export basket of India. In overall period (1991-2013), area and production of Haryana increased at a compound annual growth rate of 9.1 and 6.7 per cent and productivity declined by 2.1 per cent per annuum. Haryana’s rank was12th in tomato production with 2.2 per cent share. The values of CV in export of tomato and its products, except fresh tomatoes, came down during the second period than first period, which indicated that export of tomato and tomato products from India became more stable during the second period than first period. The study reveals that the existence of high instability in export of tomato and its products require the attention of policymakers to retain hold on the international market. Tomato is an important vegetable-cum-processing crop of India. Its productivity is very low. So, there is need to popularize the improved production technology and processing varieties. Market survey of importing countries should have to be done to strengthen the export in the upcoming years. Government should declare support price for tomato crop prior to its sowing season and implement, “Crop Insurance Scheme” as the crop is highly perishable.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2015) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.
Vegetables are the main source of vitamins and minerals. The vegetables also offer better crop diversification and crop intensification. During winter season under north Indian conditions, it is extremely difficult to grow capsicum, cucumber in open field conditions; however various types of protected structures have been developed for growing some high value crops continuously by providing favorable environment condition and giving protection from the excessive cold and this is called polyhouse technology. The present study has made an attempt to have Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses in Haryana with these objectives. 1. To study the present status of polyhouse cultivation in Haryana. 2. To compare the economics of vegetable cultivation under polyhouse & open field conditions. 3. To identify the constraints and to assess the prospects of vegetable cultivation under polyhouses. The present study was conducted in Karnal district of Haryana selected purposely on the basis of maximum number of polyhouses in the state. Two blocks were selected randomly, i.e. Gharaundha and Indri. Again, two villages from each block were selected on the basis of predominance of vegetable cultivation both under polyhouses & open field conditions. Ten respondent farmers each under polyhouses & open field conditions were randomly selected from each village, thus making a total sample of 80 respondents. On the basis of the nature of the data, simple statistical tools like averages and percentage were used to compare, contrast and interpret results properly. The primary data for the agriculture year 2013-14 were collected by survey method by conducting personal interviews of the selected farmers with the help of specially designed schedule. The overall findings reveal that in polyhouses, farmers adopted three cropping pattern R1, R2 and R3 i.e. tomato-cucumber (R1), capsicum-cucumber (R2) and cucumber-cucumber-cucumber (R3) respectively. The cost of cultivation for R1, R2 and R3 were ₹607720.36, ₹581816.43 and ₹849876.2 per acre respectively. In comparative economics analysis the cost of cultivation of selected vegetables tomato, capsicum and cucumber under polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹206816.90, ₹246564.40 and ₹185651 per acre respectively. The net retunes from polyhouses were higher as compared to open field conditions by ₹51097.54, ₹124870.01 and ₹97138.68 per acre respectively. The results of the study revealed that the vegetables cultivation under polyhouses have contributed to the yield significantly. The major constraint reported by the respondent farmers were short life of polyethylene sheet, infestation of insect, nematodes & diseases, high cost of fertilizers and seeds. The constraints in the marketing of vegetable were lack of minimum support price, high price fluctuations, lack of market information and high cost of transportation.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of production and marketing of strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kalita, Bidyut; Grover, R.K.
The study on “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Strawberry in Hisar district of Haryana” with the following objectives: (i) To estimate the cost and returns of strawberry production. (ii) To study the marketing cost, margin and marketing channels of strawberry. (iii) To identify the constraints of production and marketing of strawberry. In the present study 60 farmers were selected from which 20 and 40 farmers were selected depending upon the availability of farmers from Satrod and Saharwa villages, respectively. Total numbers of strawberry growers in the study area were approximately 80-85. Thus Sample farmers constituted nearly 80 percent of the total strawberry growers. The study revealed that the growers had to incur overall an average cost of production of ₹ 362592.04 per acre. The total cost of cultivation was highest in case of large category farmers followed by medium and small category. Overall average net return earned by strawberry growers in Hisar district was ₹ 321091.42 per acre. Net returns were highest for small farmers followed by medium and large. B-C ratios for small, medium and large growers were 1.94, 1.82 and 1.70, respectively. Overall B-C ratio was 1.88. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) which accounted for 70.60 per cent of the consumer’s price. Market efficiency worked out in strawberry marketing showed that channel III (Producer→Consumer) was most efficient marketing channel. The constraint analysis revealed that the major constraints faced by the strawberry growers in production were lack of availability of good quality runner followed by high cost of production due to unsuccessful sprouting of runner, lack of availability of labours at reasonable wage rate, lack of finance at reasonable rate of interest, lack of knowledge of recommended practices, attack of pest and diseases, unfavorable climate conditions, no provision of technical support from extension staff, poor quality of land and lack of irrigation facility. Major constraints faced by the producers in marketing of strawberry were lack of demand in Hisar market followed by high cost of packaging material, delayed payment by the wholesaler, lack of minimum support price, lack of storage facility, non-availability of agro processing unit, high fruit perishability, problem of price fluctuation, predominance of commission agent in the marketing system and Lack of proper market information.
Open Access
Performance and prospects of primary agricultural credit societies in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Mohit Kumar; Mehta, V.P.
The study on “Performance and Prospects of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies in Haryana” was done with the following objectives: (1) To analyse the trends and growth of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. (2) To examine the pattern of credit disbursed by PACS. (3) To assess the extent of overdue and recovery of loans in PACS. The present study was based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data Hisar and Karnal district of Haryana were selected purposively on dry and wet zone basis. Two blocks Hisar-1 and Ghraunda were selected one each from districts Hisar and Karnal respectively on the basis of higher loans disbursed by PACS. From all villages Dhansu and Dabra from Hisar and Arainpur and Alipur Khalsa from Karnal were selected randomly for the study. From one village 30 farmers who have taken loans from PACS were selected and thus making sample sizes of 120 for the study. The secondary data pertaining to the year 2000-01 to 2014-15 were collected from the various issues of statistical abstract of Haryana, various annual reports of NABARD. Data related to cooperatives were collected from published and unpublished sources. The primary data were collected for the year 2014-15 regarding various loans taken by the farmers, their over dues and recovery. The overall findings revealed that the number of societies decreased at an annual compound growth rate of 11.93 per cent over the study period. Membership, paid up share capital, deposits and working capital have increased over the study period. Every district showed a negative per cent change as far as number of PACS is concerned. The share of owned fund to total working capital was very small in proportion. The higher credit deposit ratio depicts more loans advanced than deposits. Deposits have increased significantly over the study period in Haryana but share of deposits in working capital was small. Number of PACS in profit decreased while no of PACS in loss increased over the study period. Agricultural loans (short and medium term) constituted more than 90 per cent of total loan advanced over the study period. Consumption loans, loans to rural artisan and loans to petty shopkeeper decreased with a CAGR of 16.54%, 10.27% and 1.19% respectively over the study period. Major portion of total loan advanced was given as short term loans followed by long term. Short term loans outstanding constituted more than 90 per cent of total loans outstanding. Karnal was having more recovery percentage than Hisar for the year 2014-15. Loan recovered and loan outstanding increased with a compound annual growth rate of 8.38% and 5.46% over the study period.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and marketing of pulses in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Kamal Kumar; Bhatia, J.K.
Pulses on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Haryana since inception, as a consequence of green revolution and is a cause of great concern. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study to examine the various aspects of pulse production and marketing in Haryana with the following objectives: i) To workout growth in area, production and productivity of pulses, ii) To estimate the costs and returns of pulses iii) To study marketing pattern and price spread through different marketing channels iv) To identify major constraints in the production and marketing of pulses. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 90 farmers i.e. 45 each from Bhiwani and Hisar district. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from various intermediaries and used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis. On the basis of the nature of data, various statistical and economic tools were used for estimation of cost and returns of production, marketing costs and margins. The decade wise compound growth rates of area, production and productivity under pulses in Haryana state for the year 1966-67 to 2015-16 have been calculated. The area and production of total pulses in Haryana declined at a respective compound growth rate of 5.5 and 5.0 per cent per annum while its productivity has shown an increase by 0.5 per cent per annum, during entire study period. Decade wise analysis revealed that negative growth in area and production was more prominent during fifth decade i.e. (9.09%) and (7.97%) respectively. In the production process, average cost of cultivation was found Rs. 13500/acre and Rs. 13700/acre in case of moong and gram production, respectively. Net profit was Rs. 1866/acre from moong while that was Rs. 2131/acre from gram. Net returns showed an increasing trend with the rise in farm size. This established that the large farm was more economical. Benefit-cost ratio was 1.14 and 1.16 in case of moong and gram production, respectively. In the study, the following four marketing channels i.e Producer Commission agent Processor  Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer  Village traderProcessor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer, Producer Processor Wholesaler  Retailer  Consumer and Producer ProcessorConsumer. It was observed that producer's share in consumer's rupee was highest in channel-IV and marketing cost was highest in channel- II due to more intermediaries. The main production constraints noticed were inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices, unfavorable weather condition and non-availability of quality water for irrigation. The main marketing constraints were price fluctuation, small quantity of marketable surplus, non-availability of reliable market information system and involvement of large number of intermediaries in the marketing.
Open Access
Comparative economic analysis of marketing and storage of onion in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Usha; Luhach, V.P.
Present study was conducted in Haryana state. The state was divided into three agro-climatic zones and one district from each agro-climatic zone was selected. Two villages and one market were randomly selected from each selected block (one from each district) and data was collected for the year 2015-16. A sample of 90 farmers and 30 market intermediaries were interviewed using pre-tested schedule designed for the study. Growth in area and production of onion from 2000-01 to 2015-16 was found increasing in zone-I and zone-II but decline trend was observed in zone-III. The average variable cost was highest ₹ 48450 in zone-III followed by ₹ 45401 and ₹ 45343 in zone-I and zone-II, respectively. Zone-III (₹ 101911.28) recorded highest net return over zone-I (₹ 90515.90) and zone-II (₹ 74340.94). Return per rupee of investment was found highest (2.27) in zone-III. Maximum post-harvest losses at the farm level were 22.98, 24.43 and 20.39 kg/qtl followed by wholesaler level (3.41, 3.72 and 3.68 kg/qtl) and retail level (3.40, 3.62 and 3.87 kg/qtl) in zone-I, zone-II and zone-III, respectively. Channel III was found most efficient among all marketing channels but highest disposal of onion produce was reported through channel-I. Profit earned by the onion growers was found increasing upto 6 months of storage period but after 6 months farmers had to incur loss. Farmer obtained profit of ₹ 91.37, ₹ 151.28 and ₹ 243.59 per quintal after 2 months, 4 months and 6 months of storage. High cost of seed (70.00, 93.33 and 83.33 per cent), lack of knowledge about seed/seedling treatment (70.00, 86.66 and 80.00 per cent) and lack of knowledge about proper harvesting time (93.33, 53.33 and 90.00 per cent) were major constraints during onion cultivation. Lack of technical knowledge (80.00, 90.00 and 83.33 per cent), large storage losses (76.66, 86.66 and 66.66 per cent) and lack of storage facilities (63.33, 43.33 and 63.33 per cent) were major constraints in zone-I, zone-II and zone-III, respectively due to which farmers was not inclined towards onion storage.
Open Access
Economic analysis of potato seed production under contract farming in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ashu; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar
The study on “an economic analysis of potato seed production under contact farming in Haryana” was undertaken with the following specific objectives; (i) To work out cost & return from potato seed production in Haryana (ii) To examine the resource use efficiency of important inputs and their impact on yield. (iii) To identify constraints faced by potato seed growers. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was collected from the 90 (45 contact farmers and 45 non-contract farmers) selected farmers of Karnal district of Haryana while, the secondary data was collected from the National Horticulture Research Development Foundation (New Delhi), Directorate of Horticulture research (Panchkula), National Horticulture Board (Gurugram) and AGMARKET online source in regarding of area, productivity, production and market price, respectively. The cost of cultivation analysis for potato seed production revealed that rental value of land and seed were higher in contract as well as non-contract farming while; cost of plant protection chemicals was higher in contract farming as compare to non-contract farming. However, cost of fertilizer was observed higher in non-contract farming. It was observed that per acre yield, gross return and net return was almost double in contract farming as compare on non-contract farming. From the study it has been revealed that in contract farming, the regression coefficients for the variables namely human labour, seed and plant protection charges were significantly negative whereas the for fertilizer and organic manure significant positive regression coefficient was reported. The price uncertainty ratio for non-contract and contract farming reveals that there is higher price risk under non-contract farming. The main reason for higher price uncertainty ratio for non-contract farming may be due to much variation in price of potato seeds in the market depending upon its quality and quantity marketed, place and location of sale, marketing channel and means of transportation etc. Results indicate that yield risk is higher in non-contract farming than that of contract farming. The lower yield risk in contract farming may be due to the fact that the contract farmers had used good quality seeds. These results further advocate the superiority of contact farming system over the non-contract faming in yield and price uncertainty of potato seed production. To achieve higher productivity of potato seeds, there is vast scope for the contract farming in the study area. Farmers has adopted contract farming mainly due to gain of higher income and good quality of inputs supplied by contractual agency. Moreover, the main reason for non-adoption of contract farming was mainly pertained to gap in communication delivery system in regards of the benefits of contract farming.
Open Access
Dynamics of production and marketing of Bt cotton in Haryana vis-à-vis Tamil Nadu
(CCSHAU, 2017) K. Archana; Kundu, K.K.
Despite being one the top most cotton growing countries in the world, the cotton yields in India are one of the lowest. A major reason for this low productivity is the severe insect pest incidence which causes extensive crop damage. As a result of this situation, the farmers have been highly dissatisfied and have been looking for cotton varieties that have pest resistance. Hence, Bt cotton was introduced in India to reduce the pesticide consumption thereby the farmers of Haryana and Tamil Nadu were also adopted Bt cotton technology to reduce the pest damage and the cost of production. This raised the question of environmental safety and productivity concerns about Bt cotton varieties. Keeping in view the above discussion, the present study was undertaken in Haryana and Tamil Nadu state with the following objectives: i) To study the cost and returns of Bt cotton cultivation, ii) To analyze the marketing patterns and price spread through different marketing channels, iii) To examine the yield gap and constraints in production and marketing and iv) To examine cotton farmers’ perceptions towards risk, its sources and mitigating strategies. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60 each from Haryana and Tamil Nadu acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from 40 intermediaries i.e. 20 from each state and used in the analysis by simple tabular analysis. The area, production and productivity of cotton in India, Haryana and Tamil Nadu increase with average compound growth rates of 1.88, 6.29 and 4.33 per cent per annum and 0.76, 3.07 and 2.09 per cent per annum, 0.53, 3.68 and -3.03 per cent per annum, respectively from the period 1986-87 to 2015-16 but area shows negative trend (-3.03 per cent) in case of Tamil Nadu. The comparative analysis of Bt cotton calculated for the crop year 2015 showed that per acre cost of cultivation varied between ` 35890 and ` 31736 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. But due to yield variation among the two states, the significant difference in per unit cost of production was observed. It varied between ` 5836 and ` 4492 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. Net return per acre of Bt cotton is ` -8000 and ` 1376 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu, respectively. Return per rupee of investment was 1.32 and 1.56 in Haryana and Tamil Nadu respectively, where Tamil Nadu recorded significant cost benefit ratio. Per acre input utilization revealed that the use of bullock labour was observed more on small farmers followed by medium farmers and large farmers where as the usage of machine labour was found to be more on large farmers followed by medium and small farmers. The study of marketing pattern of Bt cotton showed nearly 30 per cent of the total producers were sold their produce in the market and the remaining 70 per cent farmers sold their produce within the village itself. Out of the 30 per cent of the producers who sold their produce in the market were partially sold about 20 per cent of the total production within the village itself and remaining 80 per cent of the produce was sold in the market. In the study, the following three marketing channels i.e. producer → ginning mill, producer → wholesaler → ginning mill and producer → commission agent → ginning mill were identified. The channel-I was found to be more efficient with farmers, receiving highest share in miller’s price followed by channel-II and channel-III in both the states. The yield gap analysis revealed that the economic losses were found relatively higher in case of Haryana when compared to Tamil Nadu due to wide gap existed between potential yield, highest yield attained on farm and the average actual yield. The main production constraints noticed were nonavailability of adequate good quality seed, non-availability of labour, poor quality insecticides/pesticides, unfavourable climatic conditions and lack of technical knowledge. The main marketing constraints were low price of Bt cotton produce, high regulation of market intermediates and lack of extension and marketing services. Majority of the farmers in both the states of Haryana and Tamil Nadu were risk neutral. The major risks experienced by farmers during the production of Bt cotton were pest and disease incidence in case of Haryana and lodging and rainfall at harvesting stage in case of Tamil Nadu. The major risk mitigation strategies adopted by farmers in Bt cotton cultivation were planting plant resistance varieties, availing credit and investing on other crops, complementing farm income with off-farm income and keeping one season fallow. Majority of the farmers of both the states Haryana and Tamil Nadu were not enrolled in any formal risk mitigating measures such as crop and weather based insurance schemes. Most of the farmers in Haryana were disposed the cotton sticks by burning for domestic purpose and in Tamil Nadu, it was by incorporating in the field itself.
Open Access
Study of agricultural credit advanced by lead Bank in Hisar district of Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2011) Astha Rani; V. K. Singh
This study aims to study the agricultural credit advanced by Lead bank in Hisar district. The study is carried out on the secondary data obtained from Lead bank (Punjab national bank) of Hisar district for a period of years from 2004-2005 to 2010-11. The primary data was collected from branches with maximum credit advancement in urban and rural area and schedule was prepared to take data from farmers and bank officials. The results of the study reveals that there has been increasing trend in loan advanced and loan deposits for the period from 2004-05 to 2010- 2011. However, there has been increase in total agricultural advances and total priority sector lending for the same period but Percentage to total advances was decreasing. The negative growth rate of -5.42 per cent in overdues was observed for the period from 2004-05 to 2010-11 which indicates high recovery for the years. Pattern of borrowing, amount demanded and loan advanced by rural and urban branches of Lead bank during the year 2009-10 reveals a gap of total 2.7 per cent in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while gap of 9 per cent is observed in farm machinery loan. Likewise in urban branch gap of 3.1 per cent is observed in loan demanded and loan advanced in crop loans while a gap of 3.2 per cent is in loan demanded and loan advanced for farm machinery. Further it is evident from the data that rural branch has recovery at 71.16 per cent and 87 per cent was observed in urban branch. Problems faced by farmers in obtaining loans is discussed at the last and appropriate suggestions are given for policy implications.

Theses

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results