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ThesisItem Open Access Impact Of Improved Farm Technology On Agricultural Labour In Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2007) Nirmal Kumar; Suhag, K.S.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic analysis of garlic production and marketing in Karnal District of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2007) Karambir Singh; Arjun SinghThe study was undertaken in Karnal district of Haryana with the objectives (i) To work out the costs and returns of garlic production (ii) To calculate the marketing costs and margins (iii) To study the fluctuations in the prices of garlic. The total cost of cultivation of garlic was found rupees 39,891 per acre. The returns over variable cost were rupees 36942. The net returns after deducing all costs were observed rupees 22,656. The cost of production per quintal was calculated as Rs. 1,099.5. It was quite a remunerative crop. The producer’s share was revealed 68.41 percent of total consumer’s price. Quite a lot went to intermediaries as margins of rupees 495 (19.64 per cent) excluding costs. The seasonal indices of price and arrivals were calculated using 12 months moving average method. The highest price received was in October whereas lowest price indices was seen in January. The increasing trends in prices and arrivals were observed over 15 year period from 1991 to 2005 year. Exponential function was preferred over linear function for better fit. The garlic crop being remunerative needed promotion by all means.ThesisItem Open Access Agro-processing of commercial crops in western Haryana-an economic analysis(CCSHAU, 2007) Deepak Singh; Malik, DharmpalProcessing of farm products offers great scope, conversion of farm produce to the consumer commodity and in process reduces the wastage, increasing shelf-life, resulting in value addition and higher income transfer to the farmer. The present investigation is based on the time series data pertaining to area, production, yield and market arrivals of major crops scanned from published sources. The information with regards to machinery & equipments, labour, various inputs like raw material, oil & greasing, electricity/fuel, packaging & miscellaneous etc., outputs, input-output prices and constraints encountered in processing of agricultural produce was collected from sixty agro-processors from the Hisar and Bhiwani districts of Haryana state through personal interviewing them. Appropriate analytical tools and techniques were employed to draw meaningful inferences from the study. The results reveal that area twisted towards more remunerative crops wheat, paddy, cotton, rapeseed-mustard and sugarcane in Haryana state. The crop acreage shifted towards wheat, cotton and rapeseed-mustard in Bhiwani district while there was a shift in area towards wheat, paddy, cotton, rapeseed-mustard and sugarcane. The area under gram, other pulses, and coarse cereals was gradually replaced by profitable and less risky crops. Production of wheat, paddy, cotton, rapeseed-mustard increased in the study area as a composite effect of increased area and enhance productivity. The yield of almost crops registered increase over the time period due to evolution and cultivation of high yielding varieties, use of improved farm practices, use of chemical fertilizers, and efficient use of available irrigation water and mechanization of farm operation. The increased production of wheat, paddy, cotton and rapeseed-mustard resulted into increase in their market arrivals. The value of Benefit-cost ratio calculated of processing units of commercial crops i.e. cotton, rapeseed-mustard and gram was more than one. It indicates the economics viability of processing units in the study area. The break-even analysis also indicates that all processing units were operating more than the break-even quantity. The cotton, gram and rapeseed-mustard processing units utilized about 26, 34 and 74 percent of their plant capacity to the maximum extent. Among selected processing units, the cotton processing unit provides maximum employment of skilled labour and casual labour in the study area. The major problems encountered by the agro-processing units were getting no-objection certificate, license from Govt. department, difficulties in getting power connection, higher rate of interest and inadequate amount of credit, irregular supply of raw material, higher marketing charges, higher rate of electricity/fuel charges, lack of technical manpower and under utilization of installed capacity of the unit. First Govt. should take necessary step to mitigate the constraints of agro-processing units and encourage the establishment of processing units in the rural area through providing some incentives to absorb surplus rural work force.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of marketing and consumption pattern of cut flowers in Gurgaon district (Haryana)(CCSHAU, 2007) Anil Kumar; Kuldeep KumarFlowers symbolize beauty, purity, tranquility, honesty and divinity. Offering of flower is a sign of reverence. It is source of inspiration for poets, artists and lovers of all ages. Many romances are interwoven around flowers. Fascinating colours and fragrance of flowers have leads the children into the world of wonders and magic. Women find great pride in adoring flowers. Flowers not only have greats importance in worshipping, decoration, garlanding and place beautification but it also provides good returns to the growers. Therefore, the study on an economic analysis of marketing and consumption patterns of cut flowers in Gurgaon distt. (Haryana) was undertaken with following specific objectives such as (i) to examine the marketing and consumption pattern of cut flower, (ii) to estimate marketing costs and margins of cut flowers through different channels and (iii) to identify the constraints in production and marketing of cut flower. The data on cost of production were collected from the 60 selected farmers scattered in thirty villages of Gurgaon district. The data on marketing aspects were also collected from the farmers, commission agent, retailer and other engaged in cut flower marketing. Primary data were used for attaining the objectives of the study undertaken. The data collected on production and marketing of cut flowers were tabulated and analyzed for estimation of cost of production, marketing costs and margins. The study revealed that a net return comes out to be Rs. 296970 per acre in case of gladiolus followed by rose (stick) Rs. 265995, rose (loose) Rs. 172416, chrysanthemum Rs. 72461 and marigold Rs. 69306 per acre respectively. Further, the benefit cost ratios of 1:4.19 in case of marigold followed by chrysanthemum 1:4.21, gladiolus 1:2.85, rose (loose) 1:1.92 and rose (stick) 1:1.82 were observed. Thus, it may be concluded that cut flowers is a economically profitable proposition. While, comparing the results for both channels [Channel-I producer-commission agent/broker-retailer-consumer and channel-II – producer-consumer], it was explicit that the producers share in consumer’s rupee was observed more in channel-II because no marketing expenses were incurred by the producer and owing to absence of intermediaries. The consumption pattern of cut flowers indicated that maximum share of consumption of gladiolus goes for export i.e. 54.19 per cent followed by chrysanthemum 48.61 per cent, rose (loose) 40.10 per cent and rose (stick) 36.54 per cent respectively. In case of marigold, 35.25 per cent of total quantity consumed was used for garland purpose. Major problems faced by the cut flower growers in production and marketing were non-availability of subsidies on planting materials, lack of adequate canal irrigation facilities, lack of high yielding varieties, lack of processing facilities, lack of exporting agencies purchase from the formers, lack of organization among producers, lack of storage facility and lower price of produce. The study emphasized the need to develop the proper marketing and financing infrastructure and processing facilities before its cultivation is popularized on a large scale in the state.