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ThesisItem Open Access Effects of Priming on Seed Germination and Biochemical Parameters of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Under Laboratory Conditions(2022) Garg, Subhangi; Kakralya,B.L.Pulses are a vital part of a healthy diet because they are a rich source of protein, have low fat content, lack cholesterol, have a lower glycemic index and also a rich source of micro nutrients. Pulses are also an integral part of crop rotation as they also regulate the soil health. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse of rabi season in Rajasthan. Poor crop establishment is a serious problem in chickpea as they are usually sown in semi arid regions of Rajasthan. Seed priming is a traditional, easy and cost effective technique to enhance the seed quality parameters as it hastens the germination, growth and development of the seeds. To study the effect of Hydropriming and Halo priming and different priming hours an investigation was carried out during rabi season 2021-22 in the laboratory, Department of Plant Physiology, Sri Karan Narendra College of Agriculture, Jobner, Jaipur on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotype RSG-888 Under Laboratory In this experiment priming was done for different period of time (0, 2, 3, 4, & 5 hrs.) with different priming solutions (Distilled water, 2% KNO3, 2% CaCl2 and 100 ppm SNP). The investigation revealed that 5 hours of priming was found to be optimum for all the four treatments (Distilled water, 2% KNO3, 2%ThesisItem Open Access Population Dynamics and Management of Hadda Beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) on Indian Ginseng, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal(2022) Kumari ,Neelam; Kumawat, K.C.The investigation entitled „Population dynamics and management of hadda beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) on Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal‟ was conducted at Entomology Department, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Kharif, 2021. The study on the population dynamics revealed that the infestation of hadda beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) (grub and adult) started in the first week of September and reached at peak in second week of October. Hadda beetle population (grub and adult) had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.64), while the minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall showed non-significant correlation with it. The population of hadda beetle, H. Vigintioctopunctata (egg batch) had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.65) and non-significant correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The natural enemies of insect pests recorded in the Indian ginseng were chrysopid, Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica (Henry et al.), Camponotus compressus (Fab.), Monomorium indicum Forel and spider. Their populations were found in traces only. Therefore the population could not be recorded. The duration of egg, grub, pupa and adult stages were found to be 7.7, 14.5, 5.9 and 57.5, days respectively. Both grubs and adults were found destructive in nature. The average body length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar grub was 2.05 ± 0.34 mm, 3.03 ± 0.24 mm, 4.18± 0.10 mm, 6.21± 0.27 mm and 3.11± 0.29 mm, respectively. The average body breadth of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar grub was 1.11±0.17 mm, 1.42± 0.06 mm, 1.89± 0.25 mm and 3.11± 0.29 mm, respectively. The average pre pupal length was 5.01± 0.46 mm and breadth was 2.71± 0.33 mm. The average pupal length was 5.98± 0.05 mm and breadth was 3.64± 0.24 mm. The average body length of male was 6.21± 0.17 mm and breadth was 4.62± 0.28mm, whereas in female the length was 7.15± 0.28 mm and breadth was 5.19± 0.27mm. Out of eight biopesticides and botanicals tested against hadda beetle on Indian ginseng crop, revealed that azadirachtin (0.03 EC) 5 ml/ l proved to be most effective followed by Neem oil and Neem seed kernel extract (5%) and B.bassiana (1.15 WP). The treatment ofL. lecanii (1.15 WP) and M. anisopliae (1.15 WP) were ranked in middle order of efficacy, while the plant products, viz., Karanj seed extract (5.0 %) and Karanj oil proved to be the least effective.ThesisItem Open Access Identification of Low Temperature Stress Tolerant Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) Cultivars Under Semi-arid Condition(2022) Chawala, Manisha; Bagdi,D.LThe study “Identification of Low Temperature Stress Tolerant Ber (Ziziphus Mauriitiana L.) Cultivars Under Semi-arid Condition” was conducted during rabi season of 2021-22 at Asalpur Farm, S. K. N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. The objectives of present investigation were: 1. To evaluate morpho-physiological traits of ber under low temperature stress. 2. To investigate the biochemical and antioxidant activity in leaves of ber cultivars under low temperature stress. 3. To find out the yield and quality of ber cultivars under low temperature stress. In this experiment 25 cultivars of ber were used for the identification of low temperature stress tolerant, medium tolerant and susceptible cultivars under semi-arid condition. The cultivar used in experiment were saphar chandni,Gola, Tikadi, Thornless, Katha, Kathabombay, Tabes taso, Mehroon, Dharkhi, Lakhan, Illaichi, Pathani, Chomu local, Najuk, Kheera, ZG-3, Katha phal, Sukhwani, Ashapuri -2, Supari, Chencho, Khirni, Kumari, Rashmi and Heera. Among the ber cultivars Sukhwani proved significantly superior over rest of the cultivars followed by Tabes taso, Dharkhi and Ashapuri -2 in respect to total chlorophyll protein and relative water content of ber leaves, leaf burning injury, proline content, cell membrane injury,fruit deformity, ascorbic acid, peroxidase activity,hydrogen peroxide content under low temperature stress. The yield and yield attributes differed significant with each other. Katha cultivar performed better in terms of yield and yield attributes like fruit size, fruit weight ,pulp stone ratio and fruit yield in comparision to other cultivars under low temperature stress condition in semi arid condition.ThesisItem Open Access Study on Productive, Reproductive Performance and Milk Composition of Gir Cows under Semi-Arid Conditions(2022) Mahur,Giriraj; Datt, MaheshThe present study was conducted at Dairy Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner to assess the productive, reproductive performance and milk composition of Gir cows under semi-arid conditions. The data of 33 Gir cows those had completed three consecutive lactations was collected from the records maintained at college Dairy Farm over a period of Five years (2017 to 2022) for studying productive and reproductive performance. A total of 12 Gir cows which were in early lactation were selected for studying milk composition. This study was conducted from March 2022 to April 2022 with 216 milk samples from Gir cows. This herd is being maintained at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner Dairy Farm under semi-arid condition. Productive and reproductive performances were analyzed to determine, total lactation milk yield, standard milk yield, lactation length, dry period, service period, gestation period and calving interval during second, third and fourth lactation. The overall means obtained for total lactation milk yield, standard milk yield (305-DMY), lactation length, dry period, service period, gestation period and calving interval in Gir cows were 1833.45±84.91 litres, 2095.81±75.58 litres, 266.04±6.69 days, 128.94±7.16 days, 113.36±7.72 days and 281.53±0.35 days 394.98±7.78 days, respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Effect of Drip Irrigation Scheduling and Fertigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa(2022) Jangir, Manisha; Meena, K.K.The field experiment to study the “Effect of Drip Irrigation Scheduling and Fertigation on Growth, Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa” was conducted at Horticulture farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (Jaipur-Rajasthan) during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was executed in Factorial Randomized Block design and replicated 3 times with 12 treatment combinations consisting of 3 drip irrigation levels i.e. I1 (50% irrigation at PE), I2 (75% irrigation of PE), I3 (100% irrigation of PE) and 4 fertigation levels F1 (100 % RDF as basal dose plant-1 ), F2 (100 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ), F3 (75 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ) and F4 (50 % RDF at weekly interval plant-1 ), The treatment of different irrigation levels were given from July to November and fertigation levels were through water soluble fertilizer grade (WSF19:19:19) in 10 splits from fruit set to maturity stage and remaining nitrogen was supplemented through urea. The experimental results revealed that among different treatment combinations, maximum values for the vegetative growth characters such as gain in plant height, plant spread [(E-W) and (N-S)], Leaf area index and minimum values for Initiation of flowering (days) after pruning and Fruit set to maturity (days) was found under the treatment 100% irrigation at PE level+100% RDF through drip (I3F2) which was found the best for vegetative characteristics Yield and yield attributing characters such as fruit retention (%), No. of fruits plant-1 , average fruit weight (g), fruit diameter (cm.)ThesisItem Open Access In vitro Regeneration of Desert Medicinal Plant Ghrit Kumari [Aloe barbadensis Mill.](2022) Sarfraz Ahmad; Jakhar, M. L.Aloe barbadensis Miller (syn. Aloe vera L.) is a succulent desert medicinal plant and has great importance in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Its large scale cultivation through natural mean of shoot/ suckers is problematic due to insufficient availability. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out with the objectives for optimization of the condition of shoot proliferation, root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration of Aloe barbadensis to generate large number of planting material in short time. Effect of culture media, antioxidants, photoperiod and genotypes were also studied to enhance regeneration proficiency. Different levels of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for shoot proliferation, callus induction, organogenesis and root induction. The best identified PGRs were further used to study the different factors affecting the in vitro culture. The cultures were incubated at 25±2°C temperature under 14 hours light followed by 10 hours dark period with light intensity of 3000 lux. The analysis of variance showed wide variation among the different treatments/levels of PGRs for all the studied characters. For direct shoot proliferation, BAP alone at 3.5 mg/l in MS medium was found best as it showed highest shoot multiplication rate with 100 per cent regeneration frequency. Profuse and viable callus proliferation was obtained at 2.5 mg/l 2,4-D, while a combination of 2.0 mg/l Kn + 1.0 mg/l NAA was found most responsive for highest number of shoot regeneration per callus culture in shortest period. Maximum number and longest root induction was obtained at 1.5 mg/l IBA and survival rate during hardening and acclimatization process was also highest in IBA derived rooted plantlets of Aloe barbadensis. Among all the studied culture media, MS medium was found best for direct shoot proliferation, while Woody Plant Medium (WPM) was most optimum for root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration in callus. Incorporation of all the levels of activated charcoal (AC) in MS media was advantageous while PVP reduces the efficacy of micropropagation of Aloe. The identified doses of AC for maximum response in MS medium were 175 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 225 mg/l for shoot multiplication, root induction, callus proliferation and regeneration, respectively. Among different photoperiod regimes, light and dark hour‘s period of 16: 8 for direct shoot induction, 14: 10 for root multiplication and 12: 12 for callus proliferation and regeneration were found best. Genotype JA-2 showed maximum regeneration response for shooting, rooting, callusing and organogenesis while genotype JA-3 was found least responsive. The above protocol may be used for large scale multiplication of genetically uniform plants of Aloe barbadensis to minimize the cost of production.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of Creep Feed and Green fodder on Growth Performance in Pre-weaned Suckling Sirohi Goat Kids(2022) Yadav, Gajanand; Juned AkhterThe present research work entitled “Impact of Creep Feed and Green fodder on Growth Performance in Pre-weaned Suckling Sirohi Goat Kids” was carried out to study the impact of creep feed and moringa green fodder (MGF) on growth performance of kids in terms of body weight gain and morphometric measurements. Twenty four Sirohi goat kids of one month of age were randomly selected and divided into four treatment groups of each having six kids at the Goat Unit of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. Treatment T1 served as control), treatment T2 supplemented with 1.0 per cent of body weight of creep feed, Treatment T3 supplemented with 1.0 per cent of body weight of creep feed with MGF ad-lib and treatment T4 supplemented with 1.5 per cent of body weight of creep feed with MGF ad-lib feed for one month to four months of age and Groundnut straw fed ad-lib to all kids during whole experimental period. All kids were allowed to suckle their mother milk during morning and evening. Other management practices were similar for each treatment. Body weight of kids and other morphometric parameters viz., body length, wither height, paunch girth, heart girth and loin width of kids was observed fortnightly. Treatment T4 fed higher level of creepfeed with MGF achieved the highest (111.48 g/day) average daily weight gain followed by T3 (104.63 g/day), T2 (92.41 g/day) and control treatment T1 (53.70 g/ day). Highest average total weight gain per kid was recorded in treatment T4 (10.03 kg) followed by T3 (9.42 kg), T2 (8.31kg) and least found in control treatment T1 (4.83 kg). The overall increase in body length, wither height, paunch girth, heart girth and loin width was highest in T4, followed by T3, T2 and control treatment T1. The difference between treatments for average body weight gain, daily weight gain, body length, wither height, paunch girth, heart girth and loin width was significant. The correlation coefficient of body weight with morphometric measurements was highly positive. It is concluded from the results that there was significant increase in fortnightly weight gain and other morphometric measurements of kids supplemented with higher level of creep feed with MGF in diet.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly Management of Major Insect Pests of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linn.(2022) Choudhary, Neetu; Meena, Ram KishorThe investigation on ‘Eco-friendly Management of Major Insect Pests of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata Linn’ under semi-arid condition was conducted at Horticulture Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) during Rabi, 2021-22.The initiation of aphid population recorded in the third week of December which reached peak in third week of February (8th SMW) (160.4 aphid/plant), while, the initiation of diamondback moth population recorded in the third week of December (51nd SMW) which reached its peak in fourth week of February, i.e. 9 th SMW (4.5 DBM larvae/10 plants) when maximum temperature, minimum temperature and relative humidity was 31.0 and 8.1°C, 50 per cent and sun shine (9.5 hrs), respectively and gradually declined thereafter. Flea beetle, the initiation of flea beetle population recorded in the first week of January (1st SMW) which reached its peak in fourth week of February, (10.1 flea beetle/10 plants) and gradually declined thereafter. Painted bug, the initiation of painted bug population recorded in the fourth week of November (48th SMW) which reached its peak in fourth week of February, (5.2 painted bug/10 plants) and gradually declined thereafter. The natural enemy of Coccinella septempunctata, the initiation of C. septempunctata population recorded in the second week of December (50 th SMW) which reached its peak in fourth week of February, (3.9 /10 plants). The relationship between aphid L. erysimi, with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity had showed negative correlation (r = -0.193, r = -0.149 and r = -0.139), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and painted bug Bagradacruciferarum (Kirk.) had showed that positive correlation (r = 0.446, r = 0.308, r = 0.709 and r = 0.783, r = 0.419, r = 0.798) with maximum temperature, minimum temperature and sun shine, respectively, while, had showed negative significant correlation (r = -0.588 and r = -0.798, respectively) with relative humidity; flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze.) population with maximum temperature and sun shine had showed positive correlation (r = 0.188 and r = 0.580), while relative humidity had showed negative correlation (r = -0.344). While, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and sun shine population showed positive correlation (r=0.211, r= 0.151 and r= 0.483) with Coccinella septempunctata and negative non-significant correlation with abiotic factor viz., relative humidity. The experiment on effect of intercrops on the incidence of major insect pests showed that all intercrop combinations harboured the lesser population of major insect pests (aphid and diamondback moth) than the sole crop. The cabbage + onion and cabbage + tomato intercrop combinations were significantly less conducive to aphid and diamondback moth infestation as compared to other intercrop combinations. The maximum cabbage equivalent yield (173.72 q/ha) was obtained from the treatment onion as an intercrop at 4:1 ratio which was significantly superior over rest of the treatments except the treatment tomato as intercrop which recorded in cabbage with equivalent yield (149.05 q/ha). The efficacy of nine biopesticides tested against major insect pests of cabbage revealed that azadirachtin 1% EC proved to be the most effective followed by azadirachtin 0.03% EC and Neem oil. The treatments of Beauveria bassiana 1.15 WP, NSKE 5% and Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP stood in middle order of efficacy followed by the treatments of Karanj oil, and Verticillium lecanii 1.15 WP which were proved to be least effective against aphid and diamondback moth of cabbage. The maximum per cent avoidable loss was found to be (18.69%) in the treatment of azadirachtin 1% EC, whereas, minimum in untreated control. The highest benefit cost ratio was found in the azadirachtin 1% EC (8.79) followed by NSKE and azadirachtin 0.03% EC. The yield showed that azadirachtin 1% EC treated plants maximum yielded and it was followed by azadirachtin 0.03% EC and Neem oil.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Rice Cultivation in Bundi District of Rajasthan(2022) Goyal, Kavita; Shekhawat, P.S.The present study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Rice Cultivation in Bundi District of Rajasthan has been undertaken with aims of study the growth rates in area, production and productivity of rice in Bundi district and in Rajasthan state, cost of cultivation of rice and identify the problems faced by the cultivators in production of the rice. Bundi district comprises of five tehsils. Out of which, two tehsils, namely Bundi and Talera were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under rice cultivation in Bundi district. Total four villages namely Khelera, Jamitpura from Bundi tehsil, and Ramgang and Dolera from Talera tehsil were selected randomly. Finally, eighty rice cultivators were selected randomly. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. Information about the inputs used in cultivation and returns obtained from output of rice cultivation in both physical and monetary terms was collected for the kharif season-2021. The secondary data on area, production and productivity of rice for Bundi district as well as Rajasthan state were collected from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmer Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India for a period oftwenty years (i.e.,2000-01 to 2019-2). Data were submitted to various techniques and tools for drawing the results and relevant conclusions. Analysis of growth rates revealed that the semi-log growth function was found best fitted model in this analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that the growth rates in area, production and productivity of the rice in Bundi district for the period 2000-01 to 2019-20 were positive at the rate of 3.36, 6.03 and 2.58 per cent per annum, respectively. On other hand, growth rates in area, production and productivity of rice in Rajasthan state as a whole registered positive growth at rate of 1.46, 3.33 and 1.84 per cent per annum in area, production and productivity of rice for the period 2000-01 to 2019-20, respectively. Analysis of utilization of inputs in rice cultivation indicated that, among the farm size groups, total human labour utilized in rice cultivation per hectare was 28,33,34 and 37man days on small, semi-medium, medium and large farms, respectively. It was observed that utilization of total human labour had positive relationship with the size of farm holdings. It was also noticed that the family labour utilization was found negative relationship with the farm size holdings, while the hired human labour utilization had positive relationship with the size of farm holdings The study on input-wise cost of rice cultivation was revealed that, on an average, per hectare total cost of rice cultivation was estimated at ₹ 56307.00. Out of which, operational costs were ₹ 34438.07 per hectare (i.e., 61.16 per cent of total costs) and fixed costs were ₹ 1022.66 per hectare (i.e., 38.84 per cent of total costs). Among the farm size groups, the total cost of rice cultivation was calculated at ₹ 51544.52, ₹ 56458.75, ₹ 57295.13 and ₹ 59929.60 per hectare on small, semi-medium, medium and large farms, respectively. It was also observed that total cost of rice cultivation was increased with increase in the size of farm holdings. On an average, per hectare total human labour cost of rice cultivation was found to be ₹ 9865.65 (i.e.,17.52 per cent of total cost). The overall rental value of owned land was observed to be ₹ 19119.19 per hectare which accounted for 33.96 per cent of total cost. Thus, it had highest share in total cost of rice cultivation Analysis of cost groups indicated that among different size group of farms, cost C2 was lowest (i.e., ₹ 51544.52 per hectare) for small farms and highest (i.e., ₹ 59929.60 per hectare) for large farms. The overall cost C2 was found to be ₹ 56307.00 per hectare. The results of study depicted that the gross incomes from rice cultivation per hectare was found highest on small farms and lowest on large farms. The overall gross incomes obtained from rice cultivation were ₹76772.98 per hectare. On an average, net incomes earned from cultivation of rice were ₹20465.97. It was also observed that per hectare farm business incomes from cultivation of rice had negative relationship with the size of farm holdings. On an average, the obtained farm business incomes were ₹ 43477.89 per hectare. The overall family labour incomes earned from rice cultivation were estimated at ₹23336.04 per hectare. On an average, returns per rupee were ₹1.37. It was also observed that the per hectare cost of production per quintal of rice ranged from ₹ 1585.99 on small sized farms to ₹ 2045.38 on large sized farms with an overall average of ₹ 1843.67. The analysis of problem faced by rice cultivators revealed that, amongst the technical problems, improper (more and less water) management about irrigation was the most severe problem being faced by the selected farmers which ranked first (i.e., mean score of 74.26). It was concluded that the high cost of labour at the time of planting of seedlings (mean score 75.04) was found prime problems among the input problems in the study area. In case of miscellaneous problems, high incidence of insects-pests and diseases (mean score of 61.46) was the major constraints faced by the respondents in the study area.
