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20163
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2015 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    TICK FAUNA OF GOAT WITH A REFERENCE TO THEIR VECTOR STATUS AND ACARICIDE RESISTANCE
    (College of Veterinary Science Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2016-06) Begam, Rabeya; Talukdar, S. K.
    The present study on tick fauna of goat with a reference to their vector status and acaricide resistance was carried out with an aim to obtain current information on ticks, acaricidal resistance status in ticks and prevalence of haemoparasitic infection in goats reared under different management system from March 2015 to February 2016 in and around Guwahati. Observation on the prevalence of ticks revealed Haemaphysalis bispinosa as the only tick found infesting goat of the study area with 53.98% prevalence out of 528 animals examined and availability throughout the year . Tick prevalence was recorded highest in monsoon (71.67%) and lowest in winter (27.42%).Sex-wise ,female were found mostly infested (61.59%) then male (8.00%) . On the basis of distribution pattern on the body sites of goat ears were found mostly infested (89.82%) and least in tail (12.28%). Acaricide resistance test by in vitro methods AITDD (Adult Immersion Test with Discriminating Doses) was performed against synthetic pyrethroid Deltamethrin which have been used continuously in GRS (Goat Researh Station Burnihat ) for the past 20 years and also against newly used synthetic pyrethroid Cypermethrin in Haemaphysalis bispinosa tick collected from GRS Burnihat. Ticks were also collected from Tetelia goat farm (unorganized farm) to detect acaricide resistance. Results revealed 80% resistance against Deltamethrin and 30% resistance against Cypermethrin in GRS Burnihat and 20% and 0% against Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin in Tetelia farm. Filter paper impregnation method was performed to determine the larvicidal effficacy of Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin at different (0.5,0.1 and 0.2 % concentration) showed 100% mortality of H.bispinosa larvae at 0.2% concentration of Deltamethrin in both GRS and Tetelia farm and 100 % mortality at 0.2% concentration of Cypermethrin at GRS Burnihat but 100% mortality at 0.1and 0.2% concentration of Cypermethrin in Tetelia farm as it was not used there as acaricide, indicating more larvicidal efficacy in Tetelia farm. Prevalence of Theileria sp. was determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear and confirmation through PCR by using genus specific primers .Further sequencing confirms the presence of Theileria luwenshuni as the first caprine Theileria sp. prevalent in the goats of Assam. An attempt was made to determine the T .luwenshuni infection in the salivary gland of the H .bispinosa by PCR assay but was found negative as level of parasitaemia exists in the blood sample less than 0.0001%. So it was not possible to trace the infection in the salivary gland of the tick. A total of 16 clinical theileriasis cases caused by T.luwenshuni were recorded during the period of study irrespective of different breeds of goats (9 cross bred , 7Assam local). All the clinical cases were recorded in unorganized farms and smallholders of goats under semi intensive system of management. Based on the status of the animal clinical theileriasis was recorded in 3 lactating goats and one male buck that was having recent history of castration .Animals positive for clinical theileriasis showed symptoms of anorexia ,depression, fever ,pale mucous membrane and weakness. Haematological changes revealed anaemia in goats. In the present study 39.87% goats irrespective of different breeds were recorded with sub clinical theileriosis without showing any clinical symptoms. Haematological findings revealed moderate anaemia in subclincal carrier goat in comparsion to healthy animals. This suggests that Theileria luwenshuni is first time emerging as a new Theileria species responsible for both clinical theileriasis and subclinical theileriosis in the goats of Assam.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PROTOZOAN INFECTION OF DOMESTIC PIGEON (Columba livia domestica) IN ASSAM
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) SAIKIA, MUNMI; Bhattacharjee, Kanta
    To understand the pattern of protozoan disease in domestic pigeon of Assam, a systematic study was conducted for a period of one year. A total of 324 blood samples of pigeons were screened for detection of haemoprotozoan infection and 173 birds were found positive by microscopic examination of blood smear, the overall percentage being 53.39%. Three different species of haemoprotozoa viz. Haemoproteus columbae, Plasmodium relictum and Leucocytozoon sp. were identified in pigeons of Assam. Prevalence of haemoprotozoan infection was analyzed on the basis of age and sex of birds and season of the year. Examination of body of pigeons for the presence of pigeon fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis, the proven vector of Haemoproteus columbae showed 15.12% prevalence. Among the haemoprotozoan parasites, Haemoproteus columbae was predominant (29.93%) followed by Plasmodium relictum (21.29%) and Leucocytozoon sp. (2.16%) was recorded least. Morphologically, the three species were identified and confirmed. Age wise, infection was recorded highest in adults (61.81%) and least in squab. Sex wise, female (58.22%) showed more infection as compared to male birds. According to season infection rate was highest (72.55%) in premonsoon season. Microfilaria of Bhalfilaria ladamii was also detected during examination of a heart blood smear. Examination of a blood smear also revealed trophozoites of Trichomonas gallinae as an accidental case. Haematological parameters recorded in infected and non infected birds due to haemoprotozoan parasites showed significant differences in Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, MCH, heterophils, lymphocytes, eosinophil values between the two groups. The prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae infection based on throat swab smear examination was recorded as 26.85%. Age wise highest prevalence was found in squab (56.25%) and lowest percentage in adult (10.90%). Sex wise prevalence was higher in female (33.54%) than male birds. Season wise highest prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae was found in winter season (34%) and least infection was observed in post monsoon season (21.44%). Prevalence of mixed infection of Haemoproteus columbae and Trichomonas gallinae were highest (12.34%). A total of 438 fresh pooled faecal samples were collected from pigeons irrespective of age and sex from four different districts of Assam viz. Kamrup (R), Kamrup (M), Lakhimpur and Dhemaji district for detection of coccidia and other associated helminthic infection. Overall prevalence of coccidia infection was found to be 38.81%. Species wise highest prevalence was recorded due to Eimeria labbeana (28.08%), followed by Eimeria columbarum (6.84%), Eimeria columbae (2.86%), Isospora sp.(0.22%). One unidentified Eimeria sp. (1.14%) was also put on record having morphological similarity to E. duculai. Mixed infection of coccidia and Capillaria sp. egg was detected highest (5.93%), followed by Heterakis gallinarum (3.19%), Ascaridia columbae (1.82%) and Strongyloides avium (0.91%). Season wise prevalence rate was recorded highest in premonsoon season (61.22%), followed by monsoon (34.78%), post monsoon (34.73%) and least in winter (28.46%). Experimental infection of coccidia and Trichomonas gallinae done for establishment of pure infection revealed clinical symptoms and presence of parasites. Pathological alterations and the microscopical changes induced by Trichomonas gallinae and coccidia were studied on 55 carcasses of pigeons collected from temple premises and households of the present study area. At post mortem, 10 nos. of carcasses (18.18%) showed positive lesion due to coccidia and 14 nos. of carcasses (25.45%) showed lesions due to Trichomonas gallinae. Gross pathological changes due to coccidia were haemorrhagic and necrotic lesion in the intestinal mucosa, thickening of intestine and excessive mucus production and in case of Trichomonas gallinae, there was accumulation of greenish- white necrotic haemorrhagic lesions in the crop and oesophagus, and areas of necrosis in liver and gizzard. Histopathology of intestinal mucosa revealed diffuse areas of haemorrhages and detection of oocysts of coccidia. In case of Trichomonas gallinae infection, microscopical changes seen in liver were coagulative necrosis and inflammatory reaction. Crop showed areas of moderate haemorrhage and congestion and varying amount of inflammation. In the lung, parenchyma showed thickening, congestion of blood vessels and haemorrhage. Myocardium of heart also showed congestion and focal areas of haemorrhage. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for identification of cyt b gene of Haemoproteus columbae using oligonucleotide primers. The positive blood samples produced amplification of 207bp. PCR for amplification of mt-cyt b gene of Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp. was also carried out and positive samples showed the clear band at 525 bp. Amplification of ITS-1 gene for detection of Eimeria genus was also performed and the positive samples showed clear band at 510 bp. Similarly, amplification of ITS1/5.8SrRNA/ITS2 gene was done for identification of Trichomonas gallinae and clear band at 290 bp was seen in positive samples. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, local isolate (Haemoproteus columbae) is highly dissimilar from reported isolates of nearby and distant countries.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF EIMERIAN COCCIDIA AND COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKEN
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) KALITA, ADITI; Sarmah, Prabhat Chandra
    A field study cum laboratory investigation was conducted to assess the field situation in respect of coccidia and coccidiosis in broiler chickens of Assam. One year study beginning from June, 2015 to May, 2016 included a questionnaire based interview on the disease problem with farmers and veterinary consultants during the visits to 48 randomly selected integrated and non-integrated commercial small scale farms under deep litter system of management in the districts of undivided Kamrup, Morigaon and Darrang. Faecal and litter sample examination, on-farm necropsy, identification of species of coccidia prevalent and their pathogenecity study alone or in association with common bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens were the other parameters included in the study. The farmers adopting broiler farming on commercial basis were mostly non-matriculate and had no prior training on poultry farming. A small section of farmers (27.08%) were found aware of the disease coccidiosis which was popularly called “Cocci” that occurred in the caecum of birds. These farmers viewed the problem of coccidiosis in their farms as an occasional occurrence in the recent past. Microscopic examination of faecal, litter samples, intestinal contents, on farm necropsy and lesion study revealed 83.33% farms as coccidia positive. Out of 62.39% birds positive to coccidia oocysts, coccidiosis was diagnosed in 29.36% birds from 44.44% of the farms studied. Highest farm positivity to coccidia infection was recorded in Morigaon district (100%) followed by Darrang district (85.71%) and lowest in farms of Kamrup district (79.41%). However highest mortality due to coccidiosis in birds was recorded in Kamrup (36.62%) followed by Darrang (16.67%) and Morigaon (14.29%). Incidence of coccidia infection was higher in integration farms (29.17%) than that in non-integration farms (12.50%). Age wise, mortality in birds was recorded at 2-5 weeks of age with highest observation in 4 weeks aged birds. Coccidiosis was recorded in both dry and wet seasons of the year, the incidence being higher in wet season (22.92%) than in dry season (18.75%). Identification of oocysts by Morphometry, Coccimorph tool and molecular methods employing nested PCR and multiplex PCR revealed presence of E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. maxima in the birds of the study area. E. tenella (62.50%) was the most predominant in single or mixed infection followed by E. acervulina (23.43%), E. mitis (12.50%) and E. maxima (1.56%) in mixed infections. Morphometry could be a useful tool for identification of Eimeria species in field diagnosis, however it was not found as efficient as PCR. E. tenella was recorded as most pathogenic causing 100% mortality in experimental birds when maintained on both commercial and non-commercial non- medicated feeds. Uniform mortality irrespective of feed type suggested acquisition of resistance by the Eimeria species to anticoccidial drugs incorporated as additive in the commercial feed. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens Type A were islolated from the coccidia positive enteritic intestines of broiler chickens from the study area. Indigenous chickens recorded infection with Ascaridia galli (34.65%), Raillietina species (34.65%), Heterakis gallinarum (19.80%), Strongyloides species (3.96%) and coccidia (1.98%). Presence of Trichuris eggs in faeces but without adult parasite in birds might indicate ingestion of Trichuris eggs during scavenging on domestic animal’s dung. Experimental infection with Cl. perfringens and E. coli preceeded by coccidia infection resulted exhibition of clinical symptoms viz., depression, ruffled feather, huddling, droopiness, dozing, ceased feeding, bloody diarrhoea, frequent drinking and 66.67% mortality in Cl. perfringens infected birds against 16.67% mortality in E. coli infected birds. Body weight performance in these two groups were significantly affected at 2-4 weeks post infection in comparison to that observed in infected control groups and healthy control. It is suggested that coccidia infection might predispose the birds to colibacillosis and necrotic enteritis under field condition. Histopathological alterations due to necrotic enteritis in birds primed with coccidia were degenerative changes like swelling, vacuolar degeneration, nuclear degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, congestion in sinusoids and blood vessels and infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells. Intestinal lesions observed due to coccidia infection alone or in concurrence with Cl. perfringens or E. coli infections were mostly coagulative necrosis, sloughing off villous epithelial cells, haemorrhage, cellular infiltrations and presence of developmental stages of coccidia. Present findings suggest that coccidia is a common health problem in broiler chickens of Assam and the disease due to coccidia is influenced by lack of awareness, inadequate training on the part of farmers, managemental procedures applied and quality of commercial feed being used in the farms.