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Subject: Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence × End date: 2022 × Start date: 2020 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF Acorus calamus RHIZOME EXTRACT AGAINST Haemonchus SPECIES IN GOATS
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) SHARMA, CHAMPA; Changkija, Bendangla
    The present investigation was carried out with the view to study the anthelminitic activity of Acorus calamus rhizome extract against Haemonchus species in goats. Haemonchus contortus worms were found to be the predominant worm in the goat population of the farm. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroid, diterpines, flavonoids, tannin, glycoside, saponin and phenolic compound. In in-vitro study, Haemonchus worms were exposed to different concentration of hydroethanolic and aqueous extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. The hydroethanolic extract was found to be more effective against Haemonchus contortus than aqueous extract. A dose dependant anthelmintic activity was exhibited by rhizome extract and highest efficacy was observed at 1000 μg/ml. The goats positive for Haemonchosis showed a significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, total serum protein, albumin A:G ration and serum iron and a significant increase in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil percentage and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). In-vivo anthelmintic study of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome @ 500 mg/kg b.wt. orally (two doses, 0 day and 21st day) and fenbendazole @ 5 mg/ kg b.wt. orally were given to Haemonchus infected goats. EPG count, haemato-biochemical parameters and clinical improvement were evaluated on ‘0’, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post treatment. In Group I, EPG became 0 on 28th day after administration of second dose on 21st day. In Group II, treated with fenbendazole, EPG count became 0 on 7th day. Haematological parameters showed increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocyte % and decrease in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil % post treatment and biochemical analysis showed increase in values of TSP, Serum Albumin, A:G ratio and Serum Iron after treatment. Globulin, ALT and AST values decreased significantly post treatment. On the basis of reduction of EPG count and haemato-biochemical changes, the therapeutic efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome was 100% on 28th day post treatment with administration of second dose orally on 21st day. Fenbendazole showed a higher efficacy with 100% reduction of EPG on 7th day post treatment.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF Zanthoxylum armatum AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF GOAT
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) HUSSAIN, JAKIR; Dutta, T. C.
    The present investigation was carried out to study the anthelmintic efficacy of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum against gastrointestinal parasites of goats. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats was recorded to be 65.41% under prevailing agro-climatic conditions of Goat Research Station, AAU, Burnihat and private farms in and around Guwahati city, Assam from January- March 2021 & September - November 2021.Out of the different gastrointestinal parasites recorded in goats the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. (54.14%) was found to be the highest and Trichostrongylus spp. (18.78%) the lowest. In most of the animals, mixed infestations with 2-3 types of gastrointestinal parasites were also recorded. Phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum revealed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid, diterpene, flavonoid, steroid, glycosides, saponin and phenolic compounds but it was found negative for tannin. The acute oral toxicity study in mice showed that the hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum is safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight when administered orally. In-vitro study of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum showed dose-dependent and time-dependent anthelmintic activity and the highest efficacy was observed at 1000 μg/ml against adult parasite of Haemonchus contortus at 60 minutes. Based on the reduction of EPG count in the present study, Group A, animals which were treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @250 mg/kg body weight, orally and repeated on the 21st day showed the highest efficacy on post-treatment days i.e. 100% on the 28th day followed by the animals in Group C, treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa @ 50 mg/kg body weight, Group B,treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight and methanolic seed extract of Entada phaseoloides @250 mg/kg body weight and Group D, treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight, methanolic plant extract of Entada phaseoloides @250 mg/kg body weight and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa @50mg/kg body weight, orally and repeated on 21st day. The In-vivo study showed that the hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum individually or in combination with methanolic seed extract of Entada phaseoloides and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa were effective against gastrointestinal parasites of goats. Based on the improvement in body weight and haemato-biochemical parameters with reduction of EPG of faeces it was observed that hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum was more effective as anthelmintic when used alone than in combination against gastrointestinal parasites of goats.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN DOGS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2021-09) PATOWARY, PRERONA; Phukan, A.
    The present study entitled “Congestive heart failure in dogs & its therapeutic management” was undertaken w.e.f. 1st November 2020 to 30th June 2021 with the objectives to study the prevalence, hemato-biochemical alterations & efficacy of different therapeutic regimens of congestive heart failure in dogs. The study revealed overall prevalence of 0.20% with highest prevalence in Labrador retriever breed (0.53%) with male predominance (0.22%) and in the age group of >10 years of age (0.50%). The observed clinical signs included exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, coughing, ascites, syncope, inappetance and weakness. Tachycardia crackles and murmurs were the common clinical findings in the CHF affected dogs. ECG findings in CHF affected dogs included sinus tachycardia (37.50%), sinus bradycardia (8.33%), sinus arrhythmia (25%), sick sinus syndrome (8.33%), 1st degree heart block (8.33), atrial fibrillation (12.50), atrial flutter (4.17%) and low voltage QRS complex (12.50%). Radiographic findings of CHF included cardiomegaly (87.50%), upward deviation of trachea (33.33%), pleural effusion (70.83%) & pericardial effusion (25.00%) with significantly elevated VHS. Ultrasonography of abdomen showed presence of ascites (66.67%), hepatic congestion (75.00%), hepatomegaly (62.50%), renal degeneration (41.67%), spleenomegaly (12.50%) and cystitis (8.33%). Echocardiographic findings in CHF were DCM (75.00%), Cardiomegaly (83.33%), mitral valve regurgitation (91.67%), tricuspid valve regurgitation (41.67%), and pericardial effusion (25.00%). The LVIDd, LVIDs, EPSS, LA/AO dimensions were increased with a decrease in IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs and contractility indices (EF and FS) in affected dogs. There was a significant mosaic pattern appearance on color flow doppler found in mitral & tricuspid valve regurgitation. Hematological assessment showed no significant changes. Serum biochemical assessment showed significant increase in the level of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, serum creatinine and LDH. Moreover significant decrease in the level of total serum protein and albumin was recorded. All the CHF affected dogs were divided into three groups, viz: group A, B and C each having 8 numbers of dogs. Dogs in group A treated with furosemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. Dogs in group B treated with hydrochlorothiazide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. Dogs in group C treated with torsemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. All the dogs under treatment for 42 days were monitored and the efficacy was assessed at fortnight intervals based on improvement of clinical signs, hemtobiochemical alterations, ECG, thoracic radiography, USG of abdomen and echocardiography features. There was a significant improvement in the serum biochemical parameters of CHF dogs during therapy. Radiographically, no appreciable reduction in heart size was observed in any of the CHF dogs after 42days of therapy except substantial reduction in the pleural & pericardial effusion. There was improvement & disappearance of cardiac arrhythmia in ECG. A significant difference in left ventricular dimensions (LVIDd, LVIDs,IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs and EPSS) and contractility indices ( EF and FS) were noticed in affected dogs by the end of the trial. Based on resolution of clinical signs, improvement in hemato-biochemical alterations and echocardiographic features it was found that a combination of torsemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril was found superior to other two combinations as indicated by faster disappearance signs and early recovery with no adverse drug reaction both during and after therapy. Hence this therapeutic regimen is indicated in dogs with congestive heart failure.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF SALIVARY BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN DOGS
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) SHARMA, TANU; Changkija, Bendangla
    The present study entitled “Evaluation of salivary biomarkers for chronic kidney disease in dogs” was done for a period of 6 months i.e., February, March, April, September, October and November 2021 with the objective to evaluate and correlate the levels of salivary and serum creatinine and urea in dogs with CKD. The prevalence of CKD in dogs was 0.25%. The highest breed distribution was recorded in Labrador (44.74%); highest distribution was seen in dogs between >6-10 years of age (52.63%) and was predominant in male dogs (60.53%). Most prominent clinical signs of CKD observed were inappetance (84.21%), vomition (57.89%), oral manifestations (55.26%), pale mucous membrane (34.21%), lethargy/depression (28.95%), congested mucus membrane (23.68%), polyuria/polydipsia (15.79%), weight loss (15.79%), diarrhoea (7.89%), and anuria (2.63%). The most prominent oral manifestations observed were halitosis (26.31%) followed by dental tartar (18.42%), dental carries (7.89%) and oral ulcer (2.63%). Haemoglobin and Packed cell volume was significantly lower in dogs with CKD. Ultra-sonographic changes observed in the kidneys of dogs suffering from CKD were hyper-echoic and thick renal cortex, partial or complete loss of corticomedullary differentiation, wrinkled capsule and hyper-echoic medullary rim. Serum and salivary concentration of creatinine and urea were significantly higher in dogs with CKD. A positive correlation between salivary and serum creatinine and salivary and serum urea was noted. Salivary biomarkers (creatinine and urea) were found to be almost equally sensitive and specific when compared to serum biomarkers (creatinine and urea) in reflecting kidney disease. Cut off value of salivary creatinine was 0.89 mg/dl and salivary urea was 18.50 mg/dl.