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2015 - 20162
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Subject: Animal Biochemistry × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EXPLORING SEASON RELATED BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN CROSS-BRED AND LOCAL CATTLE
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2016-07) Chetia, Mayuri; Sarma, Satya
    The present experiment was conducted to study the significant changes of various physiological, biochemical, hormonal and HSP gene expression profiles in Cross-bred (HF X Jersey) cattle under the agro-climatic condition of Assam and Local cattle of Assam were included in the experiment as reference experimental animals. The experiment was aimed at determining the status of some of the important season related thermal stress biomarkers with an idea to get some clues about the heat tolerance and the adaptability status of the Cross-bred cattles compared to the Local breeds of Assam. The experiment comprised of a total twelve numbers of healthy cattle of ages between 2-3 years, which were divided into two groups each containing six numbers of Cross-bred and six numbers of Assam Local cattle being reared under the semi-intensive system in Instructional Livestock Farm (Cattle) of College of Veterinary Science Khanapara, Assam Agricultural University and Experimental Animal Shed, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science Khanapara, Assam Agricultural University. The animals were kept under standard feeding and management. The monthly ambient temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) were recorded from the automatic weather station and temperature humidity index (THI) were calculated during the summer and winter season using standard formula. The physiological parameters such as the rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were recorded daily twice for the two seasons. The different biochemical parameters such as serum total protein, serum glucose, serum electrolytes - Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P and Mg2+, erythrocytic oxidative enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), serum hormonal parameters namely, Cortisol, T3 and T4 and mRNA expression profile of HSP 40, HSP 60, HSP 70, HSP 90 genes were studied in both the breeds of cattle. The Temperature Humidity Index (THI) during the study period was found to be indicative of thermal stress to the experimental animals during the summer season compared to winter season. The different physiological parameters viz. rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were found to increase in both the breeds during summer compared to winter season. All the physiological parameters were increased in the evening hours in both the cattle types compared to the morning hours. The serum total protein and serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.001) during the summer season as compared to the winter season in both cross-bred and Assam local cattle. Similarly, the serum electrolytes, such as Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P and Mg2+ concentrations were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the summer as compared to winter season in both cross-bred and local cattle types of Assam. A significant difference was observed in serum total protein, serum glucose, serum Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration between the breeds.The activity of erythrocytes SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and serum LDH was found to be significantly (P<0.001) higher in the summer season in both the breeds compared to the winter season. In addition, a significant (P<0.001) difference on the concentration of different erythrocytic and serum enzymes was observed between the two breeds. The concentrations of Cortisol, T3 and T4 were found to be significantly (P<0.001) different between the seasons in both cross-bred and local cattle of Assam. The cortisol level significantly increased during the summer season in both the breeds compared to the winter season while T3 and T4 level significantly decreased in the summer season in both the cattle types. A significant (P<0.001) difference in the hormonal concentration of Cortisol, T3 and T4 was found between the breeds. The present experiment shows a wide variation in the expression of different HSP genes during summer and winter season. The mRNA expression of HSP 40, 70 and 90 genes were significantly higher (P<0.01) during summer season as compared to winter season. The mRNA expression of HSP40, HSP 60, HSP70 and HSP90 was significantly differed between the two breeds of cattle types. HSP 70 has been found to be the potential biomarkers of heat stress in both the breeds of cattle and based on the relative expression, the ranking of genes from higher to lower abundance in cross-bred cattle were in the following order: HSP70>HSP90>HSP40>HSP60 and in local cattle, it is HSP70>HSP60>HSP90>HSP40. All the physiological and biochemical alterations were observed in local and cross-bred animals in the different seasons. However, these alterations were quite more prominent in case of cross-bred cattle in comparison to the local cattle. Hence, the local cattle have better heat tolerance than those of the cross-bred cattle under the agro-climatic condition of Assam.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF EFFICACY OF WHOLE OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN OF Salmonella Typhimurium ADJUVANTED WITH CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES AS VACCINE CANDIDATE AGAINST SALMONELLOSIS IN CHICKEN
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2015-06) DEKA, SURAKSHA SUBEDI; Sarma, Satya
    Salmonella sp can infect a broad array of animals, causing diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life threatening systemic infections. Substantial economic loss is manifested through mortality and poor growth of infected birds. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is the most frequently isolated serovar causing global food-borne outbreaks and chicken alone accounts for 10.4% of the total isolates. The control of salmonellosis can be accomplished either by vaccination or medication. Antibiotic resistance and issue of antibiotic residue is a major hurdle in medication. Thus control through immunization is the most efficient and economic method. The present study was conducted to study the efficacy of whole outer membrane protein adjuvanted with calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CAP-OMP) as vaccine candidate against salmonellosis in chicken. The study was carried out in Kamrupa birds which are dual purpose breed. The OMP was extracted from Salmonella Typhimurium (MTCC - 98) strain and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. CAP-OMP vaccine was then synthesized by method that is based on co-precipitation of calcium phosphate and OMP. The amount of protein entrapped in the complex was determined and the formulation was used to immunise the chicks on 14th day of life followed by booster dose after two weeks. The humoral immune response of the target vaccine was compared with aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted OMP and unadjuvanted OMP by indirect ELISA. Blood was collected from all the birds at 0 before vaccination and days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 45 and 60 after booster vaccination. Some of the birds from each group were challenged on 60th day with either S. Typhimurium or with S. Gallinarum. The humoral response of the unchallenged birds was studied from 60th to 90th day. The CAP-OMP vaccine was able to elicit significantly higher antibody titres compared to other two groups up to 60th day post booster vaccination. However antibody titre level fell thereafter in all the groups. Mortality was not observed in any of the challenged birds but some clinical symptoms were exhibited by the control group. The challenged birds were slaughtered after one week and total CFU of either S. Typhimurium or S. Gallinarum per gram of liver was determined. It was observed that none of the vaccines gave total protection against challenge organisms but the Salmonella isolates recovered from the birds immunized with target vaccine was significantly lower than that of control group. The other two formulations viz; aluminium hydroxide –OMP vaccine and unadjuvanted OMP vaccine also decreased the bacterial count in liver tissue. Some important serum biochemical parameters were also studied from the vaccinated birds and it was found that the total protein and globulin content was significantly higher in CAP-OMP vaccinated group than the control groups. Creatine kinase level was significantly higher during first 21 days post booster vaccination birds given Aluminium hydroxide -OMP indicating some tissue damage at the site of injection caused by Aluminium hydroxide. Other parameters like alkaline phosphatase and creatinine showed non-significant fluctuations throughout the experiment. From this study, it can be concluded that CAP-OMP (S.Typhimurium) vaccine can be an effective vaccine candidate against salmonellosis.