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ThesisItem Open Access Diversity of Lac Insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) Genetic Resources in Arid Western Plains of India(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) VIKRAM; Hemant SwamiThe present study entitled as “Diversity of Lac lnsect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) Genetic Resources in Arid Western Plains of India” was carried out in the Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur, during 2021 & 2022 with a view to record the lac insect and its host plants, fauna associated with lac insect in the western plains of India; molecular diversity of Rangeeni lac insect during Baisakhi season and to evaluate the productivity linked parameters of lac insect during Baisakhi season crop. Surveys were carried out during both year at 162 &174 locations in the three states of arid western plains viz., Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat. A total of 18 host plants under 13 genera (Polyalthia longifolia,Annona squamosa Ziziphus mauritiana, Pithecellobium dulce, Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebeck, Acacia arabica, Delonix regia, Dalbergia sissoo, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Prosopis cineraria, Ficus benjamina, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemose, Calliandra calothyrsus, Butea monosperma and Prosopis juliflora) belonging to families of Annonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae were recorded during 2021 and 2022. Of these, family Moraceae comprised of highest number of species under different genera and Rhamnaceae family contributed least. The study revealed that peepal, Ficus religiosa was recorded as most predominant natural host for the natural prevalence of lac insect. Among three states maximum host plants with the presence of lac insect were recorded in Rajasthan followed by Haryana and Gujarat, respectively. Among all the host plant samples, highest natural enemies emergence was recorded from the samples of Peepal followed by Ber, Bargad, Kikar, Siris, Palas, Gular, Babool, Sitafal and Sheesham during both years. Lac associated natural enemies emerged from different host samples belonging to three orders viz., Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera and six families viz., Noctuidae (Eublemma amabilis), Blastobasidae (Pseudohypatopa pulverea), Chrysopidae (Chrysopa spp.) Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Braconidae. Of emerged natural enemies primary parasitoids were maximum, followed by predators and hyperparasitoids with contribution of 83.97& 83.96, 14.27& 14.24 and 1.73& 1.77 per cent to the total natural enemy population during both years. Individuals emerged from the lac host samples collected from Rajasthan were maximum (632& 522), followed by Haryana (551& 485) and Gujarat (490& 403). Predator E. amabilis had maximum mean and relative density among all predators, whereas, parasitoids belonging to family Encyrtidae was the most blatant parasitoid among all. Predators, E. amabilis and P. pulveria. emerged till the sixth week of sample storage whereas Chrysopa spp. was recorded only during second and third week. Primary parasitoids were recorded to emerge from the samples till the fourth week of the storage. Molecular analysis through comparison of cox1 sequences of new collections with already reported sequences revealed that the collections of these states to be of Rangeeni of K. lacca. The study of different productivity parameters of lac insect Kerria lacca on different lac hosts prevailing in Southern Rajasthan of arid western plains showed that the most preferred host was Ber followed by Peepal, Acacia sp., Palas, Flemingia, Pigeon pea, Custard apple and Kikar respectively. The different parameters of the life cycle of lac insect reveals that the maximum mean initial settlement (120.33 &118.00 crawlers per sq. cm) and mean final settlement (116.67 & 115.00 crawlers per sq. cm) were recorded on lower portion of the Ber host. The minimum mean duration to male emergence of 97.67 days was recorded on Ber at the lower portion and maximum density of cells at maturity i.e. 5.67 & 6.00 female cells per sq.cm at lower portion were recorded on Ber and Peepal, respectively during 2021 and 2022. The maximum brood lac was recorded from Ber host plant during both the years. Phenol content of plants and the production of lac revealed a positive correlation as the production of lac gradually increases with increase in concentration of phenol content of the plantThesisItem Open Access Bio-diversity of Major Insect Pests of Mango and Their Bio-rational Management(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) AJAY KUMAR YADAV; A.K. VyasThe present investigation on “Bio-diversity of major insect pests of mango and their bio-rational management” was carried out at Horticulture Farm, ARS, Banswara and Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur and five district of Southern Rajasthan during 2021-22 and 2022-23. The survey result revealed that the insect pests belonging to Hemiptera order showed maximum mean density and relative density. Shannon-Wiener index was maximum for Coleoptera followed by Hemiptera, which indicate that the order Coleoptera showed maximum evenness and less diversity. Simpson index was higher for Thysanoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera, which showed that the greater the value, the greater the diversity of insect pests of mango during both the years. The associated natural enemies belonging to Hymenoptera order showed maximum mean density and relative density, whereas Neuroptera and Mantodea order showed least mean density and relative density during both the years. Shannon- Wiener index was higher for Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, whereas minimum for Hemiptera and Neuroptera. Simpson index was maximum for Hemiptera, which showed that the greater the value, the greater the diversity of sample. The COXI gene sequences of mango hopper from Rajasthan, U.P. and Maharashtra regions demonstrated a noteworthy 99 to 100% similarity to sequences from various parts of India. The spray of Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC at 0.50 ml/l gave the best results with highest mean reduction of mango hopper population at 1st, 3rd and 7th days after spray, while Buprofezin 25 EC at 1.25 ml/l was found superior at 14th days after spray during both the years. The next order of effectiveness of treatment was Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% WP > Verticillium lecanii 1.15% WP > Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP > Azadirachtin 10000 PPM > Dashparni @ 50 ml/l against mango hopper during both the yearsThesisItem Open Access Effect of Organic and Inorganic Source of Nutrients on Different Forms of Nitrogen and Productivity of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum – graecum L.)(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) PRAKASH CHAND GURJAR; Ram Hari MeenaA field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Instructional Farm (Agronomy), Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur (Rajasthan) to study the “Effect of Organic and Inorganic Source of Nutrients on Different Forms of Nitrogen and Productivity of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum – graecum L.)”. The experiment was laid out according to factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments consisting of four levels of organic source of nutrients (control, 2 t vermicompost + foliar spray of vermiwash 10%, 4 t vermicompost + foliar spray of vermiwash 7.5% and 6 t vermicompost + foliar spray of vermiwash 5% ha-1) and four levels of inorganic source of nutrients (control, 50% RDF + foliar spray of 0.75% ZnSO4, 75% RDF + foliar spray of 0.50% ZnSO4 and 100% RDF + foliar spray of 0.25% ZnSO4 ha-1) were applied to the fenugreek var. RMt-1 as soil application with uniform application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as per recommended doses. The main findings of investigation are summarized as: 1. The application of 6 t vermicompost + FS of 5%vermiwash ha-1 (ON3) significantly increased plant height at harvest, number of pods plant-1, test weight and seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, nutrient content and uptake by seed and straw, protein content, chlorophyll content, physicochemical properties of soil, availability of plant nutrients, soil biological properties and different forms of nitrogen in soil. However, maximum net returns and B:C ratio were obtained with application of 4 t vermicompost + FS of vermiwash 7.5% during both the years as well as in pooled analysis. The application of 100% RDF + FS of 0.25% ZnSO4 ha-1 significantly improve the growth and yield attributes viz., plant height at harvest, number of pods plant-1, test weight and seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, nutrient content and uptake by seed and straw, protein content, chlorophyll content, physico-chemical properties of soil, availability of plant nutrients, soil biological properties and different forms of nitrogen in soil, net returns and B:C ratio of fenugreek during both the years as well as in pooled analysis. 3. The maximum seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc uptake by seed and straw was recorded with combined application of 6 t vermicompost with FS of vermiwash 5% + 100% RDF with FS of 0.25% ZnSO4 ha-1 (ON3 + ION3) which was found to be statistically at par ON2 + ION3, ON3 + ION2 and ON2 + ION2 during 2021-22, 2022-23 and in pooled analysis, respectively. 4. The combined application of (4 t vermicompost and FS of vermiwash 7.5% + 100% RDF and FS of 0.25% ZnSO4 ha-1) ON2ION3 significantly highest net returns and B:C ratio, which was statistically at par with ON3ION3, ON2ION2 and ON3ION2 during 2021-22, 2022-23 and in pooled analysis, respectively. 5. The seed yield of fenugreek was found significantly and positively correlated with straw yield, biological yield, total uptake of N (seed and straw) and different forms of nitrogen in soil and coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was found highly significant. 6. Therefore, in this tract for fenugreek variety RMt-1, the application of 4 t vermicompost with FS of vermiwash 7.5% ha-1 + 100% RDF with FS of 0.25% ZnSO4 ha-1 (ON2+ION3) as a most profitable dose is being recommended for higher seed yield and net returns per hectare in Sub-humid Southern Hills and Aravali region of RajasthanThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Essential Oils against Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in Stored Chickpea Seeds(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) YOGESH; M.K. MahlaThe present investigations on “Evaluation of Essential Oils against Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in Stored Chickpea Seeds” were conducted at Research Laboratory of Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur during Kharif 2022. The efficacy of essential oils on adult mortality, fecundity, production of progeny of Callosobruchus chinenis L. and quality parameters viz., seed damage, weight loss, seed germination were observed. The highest adult mortality percentage after 1, 3, 7 and 10 days 86.67 , 96.67, 100, and 100 per cent, respectively, were found with sweet flag oil at 5 ml/kg while lowest adult mortality after 1, 3, 7 and 10 days 23.33 , 33.33, 43.33 and 60.00 per cent at 5 ml/kg, respectively, were found with castor oil. The lowest fecundity was found in sweet flag oil with 1.45, 2.96 per cent after 7 and 12 days, respectively. While highest fecundity of pulse beetle was found with eucalyptus oil of 41.20 and 46.56 after 7 and 12 days, respectively. Whereas, lowest progeny development was found in sweet flag oil with 0.00 after 60 days. While highest progeny development was found in eucalyptus oil with 28.67 after 60 days. In case of seed damage parameters lowest damage was found in sweet flag oil with 0.00 per cent, while highest seed damage was found with eucalyptus oil of 8.00 per cent after 120 days of treatment. Lowest weight loss was found with sweet flag oil of 0.00 percent while highest weight loss per cent found with eucalyptus oil of 12.08. The highest seed germination per cent was found in sweet flag oil with 95.08 while lowest seed germination per cent was found with eucalyptus oil of 54.60. So in present investigation sweet flag oil was found significantly superior over other essential oil treatments. *ThesisItem Open Access Molecular Characterization of Indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Possessing Nematode-Active cry Genes(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) Paramjeet; Devendra JainPlant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are significant phyto-parasites responsible for severe crop damage and yield losses. The toxicological and environmental risks associated with the use of chemicals motivate the adoption of more eco-friendly alternatives such as the use of biological agents as biocontrol agents to control PPNs is gaining momentum in recent times. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) possessing nematicidal crystal proteins, is being used widely to mitigate nematode infestation in agricultural crops. In the present study the potential of the native Bacillus thuringiensis strains was investigated against the root knot nematode. Morphological characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains revealed that all Bt strains were Gram positive and endospore forming. The 20 Bt strains was screened for the presence of their nematicidal cry genes by PCR and 12 Bt strains viz., Bt1, Bt5, Bt6, Bt7, Bt9, Bt10, Bt16, Bt17, Bt19, Bt23, Bt24 and Bt36 showed the presence of nematicidal cry genes viz., cry5, cry6, cry12, cry13, cry14, cry21, cry55 and cry31Aa by gene specific primers. The SDS-PAGE studies of spore crystal mixture revealed different sizes of protein bands viz., 135, 90, 79, 75, 65, 59, 54, 45, and 30 kDa which represent the presence of different Cry proteins including the nematicidal Cry proteins. The in-vitro efficacy of the Bt strains were performed against Meloidogyne incognita using cavity block assay and the Bt strains viz., Bt7, Bt17, and Bt19 completely inhibited the hatching of Meloidogyne incognita eggs & egg masses and lethal to nematode larvae (J2 stage). In pot studies, Bt7 and Bt19 strains exhibited highest gall suppuration ability and depicted significantly higher PGP- attributes and are most effective in biological control of nematodes. The molecular characterization of potent Bt strains viz., Bt-7, and Bt-19 based on 16S rDNA sequencing revealed their molecular identity as Bacillus thuringiensis.ThesisItem Open Access Integrated Management of Chrysanthemum Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi (Litt., Armst. and Armst.)(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) Santosh Kumar; R. N. BunkerThe present study “Integrated management of chrysanthemum wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi (Litt., Armst. and Armst.)” were taken on the various aspects viz., isolation, identification, pathogenicity test, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of fungicides, bio-agents and de-oiled cakes for management of chrysanthemum wilt and screening of different varieties of chrysanthemum against for source of resistance. The pathogen was isolated from root tissue of wilted chrysanthemum plant in the laboratory. Morphologically culture growth was fluffy with regular margin and colony was dull white to peach colour culture colony and the fungus produced micro conidia, macro conidia and chlamydospores. Micro-conidia were abundant, hyaline, continuous or single septate, ovoid to ovate in shape. Macro-conidia were sickle shaped, curved with 3-septate or rarely 4-5 septate. Chlamydospores were hyaline, usually vacuolated, spherical mostly found in chain. Based on cultural and morphological culture characteristics pathogen was identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi. The pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi was carried on susceptible variety “Pusa Anmol” with sick soil method. In early stage of disease plant produced symptoms of drooping, yellowing and loss of turgidity of leaves. At sever stage of disease, the stem and root portion showed internal brown to necrotic brown discoloration and blocking of vascular tissues. Ten varieties were screened under natural sick soil condition against fusarium wilt of chrysanthemum. Among them variety “Rose Pink” was found resistant with minimum 10.00 per cent wilt incidence and “Yellow Button” was found moderately resistant with 18.89% wilt incidence Seven fungicides were tested for their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm concentration in laboratory. Tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG was found most effective with 90.56, 92.50, 100.00 and 100.00% inhibition of mycelial growth of fungus at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. Among the de-oiled cakes neem cake was found most effective with 37.50, 51.39, 64.17 and 81.94% mycelial growth inhibition at 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent concentration while Trichoderma viride was superior compare to all other tested bioagents with 63.61% growth inhibition of pathogen. Eight different treatments were evaluated for integrated management of chrysanthemum wilt under pot culture. Treatment rooted cuttings treated with tebuconazole 50% +trifloxystrobin 25% WG @0.075% + soil drenching with tebuconazole 50% +trifloxystrobin 25% WG @0.075% after 15 day of transplanting was found most effective with maximum 100% wilt controlThesisItem Open Access Eco-Friendly Management of Leaf Spot of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) SAMPAT JAT; R. N. BunkerThe present study was undertaken on “Eco-friendly management of leaf spot of spinach caused by Alternaria alternata”. The investigations have various aspects viz., isolation of pathogen, identification, pathogenicity test, cultural and morphological characteristics of pathogen in laboratory and evaluation of host plant resistance, fungicides, bio-agents and botanicals in vitro and field condition for the management of alternaria leaf spot of spinach. The pathogen was isolated and purified by single spore isolation technique from diseased leaves of spinach. The pathogencity of Alternaria alternata was proved on susceptible spinach cultivar “All Green” in cage-house. The growth of culture studied in in vitro, showed olive green with regular margin and on later turned grey to dark brown and black colour. Conidiophore were simple cylindrical branched to un-branched and thick walled with 1–4 septate and dark brown in colour. Conidia were pale brown to dark brown in colour and obclavate to obpyriform (muriform) with four to five transverse and zero to two longitudinal septa. The size of conidia was measured within the range of 22-34 μm long × 12-16 μm wide (Average size of conidia 27.40 μm long × 13.90 μm wide). Five spinach cultivars viz., “Swarna”, “Green Star”, “Ever Green”, “Desi palak” and “All Green” were tested against alternaria leaf spot. Cultivar “Swarna” showed minimum per cent disease index 22.53% followed by “Desi Palak” with 24.33% disease index under inoculated condition. Seven fungicides were tested for mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria alternata in the laboratory. Among these tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% (75WG) was found most effective with complete inhibition (100%) of mycelial growth followed by tebuconazole 25.9% EC was found effective at all tested concentration against the pathogen while, among four bio-agents Trichoderma viride was found most effective with 70.00% growth inhibition. Similarly, out of five phyto- extracts tested in vitro against A. alternata, garlic clove extract was found most effective with 63.06%, 75.28%, and 81.94% at 5, 10 and 15 per cent concentration respectively. A field experiment was conducted by using promising treatments for integrated management of alternaria leaf spot of spinach on susceptible cultivar “All Green” on the basis of in vitro studies. Among different seven treatments “seed treatment with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% (75WG) @0.1% + two foliar spray of garlic clove extract @10% + T. viride @ 2% having 2.5×106 c.f.u.ml-1 showed maximum efficacy of disease control 81.09, 76.13, 76.77 at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing respectively. This treatment also gave maximum spinach leafy yield 4.10, 4.35 and 4.57 kg per plot at Ist, IInd and IIIrd cuttings respectivelyThesisItem Open Access Biology and Management of Colletotrichum sublineolum Casuing Anthracnose of Sorghum(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) SACHIN SINGH; Pokhar RawalThe present study was undertaken on “Biology and Management of Colletotrichum sublineolum Causing Anthracnose of Sorghum”. The investigation was purposed; survey, distribution, isolation, purification, identification, pathogenicity test, cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability, screening of promising varieties and hybrids of sorghum and to test the bio-efficacy of new generation fungicides, bio agent and neem oil under in vitro and field conditions. The disease samples of sorghum leaves were collected from different sorghum growing districts of Rajasthan revealed that the highest anthracnose severity (47.52%) was recorded at Agronomy farm, RCA, Udaipur and the least severity (17.60%) was recorded in Kherli village of Alwer district. Isolation of the pathogen and pure cultures were isolated from the diseased samples collected from different surveyed districts. Further conformation is done by proving pathogenicity on pot grown sorghum cultivar “Kekri local” in cage house using Koch’s postulates, identification of the fungus was confirmed as Colletotrichum sublineolum. The pathogen identified was confirmed from ITCC, IARI, New Delhi by deposition of culture with I.D.No.- 11.881.23 as Colletotrichum sublineolum. The fungus exhibited variability with respect to cultural and morphological characters comprises growth, colony colour, number of conidia, pigmentation, size and shape of conidia. Among the cultural variations of isolates, maximum mycelial growth (84.05 mm) was recorded in RJCS-UDZ isolate as greyish white colour colony, fluffy cottony growth with light grey colour of pigmentation. The isolate RJCS-UDZ produced maximum number (65.82 /ml x 107) of conidia. Morphological variability was exhibited, shape of conidia varied from hyaline, smooth, falcate to curved with tapering ends. The maximum length (26.59 μm) and width (4.56 μm) of conidia was recorded in isolate RJCS-ALW. The maximum length (217.02 μm) and width (85.46 μm) of acervuli was recorded in isolate RJCS-ALW. Isolate RJCS-ALWThesisItem Open Access An Economic Analysis of Kasuri Methi (Trigonella corniculata L.) in Rajasthan State(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2024) RAHUL; G.L. MeenaThe study on “An Economic Analysis of Kasuri Methi (Trigonella Corniculata L.) in Rajasthan State” was conducted in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan. The study was based on the farm level primary data. The data were collected from 80 Kasuri methi growers from 4 villages of 2 tehsil in Nagaur district. The study revealed that overall cost of cultivation of Kasuri methi was ₹ 126071.91 which increased with the increase in the farm size. Major item of cost was seed which accounted for 1/3 of the total cost. Overall net income from Kasuri methi leaves production was ₹ 324444.62, which also increased with increase in farm size. Interestingly, the overall cost of production per quintal was ₹ 3794.17 which decreased with the increase in the farm size. The average yield per hectare was 33.22 quintals, which increased with the increase in the farm size. The overall return per rupee investment was 3.24. In the study area, only two marketing channels were found. Channel-I was most preferred through which 64.67 per cent of produce was traded. The market efficiency was higher (4.34%) in Channel- II as compared to channel -I. On an average, a quantity of 152.16 Kg/ha Kasuri methi leaves was lost during harvesting and post harvesting which decreased with the increase in farm size. More than 50 per cent losses were observed in drying and harvesting of Kasuri methi leaves. The study also identified the numerous constraints faced by farmers in production, credits, storage, marketing, harvesting, drying, transportation, weeds, insects and infrastructure. Lack of irrigation facilities, limited access to credit agencies, old drying technology, high fluctuation of prices, costly labour, sun drying take place more time, high transportation cost, intensified weed presence, no collection centre of produce, high interest rate makes difficulty to establishment were found the most serious constraints in the study area. In order to remove these constraints, government should provide seed to farmer at remunerative price, establish collection centre, storage structure and made available advanced mechanized drying of Kasuri methi leaves on customized hiring basis to farmers
