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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING LOW COST SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Jeet Raj; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Sinha, Jitendra; Victor, V.M.; Banwasi, Rakesh; Katre, PrafullLand and water resources are the basic needs of agriculture and for the economic development of any country. The demand for these resources will continue to grow due to ever increasing population. The world population is increasing faster than the food supply. India has only 2.4% of land mass and 4% fresh water resources of the world. Agriculture uses about 70 to 80% of total available water. Drip irrigation method distributes water to the field using the pipe network and transforms it from the pipe network to the plant by emitters. In spite of the advantages of drip irrigation methods, the traditional network in drip irrigation method has many problems. Gravity fed drip irrigation with Soil moisture sensor system is the best available approach for efficient utilization of soil moisture and for producing higher yield to fulfill the ever growing food demand in the country. The present study was conducted on “Evaluation of Low Cost Soil Moisture Sensor Based Automated Drip Irrigation System” at the experimental field of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET & RS, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The aim of the experiment was to integrate and set up a low cost sensor system for monitoring of soil moisture content along with calibration and validation the sensor system in conjunction with the low cost gravity operated drip irrigation system. Laboratory tests of the soil samples revealed its texture as clay loam. Field capacity (27%) and Bulk density (1.34 g cc-1) was obtained. Alfa-mart sensor, TDR and gravimetric method were used to measure soil moisture content. Soil moisture sensor system was calibrated between VMC of 80-50% for field capacity of the soil by using Gravimetric method. Gravity fed drip irrigation system 750 litres overhead (total height 3.55m) tank was used for irrigation. The experiment constituted two treatments Conventionaldrip irrigation (Control) and Sensor based drip irrigation. As Control irrigation water is provided based on farmer practice and Sensor based treatment water was provided according to field moisture content. For Control irrigation and Sensor based drip irrigation 2 and 10 lines of laterals were used respectively. Wetting patterns was measured at 0.25 kg cm-2 operating pressure. Wetted width and depth of soil after 15, 30, 60 and 90, minutes of water application were recorded. The maximum horizontal wetting front advance was observed to be 4.2, 8.2, 11.2 and 16.4 cm respectively and maximum vertical wetting front advance were recorded as 8.4, 12.4, 20.1 and 22.3 cm respectively from emitters with discharge of 1.3 lh-1 at 0.25 kg cm-2. Drip irrigation discharge of 1.03 l h-1 inline emitter was measured at different locations in the field at 10 min interval of different operating head to evaluate out the hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system based on, emission uniformity, emitter flow variation, uniformity coefficient and irrigation efficiencies. Based on the experimental record Emission uniformity (98.80%), Uniformity coefficient (97.94%), Distribution efficiency (97.04%) and Application efficiency (95.62%) were found maximum at operating head 3.35 m to 3.36 m. The growth characters was progressively increased and influenced by different irrigation treatments. In Control irrigation maximum plant height was 98.30 cm, number of branch per plant was 3.50, number of fruit per plant was 15.12, avg. weight of fruit 10.10 gram, avg. length of fruit was 9.30 cm, yield per plant was 209 gram and water use efficiency was 27.68 kg ha-1 mm-1was obtained. In Sensor based treatment maximum plant height was 115.90 cm, number of branch per plant was 4.90, number of fruit per plant was 15.81, avg. weight of fruit 13.40 gram, avg. length of fruit was 11.20 cm, and yield per plant was 234 gram was obtained. Water use efficiency was found maximum (46.76 kg ha-1 mm-1) under sensor based treatment. After calculating total volume of water 4850 m3 used by Control irrigation and 3116.0 m3 for the production of okra in one ha area. So Sensor based treatment safe 1734 m3 of water in one ha area.ThesisItem Open Access WATER AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STUDIES ON GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus grandiflorus) UNDER DRIP ENVIRONMENT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Yadav, Usha; Katre, Prafull; Agrawal, Narendra; Tripathi, M.P.; Tamrakar, Samir K.; Pisalkar, P.S.Agricultural sector consumes the largest percentage of fresh water to cater the need of food forever increasing population. But the resource like land and water is becoming scares. Therefore, we need to increase the water use efficiency by incorporating the modern drip method of irrigation. One of the ways of alleviating water scarcity is by enhancing its use efficiency or productivity. Improving WUE in agriculture will require an increase in crop water productivity (an increase in marketable crop yield per unit of water used by plant) and reduction in water losses from the crop root zone. Hence the present study was taken to workout water requirement of Gladiolus using pan evaporation approach, to study the soil moisture movement, irrigation water distribution pattern and the most appropriate irrigation and fertigation level in Gladiolus under drip environment. The experiment on “Water and Nutrient Management Studies on Gladiolus(Gladiolus grandiflorus) under Drip Environment” was carried out at Borsi Farm of DauKalayan Singh College of Agricultural and Research Station, Bhatapara which is a unit of Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), during Rabi seasonof 2017-2018.The experiment was laid out in a Randomize Block Design. The quality and yield response of Gladiolus to drip irrigation was investigated. The combination of three irrigation levels under drip(I1=0.6 CPE, I2=0.8 CPE, I3=1.0 CPE),three fertigation levels (F1=0.8 RDF, F2=1.0 RDF, F3=1.2 RDF) and one control irrigation (furrow irrigationwith RDF)were taken. Thus total 10 treatmentswere taken. Horizontal and vertical wetting front advance recorded at elapsed time 30, 60,90,120 and 150 minute were found to be 7.10, 11.50, 14.00,18.20 and 23.00 cm respectively and 17.00, 20.50, 24.00,27.80 and 29.00 cm respectively. Which clearly shows that water front advance is faster in vertical direction than in horizontal direction which is quite similar to results of the studies carried out for sandy loam soil. Uniformity coefficient of the drip irrigation system was worked out as 90 %, showing uniformity in depth of water applied over the area. Net depth of water applied to Gladiolus crop during the growth period was measured as 182.22 mm,242.96 mmand 454.4mm for drip irrigation levels I1, I2 and I3 respectively. It was measured as303.7 mm for control irrigation. Water saving under different levels of drip irrigationover the control irrigation was measured as 60 %, 47.08 % and 33 % for I1, I2 and I3 respectively.The maximum water use efficiency (72.52%) was found in treatment T1 and fertilizer use efficiency (6.39 kg kg-1) was found in treatmentT1(Treatment combination I1F1). The soil moisture was maximum in control irrigation and minimum in 0.6 CPE. Among the irrigation levels, maximum moisture content was recorded in control irrigation as 30.15, 30.73 and 30.31 per cent at depths of 15 cm, 25 cm and 35 cm respectively. This is followed by irrigation levels I2 and I3. The minimum soil moisture content was 12.55, 13.20 and 13.20 per cent in 0.6 CPE (I1) at depths of 15 cm, 25 cm and 35 cm respectively. The different observations on each treatmentwere taken such asthe maximum plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, floral character, corm yield and cormel yield. Treatment T1 (treatment combination I1F1) performed best in terms of all these observations.The treatment T1 was found significantly superior in terms of growth and attaining maximum yield of Gladiolus (110119 spikes ha-1) and (110119 corms ha-1). The maximum net monetary returns (6,30,261 Rs.ha-1) and maximum B: C ratio (2.51:1) was found in treatment combination I1F1. The present investigations suggest that Gladiolus crop responded well to drip irrigation at 60 percent CPE with application of water soluble fertilizer at 80 percent RDF in the sandy loam soils of Bhatapara distict.ThesisItem Open Access WATERSHED BASED LAND AND WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (Chhattisgarh), 2018) Verma, Shruti; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Tripathi, M.P.; Jogdand, S.V.; Dewangan, Yeman; Katre, PrafullWatershed is considered as the basic unit for agricultural development. Reliable and timely information on the available natural resources is very much essential to formulate a comprehensive land and water resources plan for sustainable development. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are the advanced and accurate tools to measure various earth resources and its potentials. Technologies are available to solve many watershed problems. Information system is a computer-based system of integration of database, models and user interface which are programmed for easily interpretable results to aid the decision makers. Cadastral or revenue map is normally a parcel based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of a piece of land. Cadastral maps shows the relative location of all parcels in a given village. The maps are commonly available in the scale of 1:4000 to 1:10000. Information such as land type, ownership, or use, can be accessed by these unique parcel codes (Khasra numbers) shown on the cadastral map. Maniari watershed is situated in Lormi block of Mungeli district and located between 21011’0” and 21034’0” N and 81028’30” and 81057’30” E. It falls in SOI topographical map no. 64 F/12 (1:50,000). The Maniari watershed covers geographical area of 1067.63 km2. In Maniari watershed there are 17 sub-watersheds, out of this the study was carried out in the sub-watershed no. 4G3F4n which covers 31.33 km2 area. The general elevation of the area ranges from 230 m to 280 m above Mean Sea Level. The annual average rainfall of the area is 1158 mm. The maximum temperature reaches up to 42 0C in May and December is the coolest month with minimum temperature reaches 19.2 0C The predominant soil of the watershed is found to be clay loam and sandy clay loam. Various thematic maps were prepared by using Survey of India toposheets (1:50000 scale), Digital Globe, WorldView-1 high resolution satellite data (Bundle data, 2.0 m MX + 0.5 m PAN) dated 04/26/2013 and 11/30/2013. High resolution remotely sensed data provides valuable and up-to- date spatial information on natural resources and physical terrain parameters. ERDAS IMAGINE 2016 software was used for image rectification, enhancement and classification operations. Thematic maps including land use/land cover map, DEM, contour and drainage, Lithology and cadastral map were generated using RS and GIS technique. Assessment of availability and utilization trends of surface and groundwater, and surface runoff calculation was done by SCS curve number method. Development of land and water resources information system was carried out by using various software and languages comprising of MySQL, VB.NET, HTML, Java Script, CSS, jQuery. The cloud free geocoded digital data of Digital Globe-Worldview 1 in CD ROM was obtained from the NRSC Data Centre, Hyderabad. Based on the result of xiii image classification and image characteristics, the major land use/ cover classes were identified as settlement (7.71 %), deep water (2.39 %), shallow water (1.69 %), low land paddy (23.41 %), mid land paddy (21.10 %), soyabean (2.31 %), current fallow (25.60 %), barren land (1.20 %), water hyacinth (0.67 %), sugarcane (8.62 %), and plantation (5.28 %). Paddy soybean and sugarcane were the major crops of the study area. Based on the preparation and overlaying of various thematic maps, along with analysis of agrometeorological (Rainfall), hydrological and geomorphological data it was found that, the sub-watershed consists of 4th order stream network with total length, bifurcation ratio and drainage density as 52.78 km, 4.70 and 1.68 respectively. The average rainfall and average surface runoff of Maniari Sub-Watershed for 11 years (2007-2017) was 1261.83 mm and 273.38 mm respectively. The average specific yield of the study area was 0.025 taken from the previous study. In the study area the average fluctuation was found as 1.23 m whereas the recharge of ground water was 0.97 MCM. The net available ground water in the study sub-watershed was found to be 0.87 MCM. A viable, cost-effective, object-oriented and generic toolkit, called ‘‘LWRIS: Land and Water Resources Information System’’ using emerging tools and technologies such as, soft computing, GIS, RS, GPS etc. was developed for integrated watershed planning and management of its natural resources. The effective development of the LWRIS illustrates successful formulation of the framework for supported web-based sustainability. The LWRIS developed with an aim of providing a proper land and water information collection, storage and dissemination platform which can be used to get the information at field level.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF USED PLASTIC BASED MULCHING SYSTEM FOR RABI ONION (Allium Cepa) UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Banjare, Chandrakali; Sinha, Jitendra; Khalkho, Dhiraj; Pisalkar, P.; Ramole, Sweta; Pandey, Vinay K.Mulching is the addition of inorganic or organic or synthetic material such as plastic sheets, paddy straw, stones, pebbles, cover crop residue or live plant to the soil surface to provide one or several ecosystem services such as enriching or protecting the soil, suppress weed growth, retain soil moisture, prevent freezing of roots, preventing pest establishment or enhancing crop yield. Polythene mulches have been practiced for soil solarisation during winter months in various vegetable crops in order to control different soil based diseases, insects and weeds and have been found superior over other types of mulches, but plastics does create environmental problems. On the other hand, due to extensive and widespread applications of plastic in all walks of life, every day tons of plastic waste is produced. There is an urgent need to arrest expansion of plastic by means of Refuse or Reduce or Reuse or Recycle. What every individual can do is refuse, reduce and reuse. With refuse and reduce, the technology will be overlooked so the benefits will also be reduced. Hence, one of the solutions is reuse. Therefore, an experiment entitled “Performance Evaluation of Used Plastic Based Mulching System for Rabi Onion (Allium Cepa) under Drip Irrigation” was conducted on clay loam soil at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET & RS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during winter season (November to February) in the year 2017-18. The aim of the experiment was to study the Hydraulic performance of existing drip irrigation system under different operating pressure, to prepare mulching sheet from used plastic material, to evaluate the performance of used plastic based mulches in terms of change in micro-climate on the basis of soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil moisture depletion, weed population, growth and yield of rabi onion and to estimate the Economic feasibility of used plastic based mulches in comparison with the conventional mulches in randomized block designed with three replications. Actual Evapotranspiration for rabi onion crop was estimated using modified Penman method. Comparison was made among the eight different types of mulching condition viz. black plastic mulch (BPM), silver plastic mulch (SPM), used whitish wheat flour bag mulch (WFBM), used reddish rice bag mulch (RBM), used yellow cement bag mulch (FBM), Paddy straw mulch (PSM), soil mulch (SM) and without mulch (WM). Hydraulic performances of drip irrigation system were studied for 2.4 l h-1 inline emitters at 1.2 and 1.5 kg cm-2 pressures. To ensure uniformity of irrigation, normal operating pressure was maintained and measured by pressure gauges, provided at the filtration unit and also its variation was recorded in different components of drip system. The soil temperatures were recorded by Digital Soil Thermometer at 7:30 AM and 2:00 PM in 5 and 10 cm soil depth and the soil moisture contents and soil moisture depletions were evaluated by using Time Domain Reflectometer at 5 cm depth of soil under different types of mulches. The findings indicated that the hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system was found good and needs to be operated at 1.2-1.5 kg cm-2 pressure for 2.4 lh-1 inline emitter. At a particular spacing, the emission uniformity, uniformity coefficient and irrigation efficiencies increases when operating pressure is increased but coefficient of variation and emitter flow variation decreases when operating pressure is increased. The maximum soil temperature was recorded under BPM followed by SPM, WFBM, used CBM, used RBM, PSM, SM and WM at 5 cm and 10 cm soil depth at 7:30 AM, respectively. The maximum soil temperature at 2:00 PM was recorded under BPM as compare to SPM, used WFBM, used CBM, used RBM, SM, WM and minimum soil temperature was recorded under PSM at 5 cm and 10 cm soil depth, respectively. Also, from this study, it was found that during forenoon soil temperature increases with increasing soil depth but in afternoon the trend was vice-versa. The maximum soil moisture content (27.89 %) was found under BPM and minimum soil moisture content (21.52 %) was found under used WM. Similarly soil moisture depletion was found minimum in BPM (0.31 mm) and maximum under WM (3.08 mm) under all eight types of mulches. The benefit cost ratio (2.28) was worked out higher under BPM followed by SPM (2.26), used WFBM (2.21), used CBM (2.12), used RBM (2.06), PSM (1.98) SM (1.86) and WM (1.71). The maximum water use efficiency was found under BPM (1.13 q ha-1mm-1) and it was followed by SPM (1.11 q ha-1mm-1), used WFBM (0.94 q ha-1mm-1), used CBM (0.90 q ha-1mm-1), used RBM (0.87 q ha-1mm-1), PSM (0.78 q ha-1mm-1), SM (0.72 q ha-1mm-1) and WM (0.66 q ha-1mm-1), respectively. Based on the result obtained, it is concluded that the performance of used plastic bags as mulch is closer to BPM for getting higher production. In Rabi season under rabi onion crop, mulching roll can be prepared from used rice bags, cement bags, wheat flour bag etc. which are available with the farmers in plenty and can be reused as low cost mulching material satisfactorily by small and marginal farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Physiological Demand of Work During Mechanical Weeding by Ambika Paddy Weeder(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Patel, Meera; Quasim, M.; Verma, A.K.; Katre, P.; Saxena, R.R.Mechanical weeder are used to perform weeding operation and thus reduces the time, cost and drudgery involved in manual weeding. The physiological demands of work of female farm workers belonging to different age groups at different working hours were evaluated during mechanical weeding by Ambika paddy weeder. Proper matching of machine requirements with operator’s capabilities is necessary to achieve better performance. The use of female anthropometric data of selected age groups can help in the proper designing of new equipments and modifying the existing one. Therefore, survey of anthropometric data of female agricultural workers was conducted from the Raipur and Mahasamund region of Chhattisgarh state, eastern India. The survey was conducted on 200 female agricultural workers having five different age groups A1 (20-25), A2 (25-30), A3 (30-35), A4 (35-40) and A5 (40-45) years, forty (40) female worker from each age groups were selected to collect 22 basic anthropometry data necessary for operating manual weeder. The collected data were analyzed to find mean stature, weight, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, standard error, range, 5th, 50th, 95th percentile values, Pearson correlation coefficients. The anthropometric data was evaluated within five different age groups of female agricultural workers. Mean stature of the female agricultural workers were 1508 (±53) mm, the mean weight of female agricultural workers was 50(±9) kg. There was difference of 170 mm between 5th and 95th percentile values of stature of female workers. The coefficient of variation was maximum for weight (17.6%) as compared to other body dimensions. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.13 to 0.81. The analysis of anthropometric data suggests that most of the selected body dimensions were linearly related to her stature. Most of the body dimensions increased considerably with increase in percentile values of stature from 5th to 95th. The result revealed that mean weight of the agricultural workers is gradually increases as the age increases. A large variation was observed in the anthropometric data of female agricultural workers of different states of India and other countries. To assess the physiological cost and body discomfort experienced by the subjects , fifteen female subjects representing five age groups were selected to conduct field experiments. The Heart rate of female belongs to A5, A4, A3, A2 and A1 were 123.35, 119.07, 116.13, 108.39, 110.91 beats/min respectively. Oxygen consumption rate was found to be, 0.726, 0.677, 0.644, 0.556, and 0.584 l/min respectively and The Energy expenditure rate was found to be, 10.88, 10.19, 9.74, 8.49 and 8.90 kJ/min respectively. Working during 11:00 AM to 1:00PM for all the female workers of selected age groups developed maximum heart rate, oxygen consumption rate and energy expenditure rate as compared to 8:00 to 10:00 AM and 3:00 to 5:00 PM. Agricultural workers of 40 to 45 year age group developed maximum working heart rate as compared to agricultural workers of other age groups. Mean overall discomfort rating on a 10 point visual analogue discomfort scale (0- no discomfort, 10- extreme discomfort) was 5.37 and scaled as “moderate discomfort”. It is comfortable to operate this machine. If only one worker is engaged for the weeding operation with this equipment, 4 minute rest could be provided after operating the equipment continuously for the 8 minute period. The female workers belongs to higher age groups requires longer time to reach their resting heart rate. The ANOVA based statistical analysis showed that weeding operation had significant influences on age group of workers and timings in a day. Based on these analysis the data is used for comparing performance evaluation, physiological demand of work of different age group of worker while operating manual weeder to enhance efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Residue management through tillage practice in combine harvested rice field(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Sonwani, Suryakant; Quasim, M.; Verma, A.K.; Tiwari, Alok; Ramole, S.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important crop of India and it occupies 23.30 percent of gross cropped area of the country. Straw management and crop rotation alternative to burning straw by using machinery, straw height reduction helps in decomposition of straw. Straw management done by first chopping of stubbles and then incorporating in the soil with conventional tillage equipment or spread it as such in the field without incorporation. It was studied that the chopped straw might take less time for decomposition in the field as to increase the microbial activities it is necessary to increase the surface contact area of straw with soil. Straw management practice was performed in the field of Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G) and farmer field at village Avari, Raipur (C.G.) by using the different combination of machinery i.e. disc harrow, disc plough and rotavator (T1), stubble shaver, disc plough and rotavator (T2), mulcher, disc plough and rotavator (T3) and combination of straw shredder disc plough and rotavator (T4) to incorporate the straw in the soil. The machine parameters were theoretical field capacity, actual field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, energy requirement, the soil properties were moisture content, bulk density, cone Index, pulverization Index, mixing Index and physical properties of straw were moisture content, straw height, weight, straw population measured during field operation. Experiment was conducted by taken four treatments with five replications comprised of different combinations of independent parameters on both site-I and site-II. Experimental analysis was done by randomized block designed. Each replication for every treatment was carried out in a separate plot. The maximum reduction in bulk density was observed in T3 for site-I 26.59% and for site-II 23.81% that was combination of mulcher, disc plough and rotavator because in this condition mixing of straw was found more than the other treatments T1, T2, and T4. The maximum reduction in straw length observed in T3 that was 81.93% for site-I and 82.34% for site-II that was combination of mulcher, disc plough and rotavator because in this condition mixing of straw was found more than the other treatments followed by T4, T1 and T2 for both site-I and site-II. Carbon content improvement was observed maximum in T3 that was 26.22% for site-I and 24.49% for site-II. Minimum energy requirement observed in treatment T3 that was 3076.41MJ/ha for site-I and 2995.79 MJ/ha for site-II. Minimum cost of operation calculated in treatment T3 that was ₹ 5308.22/ha for site-I and ₹ 5179.57/ha for site-II.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of subsoiler in IGKV fields(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Sateesh Kumar; Verma, A.K.; Jogdand, S.V.; Tripathi, V.K.; Pradhan, M.K.Soil can become deeply compacted in areas tracked by heavy agricultural machineries for primary as well as secondary tillage operation and land management practices. Performance of Subsoiler at field condition and effect was studied on soil, machine and crop parameters. Subsoiling fractures compacted soil without adversely disturbing plant life, topsoil and surface residue. Fracturing compacted soil promotes root penetration by reducing soil density and strength, improving moisture infiltration and retention and increasing air space in the soil. First we select two fields that was IGKV Raipur as Field–I and at Urai Dabari, Rajnandgaon as Field-II. Field-I had dorsa soil and Field-II had kanhar soil. To conduct experiment three depth of operation (35 cm, 40 cm and 45 cm) and spacing (2 m, 4 m and 6 m) of subsoiling was taken as treatment. Combination of depth and spacing was making total 9 treatments and one control treatment also taken for both soil conditions. Experimental analysis was done by Factorial Randomized Block Design to analyze effect of depth and spacing of subsoiling on physical properties of soil (bulk density, cone Index), machine parameters (Field capacity, field efficiency, draft, speed of operation, fuel consumption etc.) and crop parameters (root length, plant height at 15 DAS, 35 DAS and 45 DAS). The one shank subsoiler having shank size (4 cm×15 cm×91) cm was operated by use of 55 hp tractor. The minimum bulk density after subsoiling operation of was observed at 50-200 mm depth that was 1.33 g/cc and 1.35 g/cc respectively Field-I and Field-II. Variation was observed in bulk density because of different soil condition on both fields. The wheel slip tractor on Field-I observed in the range of 12.81-20.99 % and of Field-II the range was 8.72-15.53 % of all treatments. The draft of different operation observed in the range of 10.12-15.60 kN and 9.80-14.80 kN for field-I and field-II respectively. Maximum energy requirement was found at T3 that was 617.61 MJ/ha and 563.70 MJ/ha for Field-I and Field-II respectively and minimum energy requirement was found at T7 for both field-I and field-II that was 114.29 MJ/ha and 108.45 MJ/ha respectively. Maximum cost of operation was found at T3 that was ₹ 1132.63/ha and ₹ 1035.35/ha for Field-I and Field-II respectively and minimum cost of operation was found at T7 for both Field-I and Field-II that was ₹ 222.47/ha and ₹ 211.62/ha respectively.ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED FARM OPERATIONS IN RELATION TO DRUDGERY REDUCTION OF FARM WOMEN(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Gautam, Amita; Jogdand, S.V.; Verma, A.K.; Katre, P; Pradhan, M.K.; Khare, NeetaWomen constitute a major task force in agricultural operations in India. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the ergonomics of women operators involved in weeding, harvesting, threshing, winnowing and to suggest modifications for further reduction of human drudgery. Ergonomical parameters like working heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), energy expenditure rate (EER), body part discomfort score (BPDS) and overall discomfort rate (ODR) were evaluated. Ten subjects from the age group of 25-50 years were selected for the above study.The use of female anthropometric data can help in the proper designing of new equipment and modifying the existing machine. Nineteen body dimensions including weight of the subject useful in agricultural equipment design were identified and measured from 10 female agricultural workers of the region. Mean, standard deviation, standard error, 5th and 95th percentile, range was estimated for each body dimension. These body dimensions were correlated with stature. Three female subjects were selected from anthropometric consideration to represent 95th, 50th and 5th percentile of the population of the region. These subjects were used in field trials for ergonomical and mechanical evaluation with selected farm implements for weeding, harvesting, threshing and winnowing operations. Physiological cost and body discomfort were evaluated. The mean values of stature, age and weight for female agricultural workers were149 cm, 39.7 year and 44.5 kgrespectively.Linear relationship was found between most of the body measurements and stature for agricultural workers of the region. The mean HR,OCR, EER, ODR and BPDS for female subjects were 102 beats/min, 0.483 l/min, 7.4 kJ/min, 5.81, 65 and 119 beats/min, 0.67 l/min, 10.2 kJ/min, 6.2, 76.2, respectively for morning and afternoon and the mean ΔHR and BP were 17.3 beats/min and114.6/78.3 mm Hg, respectively byAmbika paddy weederwhich was lower than hand weeding method. The speed, theoretical field capacity, effective field capacity, field efficiency and weeding efficiency were 2.3 km/hr, 0.0253 ha/h, 0.01704 ha/h, 67.35 % and 74.28%respectively. The mean HR, OCR, EER, ODR and BPDS for female subjects were 106 beats/min, 0.528 l/min, 8.1 kJ/min, 7.36, 46.5 and 117 beats/min, 0.65 l/min, 9.1 kJ/min, 7.64, 48.5, respectively for morning and afternoon and the mean ΔHR and BP were 10.6 beats/min and123/78 mm Hg, respectively. For all the value of above parameter were lower in serrated sickle operation as compare to traditional sickle operation. Threshing by paddy thresher operation shows that, the value of these parameter were found lower as compared to hand beating operation i.e. the mean HR,OCR, EER, ODR and BPDS for female subjects were 95.0 beats/min, 0.403 l/min, 6.38 kJ/min, 3.73, 41.7 and 104.6 beats/min, 0.513 l/min, 7.9 kJ/min, 4.43, 42.9 respectively for morning and afternoon and the mean ΔHR and BP were 10.1 beats/min and113.5/7 mm Hgrespectively. Similarly for winnowing operation, improved practice (winnowing by fan), the values of all the 5 parameters were observed lower than the traditional practice of winnowing.ThesisItem Open Access FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT HYDROPONIC SYSTEM UNDER PROTECTED STRUCTURES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) Krishan, Kavita; Tripathi, M.P.; Katre, Prafull; Patel, S.; Singh, JitendraHydroponic culture is possibly the most intensive method of crop production in today’s agriculture industry. In combination with greenhouses or protective covers, it uses advanced technology and is capital intensive. It is highly productive, conservative of water and land, and protective of the environment. There has been increasing interest in the use of hydroponic or soilless techniques for producing greenhouse horticultural crops. The future growth of hydroponics depends greatly on the development of systems of production which are competitive in costs with systems of open field agriculture. Present study was carried out for Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Different Hydroponic System under Protected Structures at the centre of excellence on protected cultivation and precision farming (CoE-PCPF), College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during the year 2017-18. The experiment was laid out with six treatments T1 (A-frame PVC pipe), T2 (A-frame UPVC pipe), T3 (A-frame CPVC pipe), T4 (U shape PVC pipe), T5 (U shape UPVC pipe), T6 (U shape CPVC pipe) of hydroponic system. The transplanting of seedlings of lettuce and leafy garlic was done in perforated net pots with a media of coco-pit and vermiculite in 3:1 proportion and clay pellets. Irrigation was applied to the crop by ebb flow technique. The pH and EC of the hydroponic solution were maintained in the range of 5.5 to 6.5 and 1.5 to 2.5 dS/m respectively in the tank. For applying the water and nutrients solution into the structure, the Ebb and Flow system has been followed. These system is works by temporarily flooding the grow channel with nutrient solution and then draining the solution back into the reservoir. This action is normally done with a submerged pump that is connected to a timer. When the timer turns the pump on nutrient solution is pumped into the grow tray and when it shuts the pump off the nutrient solution flows back into the reservoir. The setting of timer is depending upon the size and type of plants, temperature and humidity and the type of growing medium used. The Ebb & Flow is a versatile system that can be used with a variety of growing mediums. Hydroponic system in the present study has been fabricated with the help of locally available material which reduced cost of construction substantially. Few specific things which are not easily available in local market viz net pots, clay pellets etc. have been procured thorough online marketing. Effects of material on the growth of plants and EC and pH level of nutrient solution have also been studied and it is found than material has a very little or no effect on the growth as well as EC and pH aspects of nutrient solution at least in the first year of cultivation which might be changed in later years. Appearance wise good and moderately costlier UPVC pipes can be a better option for the design and construction of commercial hydroponic systems. A lot of works can be done in the field of hydroponic systems as this technique still is in nascent condition in India. Scientific research in this field is very essential for the wide spread adoption of this technique among urban people to fulfil their nutrient requirements as well as for conservation of vital natural resources. The present study opens the doors for such things to do in future.