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ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM FOREST MUSHROOMS OF CHHATTISGARH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO Termitomyces-Termitarium-corpus(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Badhai, Pradeep Kumar; Singh, H.K.; Shukla, C.S.; Khokhar, D.; Lakpale, N.; Chandrakar, G.Present study entitled “Biological Insights from Forest Mushrooms of Chhattisgarh with special reference to Termitomyces-Termitarium corpus” was carried out in the Mushroom Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, IGKV, Raipur. In the present investigation a systematic survey was carried out during 2018 and 2019 to prepare an inventory as well as document the wild edible macrofungi of Chhattisgarh their usage in ethnomedicine, tribal gastronomy and folk cusine. The first macrofungi appearing post first rains both on forest floors as well as in the Chhattisgarh markets were Amanita loosii (Sugamunda), Amanita caesarea (Haldi phutu), Amanita vaginata, Agaricus perobscurus, Astraeus hygrometricus (Sal boda, Sarai boda), Russula rosea (Paan Phutu), Boletus spp. (Jam phutu), Boletus edulis., Bovista dermoxantha, Russula congoana Lactariuis spp. (White) Lactarius spp. (Light yellow), Russula albonigra (Black), Canthrellus subalbidus (Baans phutu). Most of them were found to be in symbiotic association with roots of Sal (Sarai) trees as well as with bamboo plantations. They were documented as ectomycorrhizal fungi contributing to the biomass of CG forests. The termitophillous fungi in symbiotic association with termites were documented and identified as Termitomyces heimii (white), T. heimii (greyish) T. eurrhizus, T. clypeatus, T. cylindricus, T. robustus, T. microcarpus (small), T. bulborhizus, T. umkowaan, T. globulus, T.striatus, T. mammiformis and T. aurantiacus. The biology and ecology of T. heimii, T. clypeatus and T. microcarpus was worked out. The ethnic information from tribals especially Baiga and Maria tribes revealed the use of different Termitomyces spp. to treat measles, yellow fever, diarrhoea, bleeding, constipation, wound, muscular pain, skin disease, cough, cold, indigestion etc. It was also found that fruiting bodies are burned and inhaled to speed up the occurrence, maturation, scaling of chicken pox and even after pregnancy to reduce pain. Other edible and some non edible fungi recorded were Auricularia spp., Bovista dermoxantha, Dacryopinax spathularia, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lentinus cladopus, Lentinus tigrinus, Macrocybe gigantea. Macrolepiota procera, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, Sparassis spp., Schizophylum commune, Ramaria spp. Volvariella bombycina, Volvariella volvacea and Xylaria spp. Different species were distinguishable based on macroscopic characters. Spore prints were obtained. Further a detailed study of the Termitophyllus mushrooms was performed. Termatarium of macrotermitinae species were opened to expose the fungus comb, from which sporodochia bearing fungus comb were aseptically removed and were kept in a box to induce growth using wheat extract at 26-28°C. T. clypeatus and T. heimii were culture from basidiome asising from comb, gut of workers as well as fruiting body revealing a raised, tough, cerebriform mycelium mat considered as stroma. Closely compacted conidiophores to form synnematous structures were observed in T. clypeatus. Highest mycelial growth of T. clypeatus was observed on WDA media (77.33 mm) followed by MEA media (64 mm) at 30 days. The optimum temperature range for mycelium growth of T. clypeatus was found to be 28°C and the optimum pH range for mycelium growth of T. clypeatus was between 4.5 -8.0 and the optimum pH was 6.0. The wavelength corresponding green light was found best for mycelial growth on PDA media. Highest and fast mycelial growth on millets grain medium. The nutrient status of the Termitarium soil revealed higher available nitrogen, potassium content and organic carbon as compared to adjacent soils during the time of fruit induction. Further spawn run was observed in bags containing 0.5 kg termitarium soil, 500gm saw dust, 200gm wheat bran and 100 gm leaf litter from near the fertile termitarium. After 45 days of spawn run, when casing with vermicompst, soil and rotten FYM in the ratio of 2:1:1 induced pinheads and fruiting body after 20 days of case run. Further nutritional attributes of T. mammiformis, T. heimii and T. microcarpus revealed that protein content in these mushrooms were 21.1%, 34.6% and 24.6% respectively. Furthermore the fat content was found higher in T. heimii (5.23%); fibre and carbohydrate content was found higher in T. mammiformis (13.58% and 53.40%). Thus this investigation was a first attempt to simulate the in situ ecological microclimate to cultivate Termitomyces apart from making a mushroom map of Chhattisgarh and an inventory of ethnomedicinal information of wild mushrooms.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC VARIABILITY IN BOLD SEEDED LINSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Patel, Jhanendra; Rao, S.S.; Mehta, Nandan; Verma, K.P.; Saxena, R.R.; Shrivastav, RajeevLinseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual self-pollinated crop with originating either in the Middle East or the Indian regions. The bold seeded linseed alone has never been exploited for yield improvement of crop and its oil yield potential. Hence, for the present investigation the different source for variability of bold seed character in germplasm is taken. Generally in linseed the comparing bold seeded with medium and small seeded, the advantage lies with better germination and seedling vigour giving robust plant growth which ultimately produces more branches and capsule and finally will produce more seed yield and seed oil content, respectively. Keep in view the above mention points, the recent experiment was conducted entitled “Genetic variability in bold seeded linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was managed at “Research cum instructional farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh” during 2019-20 rabi season. The material were used in the research work comprises of 45 bold seeded genotypes along with checks (RLC-92 and R-552). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 3 replications. The observations taken for different agro-morphological traits based on linseed descriptor, Kanpur (2010) “National guidelines for the conduct of tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability in linseed, India” published as per “Catalogue on linseed germplasm, Project Coordinating Unit (Linseed), Kanpur, (2010)” are “plant height (cm), days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per pant, total number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight (g), oil content (%), seed yield per plant (g) and harvest index (%).” Analysis of variance disclosed that “significant differences exist for all the traits taken under study from bold seeded linseed genotypes. It indicates that there is presence of sufficient amount of variation among the bold seeded genotype of linseed for seed yield and its contributing traits.” The highest seed weight (8.75 g) and seed yield per plant (2.26 g) observed for R-4275 genotypes. The “highest genotypic coefficient of variation observed for number of capsules per plant followed by number of secondary branches per plant, number of primary branches per plant and harvest index (%). However, highest value phenotypic coefficient of variation observed for number of capsules per plant subsequently, number of secondary branches per plant, harvest index (%) and number of primary branches per plant.” “Highest heritability showed by 1000-seed weight (g) followed by plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and number of capsules per plant whereas, the highest genetic advance recorded for number of capsules per plant subsequently, number of secondary branches per plant, number of primary branches per plant and harvest index (%).” This shows that certain traits are influenced by additive gene action and selection will be rewarded for the improving such traits. Association analysis showed that “positive and significant correlation of 1000-seed weight with number of capsules per plant and total number of branches per plant. In contrast, seed yield per plant observed positive and significant correlation with 1000-seed weight (g), harvest index (%) and days to 50% flowering.” Diversity analysis through D2-analysis was carried out among 45 bold seeded genotypes of linseed. Cluster analysis distributes the 45 genotypes into 8 clusters. Cluster I has maximum number of genotypes i.e. 27 genotypes. Based on “intra-cluster distance, the most diverse clusters among all clusters were cluster III whereas, the highest inter cluster D2 values were observed between cluster VI and IV (711.93) followed by cluster VI and V (696.75), cluster VI and II (551.16), cluster III and II (487.20) and cluster VIII and IV (461.72). Highly diverse genotypes can be used in hybridization programme.” Present investigation revealed that about the best bold seeded genotype of linseed with respect to various traits including “1000-seed weight (g) are R-4275 followed by R-4285, R-3579, R-3990 and R-3772 whereas, for seed yield per plant (g) R-4275 followed by RLC-92 (check), RLC-175, R-4285 and R-552 (check), they were represented high yielding genotypes of linseed.” In this, high yield and bold seed offers ample opportunity to enhance linseed cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS ISOLATES INDUCING DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN RICE AND WHEAT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2018) AKASH, P.; VERULKAR, SATISH B.; JHA, ZENU; KOTASTHANE, ANIL S.; SAXENA, R.R.The present investigation was carried out in Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory at the Department of Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Roots are the important part of a plant which were unnoticed in the circle of crop production of cereals. Roots which grow into the complex soil system have to face a lot of obstacles, both abiotic and biotic.The role of microbes in management of biotic and abiotic stresses is gaining importance and they are one of the major parts of soil which shows tremendous different activities in relation with crops. Beneficial microorganisms colonize the rhizosphere / endo-rhizosphere of plants and promote growth of the plants through various direct and indirect mechanisms. The development of stress tolerant crop varieties through genetic engineering and plant breeding is essential but a long drawn process, whereas microbial inoculation to alleviate stresses in plants could be a more cost effective environmental friendly option which could be available in a shorter time frame. Finding the effective isolate which can induce water stress tolerance in host plants requires both laboratory and on field studies. In the present study 31 fluorescent pseudomonas isolates(P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P16, P17, P18, P19, P21, P22, P23, P24, P25, P27, P28, P29, P30, P66, P141, P200, P229, P260) were tested under different aspects like responds to different biochemical tests, PCR based molecular analysis and actual field performance. PCR based DNA finger printing revealed polymorphism between 31 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonas. All cultures responds variably towards biochemical tests and P5, P7, P8 and P10 were identified as the most potential isolate which can induce water stress tolerance to rice and wheat. These potential isolates can be further used for gene expression studies in host crops and can explore different array of changes.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED TUBER CROPS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AMONG THE TRIBAL FARMERS OF BASTAR DISTRICT (C.G.)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Pandey, Lemesh Kumar; Sengar, R.S.The study was conducted during the year 2015-16 in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. The Chhattisgarh consists of 27 districts, out of which Bastar district was purposively selected for the study because maximum area covers the tuber crops in the area. In Bastar district there are 7 blocks namely Jagdalpur, Bastar, Bakawand, Tokapal, Darbha, Bastanar and Lohandiguda.Out of which 2 block Bastar and Bakawand was selected for the study. Four villages from each block were selected for the study and fifteen respondents from each selected village were considered as respondents. Thus in this way total 120 respondents were selected for the study. The data were tabulated and analyzed with the help of suitable statistical tools and methods. The findings of this study revealed that Most of the farmers (40.00 per cent) had illiterate and had participate in one organization. The respondents had medium annual income and majority of the respondents (20.84 per cent) most of the farmers taking loan from the co-operative societies for the short term loan. The study also reveals that Maximum number of the farmers had agriculture as the main occupation and had small size (Upto 2.5 – 5 acres) of landholdings.The findings reveal that Maximum number of respondents (65.83 per cent) had moderately attitude towards recommended tuber crops production technology and source of communication. Results reveals that yield of adopters of technical interventions were increased every year. As far as results also shows that none of the farmers are fully technical efficient, so more number of inputs like seeds and fertilizers are increased for achieving maximum technical efficiency range. The findings reveal that there are two marketing channels are used by the tuber growers: 1.Channel I: - producer – consumer 2. Channel II – producer –village merchant – wholesaler-retailer- consumer Results revealed that maximum number of the respondents (60.84) had medium level of innovativeness and 37.50 per cent had irrigation source are not available and maximum number of the respondents (42.67 per cent) use river as the irrigation sources. An analysis of Practice wise level of knowledge towards recommended practices for all tuber crops results showed that the maximum number of respondents had high level of knowledge towards selection of land followed by preparation of land. While irrigation schedule, time of sowing, planting distance, intercultural operation had medium level of knowledge towards recommended tuber crops production technology. Results indicated that maximum number of the respondents had high extent of adoption toward selection of land and harvesting while sowing time, planting distance, manure and fertilizer application, and irrigation schedule had medium level of knowledge towards recommended tuber crops production technology. The coefficient of co-relation between Landholding, source of communication, innovativeness and technical intervention and attitude were found to positive and highly significant. The remaining variables were found non-significant. Regarding multiple regression analysis, revealed study two variables viz. attitude innovativeness and occupation were found to be contributed significant towards recommended tuber crops production technology at 0.01 and 0.05 level of probability respectively. Remaining variables are non- significant with the recommended tuber crops production technology. The important socio- personal constraints faced by the respondents per cent lack of education under socio-economic category faced by the (52.50 per cent ) respondents were unavailability of lack of seed and fertilizer in well in time..In case of technical constraints, the respondents reported lack of recommended production technology (60.00).In case of psychological constraints the maximum respondents expressed lack of risk bearing capacity (51.66 per cent).In case of market and storage related constraints maximum no. of respondents (65.00 per cent) reported that the lack of minimum support price for tuber crops. In addition to lack of storage facilities was also reported as a constraints by 38.33 per cent of respondents in adoption of recommended tuber crops production technology. In case of transportation related problem 52.50 per cent reported as lack of storage facilities as major constraints in adoption of recommended tuber crops production technology. Result reveals that maximum( 62.50 per cent) suggested that Govt. should be formulated better policies for tuber crops, followed by planting material should be provided well in time (65.00 per cent), extension agencies should be organized training programmes for the tuber crops production technology(37.50), processing industry should be developed by the Govt.(53.33 per cent), market should be regulated by the Govt. for tuber crops(63.33) and lastly procedure for providing loan should be simple and easy(48.33 per centThesisItem Open Access ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIP OF POWDERY MILDEW OF BLACK GRAM, ITS MANAGEMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF POWDERY MILDEW FUNGI OF CHHATTISGARH.(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2016) Patil, Kushavart Prakash; Awadhiya, G.K.ThesisItem Open Access "Long Term effect of Fertilizer and Manure on Soil Organic Pools under Rice Wheat Cropping system in Vertisol."(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur, 2015) Joshi, Sanjay Kumar; Bajpai, R.K.