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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CABBAGE IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2021) Painkra, Bindiya; Srivastava, L.K.; Mishra, V.N.; Saxena, R.R.; Sharma, D.; Tedia, K.Micronutrient and growth regulators both play important role in sustaining agricultural production under intensive cultivation and changing scenario of climate. Therefore, study was conducted to find out the effect of foliar application of micronutrients and growth regulators on growth, yield quality and nutrient uptake by cabbage in a Vertisol. The present investigation was carried out during Rabi Season of the years 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Instructional Farm, IGKV Raipur (C.G.) with eighteen different combinations of foliar application of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) and growth regulators (GA3 + NAA) with different micronutrient omission treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design consisting micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B - 100 ppm and Mo – 50 ppm), with growth regulators (GA3 – 50 ppm and NAA - 80 ppm) applied twice as foliar application at 20 and 40 DAT. The present study demonstrates that combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient with growth regulators T18 (B + Mo + Fe + Zn + GA + NAA) recorded maximum plant height (27.60 cm), plant spread (62.88 cm2), head diameter (16.17 cm2), leaf yield (22 q ha-1), head yield (455 q ha-1), chlorophyll content (0.48 mg/g of fresh wt.), protein content (0.84 %) and macro and micro nutrient uptake by cabbage. However, the micronutrients omission i.e. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B and Mo was found to be significantly reduces the plant height, plant spread, leaf and head yield, protein and chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Large reductions in the yield of cabbage were observed with the omission of B (T9) as compared to the other micronutrient omission treatments. The yield reductions were more pronounced with B omission. This indicates that B (T9) was the most yield limiting micronutrients followed by Fe (T4), Zn (T5) and Cu (T7). However, the foliar application of micronutrient enhances the plant height, head diameter, leaf and head yield, quality content and nutrient uptake of cabbage. Similarly, the foliar application of growth regulators (GA3 and NAA) may also significantly improve the growth, yield and quality of cabbage. The combined effects of foliar application of micronutrient (100 ppm) with GA3 (50 ppm) and NAA (80 ppm) twice at 20 and 40 DAT was found to be most effective for significant increased in growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of cabbage. The work recommended that foliar fertigation of micronutrient (B + Mo + Fe + Zn) with growth regulators (GA + NAA) can enhance the quality and yield performance of cabbage.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF LONG TERM FERTILIZATION ON OXIDIZABLE CARBON STATUS AND SOIL AGGREGATES UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Patel, Himanshu; Tiwari, Alok; Samadhiya, V.K.; Lakhera, M.L.; Soni, RavindraThe All India Coordinated Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment has been continued since 1999 at Research farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur. The present study entitled “Impact of long term fertilization on oxidizable carbon status and soil aggregates under rice-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol of Chhattisgarh” under wheat crop was carried out during rabi season for the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design, replicated four times with ten permanent treatments viz. Control, 50%NPK, 100%NPK,150%NPK, 100%NPK+Zn (ZnSO4 @10 kg ha-1 in Kharif only), 100%NP, 100% N, 100%NPK+FYM (5 t /ha in Kharif crop only), 50%NPK+BGA (10 Kg/ha dry culture in Kharif crop only), 50%NPK+GM (sown in site, cut and mixed in soil in kharif season only). The FYM, BGA, GM and Zn were applied in kharif season only as per treatments, while, in rabi season, only graded doses of fertilizers were applied as above. Soil physical properties have significant effect on nutrient accessibility which was significant credits of soil quality. It was observed from experiment that increasing levels of NPK with and without organic manure decreased the bulk density (BD) at both the depths as compared to without inorganic fertilizers. BD under 100% NPK+FYM was 1.36 and 1.39 Mg m-3 at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth, respectively which was significantly lower as compared to other treatments. Porosity of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application and it was found highest in surface and sub-surface soil under 50 % NPK +GM, followed by 100 % NPK + FYM and lowest under control. Volumetric moisture content (Ɵv %) of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application. Highest volumetric moisture content of surface and sub-surface soil was observed in 100 % NPK + FYM, followed by 50 % NPK +GM and lowest in 100 % N. Further, results showed that volumetric moisture content does not affected by optimal or sub optimal doses of inorganic fertilization rather by inorganic fertilization with organic manure. The pattern of variation in soil reaction and salt concentration of soil between the treatments were almost negligible and non-significant. The experiment revealed that the maximum available N, P and K increased under 100% NPK+FYM, over the control. The mean of available N, P and K increased significantly by 28, 72 and 26 %, respectively, in 100% NPK+FYM over the control. Organic carbon of soil at both the depths was significantly affected by different treatments of nutrient application. Highest organic carbon of surface and sub-surface soil was measured in 100 % NPK + FYM followed by 150 % NPK and lowest was in control during both the year of study. The soil carbon pools of surface and subsurface soils showed greater variations among carbon fractions at surface soil (0-15 cm) as compared to subsurface soil (15-30 cm). At both the depths, C fraction in Vertisol varied in this order of Non-labile fraction > Very labile fraction > Labile fraction > Less labile fraction, regardless of inorganic balanced fertilizer doses i.e. sub optimal, optimal and super-optimal or integrated nutrient management. Irrespective to the treatments, contribution of different fractions of carbon to the total organic carbon varied from 35 to 40%; 12 to 15%; 8 to 12%; 40 to 50% for very labile, labile, less labile and non-labile fractions, respectively at both the depths. The sustainable yield of wheat was higher in different treatment combinations over control as observed during assessment of sustainable yield index (SYI) after continuous 20 years (1999-2019) of wheat yield. The sustainability in yield was increased with graded levels of balanced application of fertilizers from 50 to 150 % NPK. The balanced inorganic fertilization gave higher SYI than control. If graded levels of fertilizers with organic manure and biofertilizer (FYM, GM and BGA) were applied in kharif, it appeared that application of higher levels in wheat had increased the SYI. Water stable aggregates of different size fractions in sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil as affected by long term application of integrated nutrients also indicated that fraction of larger aggregates were significantly more in the treatments received FYM along with inorganic fertilizers. While, the finer aggregates fractions were higher in the treatments which received only inorganic fertilizers. Data also showed that surface soil aggregates of size > 2.0, 2.0-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.25, 0.25-0.125 and < 0.125mm size varied from 3.76 - 9.24, 24.30 - 30.42, 11.49 - 16.89, 15.56 - 21.97, 19.09 - 27.22 and 8.96 - 17.55 percent, respectively. While, subsurface soil aggregates ranged from 3.34 - 9.01, 22.91 - 28.68, 11.12 - 16.36, 15.32 - 21.57, 19.43 - 28.13 and 9.65 - 18.92 percent, respectively. The results indicated that long-term application of balanced fertilization and manuring significantly increased the MWD of aggregates in surface and sub-surface soils as compared to the treatments of only inorganic nutrients application. Significantly smaller mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were obtained in control at both the soil depths. This might be because of binding capability of organic carbon and carbonates which attributed to larger soil aggregation. The maximum wheat grain, straw and total yield increased by 55 to 68% under 150%NPK in both the years 2017-18, 2018-19 respectively, over the control. Application of nutrients in balance manner may be responsible for sustaining the wheat grain yield at higher level under 150% NPK. The application of nutrients in integrated manner (100% NPK +FYM) has also sustained the wheat grain yield at higher level (increased to 61%) after 150% NPK, over the control. The total uptake of N, P and K by the wheat indicated that the maximum uptake was observed with the application of super optimal dose of NPK, which was significantly at par with 100%NPK+FYM, Whereas, the minimum uptake was recorded under control.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRIENT BUDGETING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF SCENTED AND NON SCENTED RICE VARIETIES IN VERTISOL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Tirkey, Arun Kumar; Porte, S.S.; Sahu, K.K.; Tandon, Ambika; Saxena, R.R.An experiment entitled “Nutrient budgeting and economic analyses of scented and non scented rice varieties in Vertisol” was conducted to study the budgeting of different nutrients and economical analysis at Instructional cum Research Farm at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during Kharif, 2019. The trial consisted of 6 different varieties viz., MTU 1010 (N100P60K40), Zinco-rice (N100P60K40), Protazin (N100P60K40), Dubraj (N60P40K30), Devbhog (N60P40K30) and Badshahbhog (N60P40K30) in Randomized block design with 4 replications. The initial physico-chemical properties of the experimental site was low in available N (233.25 kg ha-1), medium in available P (22.78 kg ha-1) and medium in available K (258.48 kg ha-1) content with normal pH (7.56), EC (0.104 dSm-1) and organic carbon (0.59%). The values of available micronutrients for initial soil status were Zn (1.16 mg kg-1), Cu (0.248 mg kg-1), Fe (1.21 mgkg-1) and Mn (0.622 mg kg-1) and all the fertilizers were applied as standard recommended dose. The maximum growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers per hill was recorded with T6-Badshahbhog and T2-Zinco-rice whereas, the yield attributes number of tillers and test weight were found maximum in T2-Zinco-rice and T3-Protazin respectively. However, the maximum grain yield and straw yield were exhibited in T5-devbhog and T3-Protazin respectively. The highest available N (228.95 kg ha-1) and K (260.45 kg ha-1) in soil after harvesting was recorded in T4-Dubraj and P (22.53 kg ha-1) in T3-Protazin. The micronutrients; Zn (1.16 mg kg-1) recorded maximum in T6-Badshahbhog, Cu (0.29 mg kg-1) in T3-Protazin and T5-Devbhog, Fe (1.22 mg kg-1) in T2-Zinco-rice, T4-Dubraj and T6-Badshahbhog and Mn (0.65 mg kg-1) in T2-Zinco-rice. The maximum uptake of N and K by grain and straw were recorded in T5-Devbhog and T3-Protazin while maximum phosphorus uptake by grain and straw were found in T4-Dubraj and T2-Zinco-rice respectively. However, the maximum total uptake of N and K were recorded in T3-Protazin while, P in T5-Devbhog. T2-Zinco-rice (242.22 kg ha-1), T1-MTU 1010 (66.82 kg ha-1) and T1-MTU 1010 (179.66 kg ha-1) recorded the maximum expected balance value of N, P and K, respectively in the soil. The maximum actual balance (post harvest soil test) of N, P and K in soil were calculated in T4-Dubraj (228.95 kg ha-1), T2-Protazin (22.53 kg ha-1) and T4-Dubraj (260.45 kg ha-1) respectively. The maximum N–balance, P–balance and K–balance in soil were calculated in T5-Devbhog (44.80 kg ha-1), T5-Devbhog (-22.74 kg ha-1) and T5-Devbhog (123.26 kg ha-1) respectively on the basis of nutrient uptake by plant. However, on the basis of soil test value, the minimum loss of N–balance, P–balance and K–balance in soil were exhibited in T4-Dubraj (-4.3 kg ha-1), T3-Protazin (-0.25 kg ha-1) and T4-Dubraj (1.97 kg ha-1) respectively. The maximum gross return (Rs 110573.13), net return (Rs 86095.55) and benefit cost ratio (3.52) were received with T5-Devbhog.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN A VertisolOF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Panda, Anusuiya; Srivastava, L.K.; Mishra, V.N.; Sonboir, H.L.; Saxena, R.R.; Tedia, K.A field experiment was carried out to study “Effect of biochar on soil carbon dynamics and nutrient use efficiency under rice-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol of Chhattisgarh”. The experiment was started in Kharif, 2018 and continued up to Rabi 2019-20 at research farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur (C.G.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and consisted sixteen treatments namely (T1) control, (T2) 50%RDF, (T3) 75% RDF, (T4) 100%RDF, (T5) 50% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T6) 50% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T7) 50% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T8) 75% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T9) 75% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T10) 75% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T11) 100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha, (T12) 100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha, (T13) 100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha, (T14) RB @ 5t/ha, (T15) MB @ 5t/ha and (T16) PB @ 5t/ha. The influence of various treatments on soil properties and performance of rice-wheat cropping system were determined by standard procedures. Biochar is a stable form of carbon that produced from pyrolysis of biological materials. In the present investigation, three crop residues (rice, maize and pigeon pea) were taken for biochar application. The conversion efficiency of biochars derived from different biomass materials ranged from 27-38% and followed in the order of pigeon pea>Rice>maize biochar. The pigeon pea biochar registered higher physical properties, alkaline in reaction and higher CEC, N, Ca, Mg, Fe, C and total organic carbon than the biochars derived from maize and rice residues.On compairing the physicco-chemical properties of pigeon pea, maize and rice biochar, pigeonpea biochar was found superior over maize and rice biochars. These results were confirmed by Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations. The physical properties of soil after rice-wheat cropping system in both the years (2018-19 and 2019-20) and their pooled maens did not influence significantly with the application of different combinations of biochars with or without fertilizers or fertilizer alone. The treatments imposed did not have significant effect on pH, EC, available N, K and available micronutrients. CEC, available P and S level, enzymic activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, alkaline phosphatase and urease activity) significantly increased with incorporation of three sources of biochars with 100% RDF than all other treatments. However, treatment of 100% RDF application (T4) recorded maximum and significantly higher values of acid phosphatise activity. Carbon pools viz., readily mineralizable carbon, acid hydrolysable carbon, hot water soluble carbon, cold water soluble carbon, KMnO4 oxidizable carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass of nitrogen and soil organic carbon contents were highest in T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) followed by T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) as compared to respective RDF and lowest in T1 (control). The total organic carbon of soil was recorded highest in T16 (PB @ 5t/ha) followed by T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) and T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and lowest in T3 (75% RDF). Passive pool dominated active pool of carbon in all the treatments. During both the years, carbon fractions in Vertisols varied in the order: NL> VL >L>LL. The treatments T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha), T12 (100% RDF + MB @ 5t/ha) and T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) were found to be significantly higher values on the plant height, number of tillers per m2, panicle/spike length, number of grains per panicle/spike, grain and straw yield over 100 % RDF and sole application of biochar on rice and wheat crops during both the years as well as their pooled means. In case of test weight, non significant result was observed. The N, P, K and micronutrients uptake (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) in grain, straw and their total at harvest were found to be significant. The highest mean value of nitrogen use efficiency was recorded under T11 (100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) in rice, while T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) was recorded in wheat and the highest mean of phosphorous use efficiency was recorded under T11(100% RDF + RB @ 5t/ha) in rice , while T7 (50% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) was recorded in wheat. Similarly, the highest mean of potassium use efficiency was recorded under T13 (100% RDF + PB @ 5t/ha) during both the years of rice-wheat cropping system. However, considering the intrinsic potential of pigeon pea, maize and rice biochar with inorganic fertilizer application in improving the soil nutrient status, crop yield and microbiological activity and store the large amounts of carbon in soil. The study clearly recommended that application of 75%RDF with different types of biochar application due to saving of 25% fertilizer rather than the combination of 100% RDF.ThesisItem Open Access AN EVALUATION OF PHOSPHOROUS ADSORPTION CAPACITY AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Mohanty, Sandip Kumar; Bachkaiya, Vinay; Tiwari, Alok; Tiwari, Nitish; Saxena, R.R.The field experiment entitled “An evaluation of phosphorous adsorption capacity as influenced by nutrient management practices in a Vertisol of Chhattisgarh” was conducted at Research cum Instructional farm”, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during kharif - 2019 in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and four replications with rice variety “IGKV-R1 used as test crop. The treatment consists of different level of nutrient management practices i.e T1 (Control), T2 (50% NPK), T3 (100% NPK), T4 (150% NPK), T5 (100% NPK + Zn), T6 (100% NP), T7 (100% N), T8 (100% NPK + FYM), T9 (50% NPK + BGA) and T10 (50% NPK + GM) were applied. In Vertisol of Chhattisgarh, phosphorus adsorption behaviour influenced by various nutrient management practices were studied by applying Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations to the data of P adsorption. Solid phase P adsorption was closely correlated with its concentrations in the solution phase. Among the treatments, Control recorded highest P adsorption followed by 100% N due to long year stress at a given equilibrium P concentration implying that P ions are most tightly held in the soil. For both Langmuir and Freundlich Adsorption Isotherms, the similar and high R2 values were observed, suggesting that the P adsorption data verified to both isotherms indicating their goodness of fit. The P adsorption maxima ‘b’ was the maximum for Control and 100% N whereas the minimum was recorded in 100% NPK along with FYM. In the same order, the Langmuir 'K' value showed a growing trend showing a high affinity for P in control followed by 100% N, which had resulted in higher value of ‘b’. The value ‘n’ that give the degree of linearity were maximum in 100% NPK with FYM and minimum in Control, however, the value of ‘k’ represented a decreasing trend in same sequence. The value of buffering capacity obtained for all the treatment receiving different fertilization and with increased P fertilization, the values declined significantly and minimum was observed in the soil getting the additional input of farmyard manure.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POTASSIUM FRACTION AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRIENTS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Upadhayay, Riya; Banwasi, Rakesh; Srivastava, L.K.; Khalkho, D.; Saxena, R.R.A field experiment entitled “Studies on potassium fraction as influenced by nutrients management practices under rice-wheat cropping system”“was carried out at Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur (C.G.) during the Kharif season of 2019. The study was carried out under the long term fertilizer experiment in the Vertisol with the objectives- to study the distribution of various fractions of potassium”in the Vertisol, to study the potassium balance in the soil and to study the correlation between yield of rice and K fractions. The experiment was consisting of five treatments and four replications in a randomized block design (RBD). The treatments were T1 (control with 0:0:0 kg/ha N: P2O5: K2O), T2 (general recommended dose for rice 100:60:40), T3 (STCR based inorganic fertilizer to achieve target yield 5 t ha-1), T4 (STCR based inorganic fertilizer to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1), and T5 (STCR based inorganic fertilizer with 5 t ha-1 FYM to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1). Fertilizer prescription equations used for the calculation of fertilizer for a definite targeted yield of rice (variety MTU-1010) in the Vertisols were developed by the AICRP on STCR, IGKV, Raipur as FN= 4.05T- 0.57SN- 0.78ON, FP= 1.46T- 3.09SP- 0.31OP and FK= 1.61T - 0.10SK- 0.14OK. The soil of the experimental field was deep black and clayey in texture (Vertisol). Physico- chemical properties of experimental soil during the 13th cycle of the cropping system was analyzed and average values were used as initial. Soil reaction of initial soil was slightly alkaline (pH 7.88) with 0.20 dSm-1 EC, and organic carbon content was medium (0.47%). Soil was low in available nitrogen (217.34 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (19.32 kgha-1) and high in available potassium (498.05 kgha-1). “ Surface soil samples (0-15 cm depth) were” collected for the analysis before the transplanting and after harvesting of rice crop. Result shows that, organic carbon was significantly increased due to application of inorganic fertilizer alone or in combination with FYM. Soil reaction (pH) and EC were not significantly affected by the treatments. Results of the study of different soil K fractions in the Vertisols, after 13th cycle of cropping system showed that sequential order of dominance of different forms of K were non-exchangeable K > exchangeable K > available K > water-soluble K. Among all the treatments, significantly higher water soluble K content (23.2 kg ha-1) was found in the treatment- T5 where 5 t ha-1 FYM were incorporated along with the inorganic fertilizers to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1 while lowest water soluble K were found with the control ( 8.79 kg ha-1). Exchangeable fraction of potassium were also observed highest (676.2 kgha-1) with the treatment -T5 (5 t ha-1 FYM with inorganic fertilizers to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1) which was found at par with treatment -T4 (inorganic fertilizer to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1) and observed significantly superior over other treatments (T1, T2, T3). Lowest exchangeable-K (610.1 kgha-1) was found in the control treatment. Improvement in“water soluble and exchangeable-K fractions in the”soil were may be due to the continuous application of balanced fertilization (with or without FYM). Highest value of non-exchangeable-K (2324 kgha-1) was observed in the treatment -T4 and found at par with the treatment -T5 (2311 kgha-1) and treatment -T2 (GRD). These treatments (T2, T4 and T5) were found significantly higher over the treatment- T3 (YT 5 t ha-1). Lower non-exchangeable potassium in the treatment- T3 was may be due to the long term application of lower doses of potassium. Significantly lowest non exchangeable–K was observed with control (1848 kgha-1). Overall finding shows that the highest values of all fractions of potassium were recorded in the treatment-T5 (Integration of inorganic fertilizer with FYM to achieve target yield 6 t ha-1) and lowest was found in the control. Apparent K balance influenced nutrients management practices under rice-wheat cropping system in Vertisol revealed that, the highest negative balance (-115.9 kg/ha) were recorded in organic treatment T5 followed by treatment T4 and T2 and lowest (-32.6 kg/ha) were found in treatment control. This is due to the fact that K application seldom matches K removal, resulting in greater dependence on soil K. Among different K fractions non-exchangeable potassium was observed as the most important potassium fraction contributing towards grain yield by rice. It contributes 95% variation in grain yield.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURES ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SCENTED RICE DEVBHOG IN A VERTISOL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Jagriti; Singh, R. N.; Sengar, S. S.; Sonboir, H. L.; Lakhera, M. L.The field experiment on titled “Effect of different organic manures on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of scented rice devbhog in a Vertisol.” was carried out during kharif season of 2019-20 at NSP farm, [Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya,] Raipur, Dist- Raipur (C.G.). The soil of the investigational field was clayey (Vertisols) in texture, which was low, average and average in available N (176 kg/ha), P (17 kg/ha) and K (320.2 kg/ha), respectively. The experiment was lead out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The goals of the examination were to study the influence of various organic manures on growth, yield, quality parameters, nutrient content of scented rice devbhog and the physico-chemical, biological properties of fourteen different treatments “T1” Control (No fertilizer No manure), “T2” Recommended dose of NPK fertilizer @ 80 N: 50 P: 30 K kg/ha, “T3” 100% N through (10% NC + 70% FYM + 20% Azospirillum), “T4” 100% N (20% NC + 60% FYM + 20% Azospirillum), “T5” 125% N (10% NC + 74% FYM + 16% Azospirillum), “T6” 125% N (20% NC+ 64% FYM + 16% Azospirillum), “T7” 100% N (10% NC + 70% VC + 20% Azospirillum), “T8” 100% N (20% NC + 60% VC + 20% Azospirillum), “T9” 125% N (10% NC + 74% VC + 16% Azospirillum), “T10” 125% N (20% NC + 64% VC + 16% Azospirillum), “T11” 100% N (10% NC + 30% VC + 40% FYM + 20% Azospirillum), “T12” 100% N (20% NC + 30% VC + 30% FYM + 20% Azospirillum), “T13” 125% N (10% NC + 24%VC + 40% FYM + 16% Azospirillum), “T14” 125% N (20% NC + 34% VC + 30% FYM + 16% Azospirillum). A uniform recommended doses of PSB and KSB will be applied in all treatments except control (T1) and state recommended dose of fertilizer (T2). A permanent dose of 16 kg N/ha has been deliberated for Azospirillium application and the doses of N will be adjusted by NC, FYM and VC as per the treatments. Result disclosed that the physico-chemical properties aside from pH and EC of post collected soil were encouraged by the use of various organic manure. The greater OC content (0.59%) was noticed in treatment T9 where 125% N (10% NC + 74% VC + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB were applied. More higher level of available nitrogen (191.49 kg/ha) was found in T10 which shifted non-significant to T14, T11, T13, T12, T9 and T2, phosphorus (21.487 kg/ha) was noticed in T9, and potassium (325.987 kg/ha) was recorded in T6 which was differed non-significantly under treatments T10, T5, T4, T2, T12 and T3. The higher total bacterial inhabitants (97 × 10-7CFU g-1) was depicted in treatments T9 and T13, The total actinomycetes inhabitants (33.67 × 10-5 CFU g-1) was found in T13 which changed non-significantly along with T9, T10, T7, T8, T5, T14, T6 and T11. Higher complete fungi inhabitants (10.00 10-4 CFU g-1) was noticed in treatment T9 which is non-significant with treatments T13, T10, T14 and T11. The result likewise covered that all growth characters were upgraded by various natural composts and the higher estimation of plant growth at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of tillers/plant and DAS first blossoming and half blossoming were found greater in T2 (RDF), and among organics "T14" 125% N (20% NC + 34% VC + 30% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, "T10" 125% N (20% NC + 64% VC + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, and "T6" 125% N (20% NC+ 64% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB. The highest grain and straw yields were recorded in T2 (RDF) and among organics treatments "T14" 125% N (20% NC + 34% VC + 30% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, "T10" 125% N (20% NC + 64% VC + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, and "T6" 125% N (20% NC+ 64% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB. The influence of various organic manures was non-significant for major macronutrients like N, P, and K content in grain and straw of rice, anyway raised uptake was recorded in T2 (RDF) and among organics 125% N (20% NC + 34% VC + 30% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, 125% N (20% NC + 64% VC + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB, and 125% N (20% NC+ 64% FYM + 16% Azospirillum) + PSB + KSB because, the better development and yield characters of rice crop, which is about greater dry mass production of the crop. Quality parameters like length and breadth of brown rice, length and breadth of milled rice, L/B ratio of brown and milled rice, length and breadth of kernel after cooking, volume expansion ratio, hulling percentage and milling percentage shows non-significant difference among different organic treatments because these parameters are genetically controlled and do show much difference due to treatments. Because of expansion of various organic manures like NC, VC and FYM better physical, chemical and natural soil condition was provided to the plant which brought about better harvest development and yield characters of plant and at last, the yield of rice was expanded through various organic manures.ThesisItem Open Access Suitability of targeted yield equations evolved for MTU-1010 to other similar rice cultivars(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Tikariha, Monika; Mishra, V.N.; Srivastava, L.K.; Pandey, Narendra; Saxena, R.RThe field experiment was carried out to study “Suitability of targeted yield equations evolved for MTU-1010 to other similar rice cultivars.” at research farm of IGKV, Raipur, C.G during kharif season, 2019. The objectives of the study were to test the suitability of fertilizer equations derived for MTU 1010 to other similar rice cultivars, to estimate the efficiencies of different sources of nutrients and to estimate the benefit cost ratio under different fertiliser doses. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design having five treatments in each strip replicated trice. The treatments consisted of eight rice varieties as strip and five treatments T1- Fertilizer application for Yield Target (YT) of 6 t/ha ; T2- YT 5 t/ha; T3 - Control; T4- FYM (5 t/ha) and T5-GRD (120:60:40 kg ha-1 NPK) were super imposed in each strip. The rice varieties tested were F56 Prota Zin, IGKV-R2, Mahamaya, Karma Masuri, IR-64, IR 36, Indira Aerobic and MTU1010. The soil test based STCR fertilizer prescription equations developed for MTU 1010 was tested on other seven rice varieties for their suitability and validity. The experimental soil comes under Vertisol, locally known as Kanhar. The experimental field soil was clayey in texture, neutral in soil reaction, low in organic carbon and available Nitrogen, medium in available Phosphorous status and high rating of Potassium status. The fertilizer prescription equation developed under AICRP on STCR at Raipur centre for MTU-1010 variety of rice under Vertisol was tested for its suitability to other similar rice cultivars. The targeted yield equations tested for different varieties indicated that IGKV-R2, Karma Masuri, Mahamaya and IR-64 varieties have successfully achieved the yield targets along with check variety of MTU-1010. Other varieties tested under study like F56 Prota Zin, IR-36 and Indira Aerobic could not achieve the targeted yields. Growth parameters like plant height, number of effective tillers per square meter, filled grain per panicle and test weight were also monitored for these varieties along with fertilizer treatments. The trends of these parameters were identical with the treatments for targeted yield based fertilizer application. The results were also compared with General Recommended Dose (GRD) and application of 5 t/ha FYM. The yield performance of GRD were almost at par with that YT 50 q/ha due to almost similar fertilizer level. Application of 5t/ha FYM could support the yield level up to 28 q/ha and can contribute only 4 q/ha after deducting the yield from control treatment. Thus “the balanced use of fertilizer in combination with FYM is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of crop.” Major Nutrient uptake (NPK) was highest in T1(Yield Target 60 q/ha) followed by T2 (Yield Target 50 q/ha), T5 (GRD), T3 (5t/a FYM) and lowest in T3 (Control). The efficiencies of fertilizer N P K were higher with targeted yield based treatments followed by GRD and FYM application. MTU-1010 variety of rice showed maximum nutrient use efficiency followed by Karma Masuri, IR-64 and IGKV-R2. However, higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed in GRD (120:60:40 kg of fertilizer N P K kg/ha) due to application of inorganic fertilizer N, P and K without FYM as compared to STCR yield target of 60 and 50 q/ha which received fertilizer application with 5 t/ha FYM and high cost of FYM applied was also included with cost of inorganic fertilizers contributed higher BCR. Karma Masuri variety of rice produced higher B:C ratio in terms of Net return as Rs per Re spent on fertilizer followed by IGKV R2, Mahamaya, MTU-1010 and IR-64. Integrated use of NPK fertilizer with FYM based on STCR approach not only gave higher rice yield but also improve and sustain “the soil fertility.” It can be concluded from the study that the STCR based fertilizer prescription evolved for MTU 1010 variety of rice can be used for four varieties of rice under study i.e. IGKV-R2, Karma Masuri, Mahamaya and IR-64.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF RICE RESIDUE WITH ORGANICS ON YIELD OF RICE AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN A VERTISOL OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kumar, Vomendra; Singh, R.N.; Sengar, S.S.; Singh, Anup Kumar; Lakhera, M.L.
