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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Rice-Wheat Productivity under Mango based Traditional Agri-horticulture System in Chhattisgarh Plain(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Anchal, Nalish Kumar; Naugraiya, M.N.; Swamy, S.L.; Tedia, K.; Saxena, R.R.; Singh, LaljiAn agri-horticulture system experiment of mango + rice + wheat crop was carried out at Pikridih village, Raipur in Chhattisgarh for two tears of observations (2017-18 & 2018-19). Mango plantation at spacing of 28 x 28 m and were intercropped with rice and wheat in 2017-18 & 2018-19. The growth performance of (oryza sativa L.) var. ‘Sarana’ and (Triticum aestivum) var. ‘Sarbati’ at different treatments site located between four clumps along with a separate open plot had been studied for the performance of diverse growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield and these were found higher in rice crop grown as sole crop (T4) i.e. crop height (105.2 cm), panicle length (22.9 cm), panicle weight (3.2 gm panicle-1), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (149.7 and 41.5), number of locules (217.4 panicle-1), seed weight of panicle (3.05 gm panicle-1), test weight (22.9 gm per 1000), grain yield (44.6 q ha-1), straw yield (75.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (37.4%). Similarly in case of wheat the performance of growth and yield attributing characters as well as the grain yield were also studied where height (95.9 cm.), Panicle length (14.3 cm.), Panicle weight (1.5 gm), count of healthy and unhealthy seeds (32.9 and 2.8), number of locules (41.2 per panicle), seed weight (panicle-1) (1.5 gm panicle-1), test weight (41.5 gm per 1000), grain yield (11 q ha-1), straw yield (8.9 q ha-1) and harvest index (55.1%) were found higher in sole crop grown with significant variations. The performance of eco-physiological parameters (RGR, NAR & LAR) of rice and wheat crops, the plant and soil nutrients reputation with litter fall and decomposition conduct and economics of mango based traditional agri-horticulture system were also studied intensively. The growth parameters and yield of rice and wheat crop was observed significantly highest in open field crop as compare to mango based traditional agri-horticulture system. Mango litter fall and its decomposition showed almost 88.3 percent disappearances within duration of year, indicating ensured nutrients return to the system. The economics of rice-wheat cropping below mango based agri-horticulture system showed meager profit in comparison to mono-cropping however determined economically feasible and technically possible through sharing the inputs of irrigation, manure and fertilizer, weeding and so forth implemented to agriculture crop’s. The end result of this research showed that highest economic gain of rice and wheat crop rotation was found under mango based agri-horticulture system with both tangible and in tangible benefits.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SAFED MUSLI (Chlorophytum borivilianumsant. and fern.) UNDER KARANJ (Pongamia pinnataL.) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kiyam, Heliken; Toppo, Pratap; Prajapati, R.K.; Joshi, P.K.; Lakhera, M.L.; Porte, S.S.The current study entitled “Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant.and Fern.) under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata L.) based Agroforestry system” was conducted in Herbal Garden of Department of Forestry, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. The experiment was carried out on Kharif season of 2018-19. The standardization of optimum requirement of nutrients as organic manures on safed musli crop as intercropped with Karanj (Pongamia Pinatta) based Agroforestry system. This study was conducted out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and three replications in the experiment. The results show that the morphology and yield characteristics of the safed musli crop, i.e., number of leaves per plant 30,60 and 90 DAP, number of rhizomes per plant, length of rhizomes (cm) and tuber yield was found highest when safed musli is paired with vermicompost (100%) i.e. T2 treatment. The highest no. of leaves (11.21, 20.14 and 27.89 at 30, 60 and 90 DAP respectively),tuber lenght (11.85cm), Number of tubers ( 8.57) andyield of tubers ( 33.62 q ha-1)were recorded in T2 treatment 100% Vermicompost @ 05 Ton ha-1,which proves to be the best working as compared to the rest of the treatments, it is then trailed by T2 (FYM 100%). On the other hand, the minimum no. of leaves (6.74, 13.21 and 17.62which was recorded at 30, 60 and 90 DAP respectively), length of tubers (6.32 cm),number of tubers (5.25) and tuber yield ( 23.95 q ha-1)was found in T8 treatment, otherwise known as control, this may be a direct result of zero utilization of any sort of natural organic manures. The average increase in tree height, diameter at breast height and number of branches were also evaluatedprior to sowing and post harvesting the safed musli crop in the experimental plot. The trivialchanges in height, DBH and number of branches increment has been observed and recorded in Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) tree species; owing tothe relatively shorter cropping period which was 6 months, displayedonly slight increment in height, diameter and number of branches. Average height, DBH and number of branches increment in trees of Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) was observed as (0.29m., 0.34cm. and 0.63 respectively) under our particular intercropped field. Studies conducted have shown that, that the safed musli intercropped with Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) based Agroforestry system with the use of Vermicompost (100%) @ 5 ton ha-1 guarantees better developmrnt, on plant andtuber yieldwhen compared to other organic manures – FYM and neem cake and their combinations. Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) is a leguminous tree, moreover it is also anitrogen fixing tree that brings atmospheric nitrogenin the soil, to improve productivity and fertility and has not been seen to have a detrimental impact on the safed musli crop due to its quality of bearing moderate shade, however in absence of suggested dose of natural manures (vermicompost) the tuber yield production was virtually reduced. The findings of this study cleary indicates that the safed musli crop can be cultivated efficientlyand effectively under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) based Agroforestry system with proper use of the organic manure – vermicompost.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis)based Agroforestry System(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Tirkey, Riya Felicita; Toppo, Pratap; Prajapati, R. K.; Koshta, A.K.; Saxena, R.R.; Trived, JitendraThe present investigation entitled “Performance of organic manure on growth and yield of Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.) under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) based Agroforestry system” was carried out at Botanical garden of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur during 2018-2019. Experiment was done on the following objects to study the effect of organic manures on growth and yield of Tikhur (Curcuma augustifolia Roxb.) under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) based agroforestry system, to analyze the costs and return of Tikhur under Agroforestry system and to study the growth performance of Tikhur as a Sole Crop. The experimental design was RBD with two factors under two systems viz; agroforestry system and without tree (open), tikhur crop was cultivated with three replications and eight different combinations of organic manure as treatments. The growth as well as yield parameters of tikhur crop such as plant height, tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, leave length, leave width similarly, mother rhizome length, mother rhizome width, length and width of prime fingers, length of roots and yield of rhizome (qha-1) were studied. The maximum height of plant was 122 cm, leave length was 10.62 cm and leave width was 50.94 cm in Agroforestry system and number of tillers was 4.69, number of leaves 8.66 in without tree. The maximum yield was obtained 47.43 qha-1 in without tree (open) while 41.54 qha-1 was obtain in agroforestry system by the application of T4 ( FYM 12.5t/ha + Vermicompost 12.5t/ha ). Before sowing of tikhur crop the eucalyptus tree average height was 20.61 m which was increased by 23.28 m while diameter at breast height was 14.92 and 15.63 was after nine months of growth. Thus agroforestry gave better result for growth parameters while open field gave better yield if tikhur crop with treatment T4 (FYM 12.5t/ha + Vermicompost 12.5t/ha). Agroforestry is a long term cultivation of shade loving crops always gave economical viable system.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF ARBI (Colocasia esculenta) UNDER Eucalyptus tereticornis BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN PLAINS OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Yadav, Piyusha; Bodalkar, Sarita; Naugraiya, M. N.; Dewangan, Yeman; Saxena, R. R.; Singh, LaljiThe present investigation.entitled “Performance of Arbi (Colocasia esculenta ) under Eucalyptus tereticornis based Agroforestry System in Plains of Chhattisgarh” was completed during the year 2019-20 at Botanical garden cum Biodiversity park of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur. The objective of experiment are to study the effect of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis ) on growth and yield behavior of two varieties of Arbi (Colocasia esculenta), and to study the growth behavior of Eucalyptus tree under Agroforestry System. The design used for experiment was factorial RBD under eucalyptus based agroforestry system. Two varieties of colocasia was used Indira Arbi-I and Arbi CG – II. Colocasia was cultivated with two treatment, first treated with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and second is without any fertilizer . The growth and yield parameters of colocasia such as Plant Height (cm), Number of leaf plant-1, Leaf length (cm) , Width of leaf (cm), LAI (Leaf Area Index). Similarly yield parameters such as Corm length (cm ), Corm diameter (cm), Weight of corm plant-1, Cormel number plant-1., Length of cormel (cm), Diameter of cormel (cm), Weight of cormels per plant and yield of colocasia tuber (q ha-1) were observed and studied. The growth and yield parameters of Colocasia such as plant height 84.78 cm ,leaf length 33.04 cm ,leaf width 29.22 cm, number of leaves 9.54 plant-1 , LAI 1.598, Corm length 5.44 cm, Corm diameter 2.51cm, Corm weight 56.88 gm plant -1, 3.40 cormel plant-1, cormel length 3.34 cm , cormel diameter 1.95 cm and cormel weight 27.20 gm plant-1 was found highest in agroforestry system. The fresh yield of colocasia obtained from eucalyptus based agroforestry system with use of fertilizer is 118.66 qha-1 and without fertilizer 103.12 qha-1 which reduced by 12.06 % with statistically significant variation. In case of variety Indira Arbi-I fresh yield (114.29 qha-1 ) was obtained higher as compared to fresh yield of Arbi CG-II (108.19 qha-1) The height (m) of Eucalyptus tereticornis was 21.58 m ± 2.84 before sowing of Colocasia crop which increased by 0.69 m with MAI of 1.06 m while diameter at breast height (cm) of Eucalyptus tereticornis was 25.75 cm ± 1.91 before sowing of Colocasia crop which increased by 0.67 cm with MAI 1.25 cm of twelve month of growth. In agroforestry long term cultivation of shade loving crop always gives economical viable system. From the economical perspective it is found that Colocasia esculenta under Eucalyptus with proper fertilizer dose was more profitable as compared to without fertilizer. In future, it is suggested that the combination of tree and crop as intercropping can be more profitable than monocropping, when the yield of tree such as wood will be taken under consideration while calculating the economics.of the.AFS.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF Sim saumya [Ocimum basilicum (L.)] UNDER EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus tereticornis) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Netam, Yamini; Toppo, Pratap; Prajapati, R. K.; Dewangan, Yeman; Saxena, R. R.; Bodalkar, SaritaThe present investigation on “Performance of Sim Saumya [Ocimum basilicum (L.)] under Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) based Agroforestry system” was carried out during season 2019– 2020 in Herbal Garden of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya Raipur, Chhattisgarh . The experiment was conducted during the month of June 2019 to December 2019. For this the suitable experimental design was laid out on Randomized block design (RBD) with three replication under agroforestry system. Tulsi crop was cultivated with combination of different organic manure i.e. FYM, Vermicompost ,Neem cake. The experiment comprised of the nine treatments on the field, the treatment were divided into T1 FYM 100% (5t/ha), T2 Vermicompost 100% (2.5 t/ha), T3 Neem cake 100%(2t/ha), T4 FYM 75% (3.75t/ha) + Vermicompost 25% (0.625t/ha), T5 FYM75% (3.75t/ha) +Neem cake 25%(0.5t/ha),T6 Vermicompost 50%(1.25t/ha) + Neem cake 50%(1t/ha) , T7 FYM 50%(2.5t/ha) + Neem cake 25%(0.5t/ha) + Vermicompost 25%(0.625t/ha), T8 FYM 25% (1.25 t/ha) +Neem cake 50% (1t/ha) +Vermicompost 25% (0.625 t/ha) T9 control (No manures). All these treatments significantly influenced the growth and yield of Sim saumya . The analyzed result showed that the 100% FYM gave higher growth (Plant height (cm), collar diameter(mm) and Number of branch/plant). The treatment gave highest yield (herbage and oil yield). All the above results were lowest where organic manure is not applied (control). Over all these results clear that the FYM is the best for the soil improvement, growth and yield of Sim saumya plant. The tree growth (plant height and DBH) of Eucalyptus showed non significant result. In the present experiment cots-benefit ratio was also analyzed. It was found that the highest gross returns (Rs 102212) and net returns per ha (Rs. 69780) were registered in T1 treatment with 100% FYM and the lowest were recorded in the T9 treatment with control zero fertilizer. The highest Benefit-cost ratio (3.15) registered in the T1 treatment with 100% FYM while the minimum (1.00) was obtained with T9 treatment with control zero fertilizer. The treatment - T1(100% FYM) gave colossal net realization Rs 69780 ha-1 and an unmatchable B:C ratio (3.15).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON PERFORMANCE OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa (L.)) UNDER KARANJ (Pongamia pinnata) BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Painkra, Dayanand Sai; Toppo, Pratap; Singh, Lalji; Saxena, R. R.; Tuteja, S. S.The experiment entitled “Effect of Nutrients on Performance of Turmeric [Curcuma longa (L.)] Under Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) Based Agroforestry System” was carried out at Herbal garden of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during 2019-20 to assess the most efficient nutrients for cultivation of turmeric under Karanj based agroforestry system. The experiment was conducted during the month of Jun 2019 to march 2020. For this, the suitable experimental design was laid out on Randomize Block Design (RBD), wherein 8 Treatments and 3 Replications were carried out on the field, the treatments were divided into T1 (100 % inorganic), T2 (75 % inorganic), T3 (50 % inorganic), T4 (75% inorganic + 25 % FYM), T5 (50 % inorganic + 50 % FYM), T6 (25 % inorganic + 75 % FYM), T7 (100 % FYM) and T8 (control zero fertilizer). The analyzed results showed that the 100% Farm Yard Manure (FYM) gave higher growth (Plant height, number of tillers and number of leave). The treatment gave greatest yield (Mother rhizomes, number of fingers per rhizome per plant, rhizome length, width and fresh & dry weight). Simultaneously the tree growth (Tree height and Diameter at breast height) showed non-significant result. The T7 (100% FYM) gave colossal net realization Rs 151162.5 ha-1 and an unmatchable B:C ratio (1.99).ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF Acacia nilotica (BABUL) BUND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM ON PADDY CROP(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kashyap, Priyanka; Singh, Lalji; Toppo, Pratap; Saxena, R. R.; AnuragTo study the effect of the Acacia nilotica (Babul) bund agroforestry system on rice growth and yield at different distances from the tree line, and to study the effect of crown width of tree on rice growth and yield an experiment was conducted on the farmer's field village Khudmda of Durg district (C.G.), during the year 2019-20 in kharif season (July- November). The Acacia nilotica are grown naturally on field bund in north-south direction of the tree row. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with one control. Different trees dimension.DBH (diameter at breast height) and crown width range from 22.61-26.27 cm and 7.62-8.90 m, respectively. Data on the growth and yield of rice were recorded at various distances (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m and control > 9 m). The results showed that the bund agorforestry of Acacia nilotica had adverse affect on growth and yield of rice which differs with the different dbh and crown width of the tree row and distance from the tree line. Due to increasing crown width and closeness from the tree, the growth of rice i.e. no of hills quadrat-1 and number of tillers quadrat-1 of rice were drastically reduced. The maximum number of hills (9.33) and tillers (159.33) were recorded at the distance of 9 m from tree 3 and the minimum number of hills and tillers were found at the distance, i.e. 1-3 m from the tree line. Whereas the minimum reduction in yield attributes like grain weight with inflorescence/quadrat, number of grains and 1000-grain weight (g) of rice, (300.29), (26630.80), and (11.92), respectively were observed at a distance of 9 m from tree 3, and the maximum decreased was observed at a distance of 1 m from tree 1, (10.07), (1617.40) and (5.32), respectively in comparison with all other distances. However the biological yield, grain yield and straw yield of rice recorded at a distance of 9 m from tree 3, (74.27 q / ha), (29.39 q / ha), and (44.88 q / ha), respectively and was substantially higher relative to 7 m from tree and from the control plot. The highest (47.78 percent) harvest index percent was found on the control plot, followed by tree 3 (39.49 percent) at 9 m distance from tree line. Thus results of present indicate that highest reduction in the yield was observed near the tree line i.e.1-5 m. The decrease followed the order; tree3> tree2>, and tree1 at all distances from the line of the tree. Thus it can be concluded that minimum crown width and increasing distance from the tree line of Acacia nilotica had less effect on the growth and yield of rice as compared to the trees with maximum crown width and closeness with tree or tree line.ThesisItem Open Access LAND USE, VEGETATION AND CARBON STOCKING ANALYSIS OF DRY TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN PART OF AMARKANTAK BIOSPHERE RESERVE USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Darro, Harischandra; Swamy, S.L.; Prajapati, R.K.; Tedia, K.; Pandey, K.K.; Singh, LaljiThe presentinvestigation on “Land use, Vegetation and Carbon Stocking Analysis 0f Dry Tropical Forest Ecosystem in part of Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve using Geospatial Technologies” was conducted during 2017-2019. Landsat 8 OLI satellite data of study area was used for characterization of Land use/land cover and vegetation types. The ten quadrates of 20 m × 20 m, 2m×2m and 0.5m×0.5m were randomly laid for characterization of floristics, structure and diversity of tree, shrub and herbaceous layers, respectively. Allometric regression methods for trees and shrubs, harvesting method for herbswere employed for biomass estimation and C storage. Standing litter crop and the litter fall on the forest floor were measured in randomly laid sample plots in vegetation type. NPP and C sequestration were finally calculated summing the biomass increment and litter fall of respective vegetation types. Physico-chemical properties of soils are also studied under different vegetation types. Results revealed that area was predominantly by forest vegetationand scrubland, which shared 55.5% of the total study area. The floristic composition shows that forty four (44) species represented by 24 families, 13 species by 9 families and 16 species by 11 families were recorded in tree, shrub and herbaceous layers, respectively. The most abundant family was fabaceae, which recorded highest number (7 and 4) of individuals in both tree and shrub layers, respectively.Basal area of tree layer in the present study ranged from 9.36 to 29.92 m2 ha-1 and shrubs from 2.2 to 6.48 m2 ha-1. Shannon index values in tree layer ranged from 0.61 to 3.07, Simpson index values ranged for 0.064 to 0.74 and Beta Diversity across vegetation types ranged from 2.96 to 3.60 and maximum diversity was found in Mixed Sal and Mixed Forests. The total standing biomass ranged from 63.53 to 600.89 Mg ha-1, standing C from 26.41 to 246 Mg ha-1, of which trees contributed over 90% biomass.The total annual litter fall in different vegetation types ranged from 0.78 to 3.66 Mg ha¬–1 yr-1. NPP and C sequestration ranged from 6.86 to 20.91 Mg ha¬–1 yr-1 and 2.89 to 8.89 Mg ha¬–1 yr-1. It was highest in Mixed Sal Forest followed Mixed Forest, while it was lowest in Bamboo Brake. For total NPP, tree layer contributed from 46.30% to 75.99%, shrubs from 2.91% to 24.78 %, herbs from 3.58% to 12.39%, and litter fall from 6.86% to 20.91%. Total carbon sequestration in vegetationtypes ranged from 2.89 to 8.85 Mg ha¬-1 yr-1. Biomass, C storage, NPP and C sequestration was highest under Mixed Sal Forest and lowest in Bamboo Brake. Organic C in soil, available N, P and K ranged from 7.5 to 17.3 Mg ha-1, 160.7 to 196.9 kg ha-112.1 to 17.7 kg ha-1, 266.4 to 439.1 kg ha-1 and decreased with soil depth. Nutrients were higher in Mixed Sal Forests and lower in Teak forest. The C sequestration levels could be further enhanced through improving stocking density through gap planting and selective thinning practices. The study explores the managerial interventions and opportunities of C benefits to the forest inhabitants under REDD and REDD+ mechanism. The study furtherdiscusses the potentials of C sequestration in dry tropical forests of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere reserve for mitigating the global warming and climate change.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa) UNDER Eucalyptus Tereticornis BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN PLAINS OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Tirkey, Jaimangal; Naugraiya, M.N.; Kog, Vijaya Laxmi; Tripathi, A.K.; Saxena, R.R.; Toppo, PratapThe present investigation entitled “Performance of Turmeric under Eucalyptus tereticornis based Agroforestry System in Plains of Chhattisgarh” was carried out at Biodiversity Park cum Botanical garden of Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur during 2017-2018, Objectives are to To study the effect of Eucalyptus on growth and yield behavior of two variety of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and To study the growth behavior of tree under Agroforestry system. The design of the experiment was factorial RBD under two cropping system viz; open field and agroforestry, turmeric crop was two variety ranga and roma, turmeric crop was cultivated with three different spacing treatments i.e. S-1 (50cm x 50cm), S-2 (50cm x 30cm) and (40cm x 30cm). The growth as well yield parameter of turmeric crop such as plant height, tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant leave size similarly; mother rhizome length of fingers and yield of rhizome (q ha-1) were studied. The plant height was maximum 83.67cm,leaves size 210.16cm2 ,no. of finger 4.88 and length of finger 4.90cm in open field and tillers plant-1 2.96, no. of leaves 20.96 plant-1 in agroforestry system. The fresh yield obtained from open field was 225.79 qha-1 while agroforestry system 149.80 qha-1 reduced by 33.77% with statistically non-significant. In case of variety Ranga (V-1) produced maximum fresh yield of 196.06 qha-1 as compare to roma (V-2) 179.53 qha-1 . in Case spacing S-1 produced maximum fresh yield of 197.63 qha-1 . The height (m) of Eucalyptus tereticornis was 20.26 m ± 2.97 before sowing of turmeric crop which increased by 1.03m with MAI of 1.12 m while collar diameter (cm) increased by 1.00cm and diameter at breast height (cm) was increased by 0.87 cm of twelve month of growth. Agroforestry gave better results for growth parameters while open field gave better yield of turmeric crop. In agroforestry long term cultivation of shade loving crop always gave economical viable system.
