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ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF RESISTANCE IN ELITE LINES OF CHICKPEA AND PIGEONPEA AGAINST PULSE-BEETLE Callosobruchus chinensis(L.) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH QUALITY PARAMETERS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Sathish, Kota; Katlam, B.P.; Jagdish, Jaba; Shaw, S.S.; Chandel, Girish; Saxena, R.R.The present studies on “Physico-morpho-biochemical basis of resistance in elite lines of chickpea and pigeonpea against pulse-beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and its relationship with quality parameters” were conducted at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru, Telangana, during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 under laboratory conditions. Preliminary screening of 30 accessions (15 chickpea and 15 pigeonpea) for resistance to C. chinensis was based on percentage seed damage by C. chinensis on chickpea and pigeonpea genotypes. The results of the preliminary screening were confirmed by single-choice and multi-choice conditions. Observation were recorded on F1 adult emergence. The results revealed that PI 599066 was the only chickpea genotype that was highly resistant to the C. chinensis as neither seed damage, nor holes were observed during the study both under single choice and multi choice conditions. IG 72953 recorded minimum per cent seed damage compared to the susceptible check. ICCV 2, KAK 2 and VIHAR exhibited high per cent seed damage both under single choice and multi choice conditions. Maximum and minimum mean developmental periods were recorded on IG 72953 (34.26 days) and ICCV 2 (28.04 days) respectively. The highest phenol (0.82 mg/g) and flavonoid (1.74mg/g) contents were recorded in PI 599066. Whereas the maximum protein content and total soluble sugars 18.10% and 54.51 mg/g respectively, were recorded in ICCV 2. PI 599066 (69.61%) exhibited highest cysteine protease inhibitor activity followed by IG 72933 (63.27%) and IG 72953 (59.70%), while the lowest cysteine protease inhibitor activity was recorded in ICCV 2 (30.89%). The genotypes with higher phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and protease and chitinase inhibitors exhibited minimum per cent seed damage. Data on fecundity of C. chinensis revealed that IG 72953 (78.07) was least preferred for egg laying as compared to ICCV 2 (194.83). PI 599066 was the only genotype that exhibited resistance to C. chinensis in the test for oviposition preference. The percent adult emergence was highest in ICCV 2 (31.14), KAK 2 (30.63) and lowest in IG 72953 and IG 72933 (15.60 and 15.37 respectively). The weight loss per cent was minimum in IG 72953 (1.51%) and maximum in ICCV 2 (23.40%). In terms of biology of C. chinensis on chickpea IG 72953 genotype was less preferred by C. chinensis. The incubation period of the eggs, growth and development periods of grubs, pupae were prolonged, adult emergence and longevity were lower on IG 72953 than on ICCV 2. Preliminary evaluation of pigeonpea genotypes for resistance to C. chinensis revealed that lowest per cent seed damage was recorded in ICPW 68 (18.90 and 4.33), while highest was recorded in ICPL 161 (74.40 and 59.78) under single choice and multi choice conditions respectively. Secondary metabolites and anti-nutritional compounds in resistant genotypes played a significant role in management of C. chinensis, where such effects were not expressed in the susceptible genotypes. Proteins and total soluble sugars were associated with susceptibility against C. chinensis. Higher seed damage percentage (74.40 and 71.10), fecundity (171.38 and 168.14) and weight loss percent (24.39 and 22.07) were observed on ICPL 161 and ICPL 332 respectively. While anti-nutritional compounds such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, trypsin inhibitors, cysteine inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, and chitinase inhibitors (10.25 mg/g, 1.38 mg/g, 1.28 mg/g, 54.66%, 60.54%, 52.80% and 52.68 respectively) were associated with resistance to C. chinensis in ICPW 68. ICPW 68 (21.33 and 49.37) was not preferred for oviposition by C. chinensis, while high oviposition preference was recorded on ICPL 161 (68.00 and 171.38) multi-choice and single choice conditions respectively. ICPL 161 exhibited highest per cent adult emergence (31.44), mean adult emergence (14.10), number of holes (12.33) and weight loss per cent (24.39). While, lowest per cent adult emergence (6.25), mean adult emergence (2.40), number of holes (3.00) and weight loss per cent (2.01) was recorded on ICPW 68. The incubation period of the eggs, growth and development periods of grubs, pupae were prolonged, adult emergence and longevity were lower on ICPW 68 than on ICPL 161. The per cent mortality, oviposition inhibition, adult emergence, percent weight loss, and adult inhibition percent were 86.67%, 25.00, 4.33, 2.10 % and 92.40% respectively when the ABC plant and clay dust acetone extracts were used against C. chinensis as compared to untreated check. These extracts helped in reducing the pest attack in stored pulses.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on diversity of chalcidoids from natural and agro ecosystem of Chhattisgarh(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Alisha, Shekh; Rana, D.K.; Gupta, Ankita; Shaw, S.S.; Verulkar, S.B.; Saxena, Ravi R.Superfamily Chalcidoidea under order Hymenoptera is considered to be the most beneficial superfamily because of their parasitizing nature. Insects of this superfamily are parasitoids of larva or pupae of many orders and are thus beneficial for controlling agricultural insect pests. The present study was conducted from July 2019 to February 2020 to evaluate the diversity of chalcidoids in different ecosystem of different agro-climatic zones in the state Chhattisgarh, India. In the present studies, specimens of chalcidoids were collected from different agro-climatic zones (Chhattisgarh Plains, Bastar Plateau and Northern Hills) which include natural vegetation and different manmade agroecosystems of Chhattisgarh state. 386 specimens of Chalcidoidea which includes 8 families (Pteromalidae, Torymidae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Chalcididae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, and Ormyridae), were identified and in that Chalcididae family was found to be the most dominant one. Five genera under four subfamilies were identified of family Chalcididae. For natural vegetation collection, surveys were done in wildlife sanctuaries and national park and for manmade agroecosystem; surveys were done in agricultural research farms. In all the three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh, Chalcididae was found to be the most pre dominant family and the family with least diversity was Encyrtidae from Northern Hills, Ormyridae from Chhattisgarh Plains and Torymidae from Bastar Plateau. Specimens of 8 families from Chhattisgarh Plains, specimens of 4 families from Northern Hills and specimens of 4 families from Bastar Plateau were collected. From overall natural vegetation specimens of 5 families of Chalcidoidea were collected. Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, Mungeli was found to be the natural vegetation with most number of specimens of Chalcidoidea and Gomarda WLS, Raigarh was found to be the natural vegetation with least number of specimens of Chalcidoidea. And from all the manmade agroecosystems specimens of 8 families of Chalcidoidea were collected. College of Agriculture, Raipur was found to be the manmade agroecosystem with most number of specimens and Organic farm, Jagdalpur was found to be the manmade agroecosystem with least number of specimens collected. Diversity of Chalcidoidea was found to be rich in natural vegetation. Five genera (Antrocephalus Kirby, 1883, Hockeria Walker, 1834, Brachymeria Westwood, 1829, Dirhinus Dalman, 1818 and Epitranus Walker, 1834) of Chalcididae family under four subfamilies were identified. From Northern Hills Dirhinus Dalman was found to be the most dominating genera and the genera with least number of specimen was Epitranus Walker. From Chhattisgarh Plains the most dominating genera was Brachymeria Westwood and the genera with least number of specimen was Epitranus Walker and from Bastar Plateau genera Hockeria Walker was found to be dominant and the genus with least number of specimen was Antrocephalus Kirby. From overall natural vegetation Brachymeria Westwood was found to be most dominant and Epitranus Walker was found least dominant. Achanakmar Tiger Reserve, Mungeli, was found to be the natural vegetation with most number of specimens and Balrampur, Northern Hills, was found to be the natural vegetation with least number of specimens collected. And from all manmade agroecosystems College of Agriculture, Raipur was found with most number of specimens and Organic farm, Jagdalpur was found with least number of specimens collected. Diversity of Chalcididae was found to be rich in natural vegetation. Different collection methodologies were used for collecting specimens and the most effective collection methodology was found to be yellow pan traps. Sweep net was another method which was effective after yellow pan traps. From all over Chhattisgarh collection of chalcidoids, family Chalcididae accounts for 66.32% of total chalcidoid specimens. And in Chalcididae collection, genus Antrocephalus Kirby accounts for 18.75%, genus Hockeria Walker accounts for 22.265%, genus Brachymeria Westwood accounts for 27.734%, genus Dirhinus Dalman accounts for 30.468% and genus Epitranus Walker accounts for 0.78%. This analysis of diversity of chalcidoids from different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh from different ecosystem would be beneficial for any upcoming experiments incorporating these parasitoids.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Semiochemical in Tritrophic Interaction among Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Trichogrammatids and Cruciferous Plants(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Kumar, Yeetesh; Shaw, S.S.; Bakthavatsalam, N.; Yadu, Y.K.; Saxena, Ravi R.; Khokhar, D.Diamond Back Moth, P. xylostella is the important key pest of cruciferous plants, causing drastic yield loss and affecting the marketability of Cole crops. However, P. xylostella has developed resistance for many insecticides and use of insecticides in any vegetable crop is not a judicious practice. Hence, there is need of effective eco-friendly control measures for managing P. xylostella in the cruciferous crops. Therefore, behavioral manipulation is a kind of pest management tactics for ecofriendly management of pests by the use of semiochemicals. For better utilization of semiochemicals in behavior manipulation, it needs to understand the tritrophic interaction among the host, plant, and parasitoid. In this manuscript, various experiments were conducted to understand the Tritrophic interaction among the Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Trichogrammatids, and Cruciferous Plants. The semiochemical blend developed from kairomonal and synomonal volatile organic compounds of cruciferous plants and P. xylostella eggs were utilized for the manipulation of T. chilonis behavior. The leaf of seven cultivable plants viz., Cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, mustard, knol-khol, and kale was used to study the oviposition preference of P. xylostella. In preference study, the mustard and Chinese cabbage was highly preferred and moderate preferrence was recorded in cabbage and kale, while cauliflower and broccoli were less preferred and least oviposition was recorded in the knol-khol plant. The higher attraction of P. xylostella towards the mustard and Chinese cabbage reveals that may be those plants bearing the higher quantity of qualitative ovipositional volatile compounds and structural characteristics were responsible for enhancing the oviposition rate of P. xylostella. The P. xylostella oviposition preference study was conducted between the 04 wild cruciferous plants with 04 different accession numbers of each species. In the preference study between the accession numbers of intra-species, IC572843 of Lepidium sativum, EC694081 of Crambe abyssinica, IC310814 of Eruca sativa and IC369444 of Eruca vesicaria was preferred more by the DBM, whereas in the inter-species oviposition preference study between the highly preferred accession numbers of each wild species, the DBM oviposited more on Eruca vesicaria IC369444 and the intermediate oviposition was observed in Eruca sativa IC310814 (88.00) and Lepidium sativum IC572843 (68.60). While the least oviposition load by DBM was recorded in Crambe abyssinica EC694081. Results reveal that may be the plant structures and volatile organic compounds play an important role in fluctuation of oviposition load on different plant species. Comparison of P. xylostella oviposition preference between the one wild plant (E. vesicaria), one cultivable plant (Broccoli), and one standard check (Mustard), the higher oviposition was recorded in mustard leaf as compared to the E. vesicaria. While the least count of oviposition was observed in broccoli plants. Thus, may be the difference of plant structure and volatile organic compounds in the mustard, E. vesicaria and broccoli is responsible for the difference in oviposition count because mustard leaves bear more trichome density and volatile organic compounds as compared to the E. vesicaria plant. While broccoli bears negligible trichome density and high wax coatings on the leaves. In foraging behavior study of T. chilonis on seven cultivable cruciferous plants, the mustard, cabbage and cauliflower was found highly attractive for T. chilonis in eight armed olfactometer attraction test but broccoli and kale were highly preferred by the T. chilonis in PAI, PPI and AEI study in Petri dish bioassay. In case of semi-field condition, the Knol-khol and cabbage plant was highly preferred by T. chilonis for the parasitization of egg cards. Overall cabbage plant was most preferred in olfactometer attraction test and semi-field condition parasitization test. The Petri dish bioassay was conducted to understand the foraging behavior of T. chilonis on 04 different accession numbers of each wild cruciferous plant. The 04-wild species of crucifers (Lepidium sativum, Crambe abyssinica, Eruca sativa, and Eruca vesicaria) with 04 accession numbers of each species were used for the bioassay and the bioassay work was done individually for each species. In Petri dish bioassay of 04 accession numbers of Lepidium sativum plant, the accession number IC572843 got maximum PAI, while AEI and PPI were recorded highest in control. The trend of PAI, PPI, and AEI recorded from the foraging behavior study of T. chilonis was found highest in accession number EC694143 as compared to the others in Crambe abyssinica plant. In Eruca sativa, the PAI was found higher in accession number IC310814 but IC310960 recorded the highest PPI and AEI count by T. chilonis. In the case of Eruca vesicaria, the accession number IC356117 recorded the maximum PAI, PPI, and AEI response by T. chilonis. It was observed that the influence of different accession numbers of wild crucifer on the foraging behavior of T. chilonis was found negligible in the intra-species comparison between 04 accession numbers of each wild cruciferous plant species. The highly preferred accession numbers for P. xylostella oviposition of each wild species of cruciferous plant was selected for testing the foraging behavior of T. chilonis. Total 04 wild cruciferous plants (Lepidium sativum IC572843, Crambe abyssinica EC694081, Eruca sativa IC310814, and Eruca vesicaria IC369444) were used for testing the foraging behavior of T. chilonis. This study was done under the 03 steps- 1.) Attraction test in 08 armed olfactometer, 2.) Petri dish bioassay and 3.) Parasitization test under the semi-field condition on potted intact plants. The inter- species comparison between highly preferred accession numbers of 04 wild cruciferous species in attraction test and Petri dish bioassay was found statistically significant and on an average highest foraging activity of T. chilonis was recorded in E. sativa plant and the lowest foraging activity was observed in Crambe abyssinica plant while, in the semi-field condition parasitization test on 04 wild cruciferous plants, the T. chilonis gave the higher foraging response on E. vesicaria plant and the lowest response was recorded in Crambe abyssinica plant. The Petri dish bioassay was conducted to understand the foraging behavior of T. chilonis on 03 plants, broccoli as a cultivated plant, Arugula (Eruca vesicaria IC369444) as a wild plant and mustard plant as a standard check. In this study, the foraging behavior of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on wild vs cultivable cruciferous plants were found statistically non-significant. The PAI, PPI, and AEI were recorded highest in control as compared to the other plants but when compared only among plants, the highest PAI and PPI was recorded in broccoli, while maximum AEI value of E. vesicaria plant reveals the higher arrestant property of the Arugula (Eruca vesicaria) plant for T. chilonis. It was observed that in the whole experiment of P. xylostella preference study and T. chilonis foraging behavior study, the cruciferous plant attracting the higher number of Plutella xylostella, was attracting the lesser number of T. chilonis but vice versa the plant attracting the higher number of T. chilonis was attracting the lesser number of DBM female for oviposition. This might be due to the quantitative and qualitative oviposition chemical cues emanated from the plants are different for both insects because every insect is governed with specific kind of chemical cues and also plant producing the attractive chemicals for T. chilonis might be producing the less amount of oviposition chemical cues for P. xylostella and vice versa the plant producing the attractive chemical for P. xylostella might be producing the less amount of attractive chemical cues for T. chilonis. It will be beneficial for farmers if they grow one row of plant which is highly attractive for the T. chilonis in between the highly attractive plant for the Plutella xylostella as an improved intercropping model for managing the DBM pest. The volatiles collected through headspace and leaf extract were analyzed through GC-MS-EAD and total 186 compounds were detected, with 99 compounds being identified as electrophysiologically active for the female P. xylostella and some detected compounds viz., limonene, allyl-isothiocyanate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, α-pinene, linalool, eucalyptol, 3-carene, (E)-2-hexenal, Nonanal and heptanal, etc. are highly important for the olfactory activity of DBM. GC-MS analysis of egg extract of both ages (12 hour and 24 hour old eggs of P. xylostella) revealed an average of 41 major compounds. In overall 41 compounds, 31 compounds belong to 12 hour old eggs and 19 compounds belong to 24 hour old eggs of P. xylostella. However, some detected chemicals viz., octadecane, tricosane, tetracosane, hexacosane, octacosane, and docosane, etc. were responsible for enhancing the parasitism rate of trichogrammatids. To understand the interaction between T. chilonis and chemicals, the screening work was done on 51 chemicals in a multi-arm olfactometer. In screening, the chemicals which were highly attractive to T. chilonis were Allyl isothiocyanate, Linalool oxide, Pentyl acetate, Geraniol, β-Pinene, Phytol, 3-Carene, Linalool, 1-Pentanol, E-2-Hexen-1-al, and Pentacosane, whereas, moderate attraction was observed in, Z-3 hexenyl isovalerate, α- Phellandrene, Eicosane, Tetradecane, Dimethyl trisulfide, Hexacosane, 1- Hexanol, Tetradecane, Z-3- hexenyl acetate, 2-Heptanone, Heptacosane, and Hexadecane. The chemicals recorded less attraction are Eucalyptol, Sabinene, Tetracosane, E-4-hexen-1-ol, Methyl eugenol, Hexyl acetate, β-Myrcene, β-Caryophyllene, α-Pinene, α- Terpinene, Dodecane, Nonadecane. The least attraction was detected in Ocimene, Farnesene isomer mixture, P- Cymene, 1-Octen-3-ol, D- Limonene, E-2-hexen-1-ol, n- Heptanal, γ- Terpinene, Nonanal, Octacosane. As well as, the repellent action for T. chilonis was observed in β- ionone, Benzyl cyanide, and Indole. From 51 chemicals, only 15 chemicals viz. (z-3 hexenyl isovalerate (0.1%), linalool oxide (0.1%), pentyl acetate (0.1%), geraniol (0.01%), tetradecane (0.01%), β-pinene (0.01%), phytol (1%), 3-carene (1%), linalool (0.1%), 1-Pentanol (0.1%), z-3- hexenyl acetate (1%), trans-2-hexen-1-al (1%), 2-heptanone (1%), pentacosane (1%), and tricosane (0.01%)) were selected for the development of blend because those fifteen chemicals showed statistically higher rate of significant attraction response for T. chilonis. The attraction of T. chilonis towards the blend was found statistically significant and it was observed that more than 60-70% of T. chilonis adults moved towards the blend as compared to the blank control arm of Y-tube. Hence, it is revealed that the percentage of parasitoid visits towards the blend and control arms were not uniform and the blend used in Y-tube study was significantly influencing more visits of T. chilonis towards the blend as compared to the control.ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INFESTATION STATUS OF FALL ARMYWORM, Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith) ON DIFFERENT MAIZE HYBRIDS AND ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH INSECTICIDES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Madhu Kumari; Deole, Sonali; Shaw, S. S.; Mehta, Nandan; Chandrakar, G.A field experiment, entitled “Population dynamics and infestation status of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) on different maize hybrids and its management through insecticides” was conducted at Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during Kharif 2019. The insect pests viz aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), leaf hopper (Cicadulina sp.), stink bug (Nazara virudula), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), pink stem borer (Sesmia inferens) and hairy caterpillar (Euproctis sp.) were recorded as major insect pests on maize crop. The highest number of aphids (5.2 / cm2 leaf area), leaf hopper (42 adults/ plant),stink bug (0.78 adult/ plant), pink stem borer (0.12 larva/ plant) and hairy caterpillar (5.2 larvae/ plant)were seen during 38thSMW, 38th SMW, 37th SMW, 37th SMW and 38th SMW respectively. The population of fall armyworm appeared during 32 SMW with a mean population of 0.08 larva /plant. The population reached to its peak in the 38th SMW with a mean population of 2.6 larvae /plant at ear stage. During the study period natural enemies viz. spiders, ladybird beetle (Cheilomenus sexmaculata and Coccinellid transversalis), rove beetle (Paederus sp.), and canthoconid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) were also observed. The correlation studies between fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and weather parameters during Kharif, 2019 exhibited a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.516*). The regression equation being (Y=0.3176x - 8.9777) indicating that with an increase in 1℃ temperature there will be increase in population by 0.317. While, significant negative correlation with relative humidity (evening) (r=-0.519*),the regression equation being (Y=-0.0485x + 4.265) indicating that with increase in 1 per cent relative humidity there will be decrease in larval population by 0.048, and significant highly positive correlation with bright sunshine hours (r= 0.775**), the regression equation being (Y=0.2874x - 0.3403) indicating that with an increase in 1 hours in bright sunshine there will be increase in larval population by 0.287. Leaf damage rating of fall armyworm showed significant highly negative correlation with leaf trichome (r=-0.658**) and leaf length (r=-0.624**). Ear damage rating of fall armyworm showed significant highly positive correlation with length of central spike (cm) (r=0.764**). Whereas, kernel damage rating showed significant negative correlation with cob length (cm) (r=-0.411*) and showed significant highly negative correlation with cob width (cm) (r=-0.636**). Thiamethoxam 12.6% EC+ Lambdacyhalothrin 9.5% ZC@125 ml a.i./ha was found the most effective insecticide against fall armyworm, as it was recorded the highest per cent reduction of insect population over control (68.3%) along with the highest grain yield (40.55 q/ha) with the highest benefit cost ratio of 1:7.12.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal incidence, germplasm screening, and bio-efficacy studies on insecticides against major insect pests of brinjal crop during kharif(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Rajkumari; Chandrakar, Gajendra; Singh, Vikas; Sharma, Dhananjay; Chandrakar, GayatriThe present piece of work entitled “Seasonal incidence, germplasm screening, and bio-efficacy studies on insecticides against major insect pests of brinjal crop during kharif” was carried out at Horticulture farm, Department of horticulture, CoA, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during kharif seas on 2019-20. In brinjal, the peak activity of insect pests were noticed from the month of September to October with the maximum population of aphid (11.06/plant), hadda beetle (1.5/plant), whitefly (8.78/plant) and jassids (12.32/plant) were observed during the month September to October. While maximum shoot infestation (10.05/plant) and fruit infestation (52.14/plant) csused by Shoot and Fruit borer were recorded during the 40th standard week and 43rd standard week. Morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, maximum temperature ,minimum temperature, were found positive and significantly correlated with jassids, whitefly ,aphid ,hadda beetle and shoot borer infestation while wind velocity showed negative and significantly correlated with whitefly.The fruit borer infestation showed significant and negative correlation with all the weather parameter. As far as natural enemies were concerned all sucking insect of brinjal showed positive and significant correlations with spiders and coccinellids. Studies on screening of some brinjal germplasm for germplasm resistance indicated that, among the 12 brinjal germplasm screened against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, none of germplasm was tolerant under the range of 1.00 and 15.00 per cent infestation. Besides, IGB- 4 and IGB-5 were found moderately tolerant against shoot and fruit borer under the range of 16.00 and 25.00 per cent infestation. Out of the remaining brinjal germplasm, three viz. IGB-2, IGB-10 and IGB-11 were rated as susceptible and seven were rated under highly susceptible. The “minimum per cent fruit infestation was recorded” in BAS 550 1 I SC @120g a.i./ha followed by BAS 550 1 I SC @108 g a.i./ha and maximum in untreated plot.“The highest fruit yield per plot was recorded from” BAS 550 1 I SC @120g a.i./ha ( 211.24q/ha) followed by BAS 550 1 I SC @108 g a.i./ha (195.24q/ha). Impact of different doses of BAS 550 1 I SC on different days after spraying was observed that there was no significant impact on natural enemies, coccinellid and spiders.ThesisItem Open Access ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AS POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS OF FALL ARMY WORM, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. SMITH) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN MAIZE IN INDIA(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Soni, Sonia; Shaw, S. S.; Patil, Jagadeesh; Deole, Sonali; Dantre, R. K.; Chandrakar, GayatriMaize –the third most important cereal crop of India and second most important cereal crop of Chhattisgarh is valued for fodder and food. Recently invaded fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) is emerging threat in maize cultivation in India. Efficacy of five EPN species- Heterorhabditis indica, H. bacteriophora, Steinernama carpocapsae, S. abbasi, and S. siamkayai was tested under laboratory, green house and field condition. In laboratory assay four days after treatment mortality ranged from (30-100%) for H. indica, (25-100%) for S. carpocapsae, (20-100%) for H. bacteriophora, (10-80%) for S. abbasi and (5-75%) for S. siamkayai in third instar larvae while (10-100%) for H. indica, (5-100%) for S. carpocapsae, (5-75%) for H. bacteriophora, (5-70%) for S. abbasi and (0-65%) for S. siamkayai in fourth instar larvae of S. frugiperda at different tested concentrations. These results reveal that third instar larvae were more susceptible than fourth instar. Percentage reduction in adult emergence ranged from (10-85%) for H. indica, (5-80%) for S. carpocapsae, (0-60%) for H. bacteriophora, (0-50%) for S. abbasi and (0-45%) for S. siamkayai when these EPN species where tested against pupal stage of S. frugiperda at different concentrations. Thus the tested EPN species varies significantly in their efficacy against larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda. The five EPN species also differed significantly in rate of penetration and reproduction inside S. frugiperda larvae and H. indica showed highest rate of penetration (17.2%) and highest rate of reproduction (130 IJs mg^(-1) body weight) followed by S. carpocapsae. Whorl application of H.indica and S. carpocapsae under semi field condition resulted into 100% and 85% mortality of S. frugiperda respectively when applied at the rate 1200 IJs plant-1. Field trial data showed that the percentage reduction in S. frugiperda larval population was highest for Emamectin benzoate 5G (100%) followed by H. indica (89%) followed by S. carpocapsae (73.33%) when the rate of EPNs application was 5×〖10〗^8 IJs ha-1. However rate of reduction in larval population by Emamectin benzoate and H. indica does not differ significantly at dose rate of 5×〖10〗^8 IJs ha-1. Thus these experiments suggest that EPNs can be promising biocontrol agent against S. frugiperda.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON COMMERCIAL HOST PLANTS AND PREVALENCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF LAC INSECT, Kerria lacca Kerr. AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN KANKER DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Netam, Piyush Kant; Chandrakar, H. K.; Koshta, V. K.; Sharma, R. N.; Chandrakar, G.; Rana, D. K.The present investigation entitled studies on commercial host plants and prevalence of natural enemies of lac insect Kerria lacca Kerr. and their management was carried out in Kanker district of Chhattisgarh, during 2015-16 and 2016-17. During the investigation brood lac required for inoculation on different host plants was recorded highest mean on kusum (7550 kg) followed by ber, palas and semialata, 709,586 and 46.60 g respectively. Highest mean settlement of lac insect nymph per 2.5 sq cm at 30, 45,60,70,90,110,130,150 and 172 days after brood lac inoculation was recorded 101.01,76.32,58.09,46.72,40.82,31.01,25.92,22.78 and 17.63 respectively. Highest mean number of female lac insect 57.96 per 2.5 sq cm lac twigs and highest male and female sex ratio with 3.01 was observed 50-55 days after brood lac inoculation on kusum (S.oleosa) host plant in kusmi, aghani of lac crop. The highest mean number of stick lac 244.40 per plant with mean length of stick lac 56.12 cm per stick lac, maximum mean fresh weight of stick lac 49.88 g per 30 cm length of stick lac, maximum mean weight of scraped lac 21.72 g per 30 cm stick lac, maximum mean weight of raw stick lac 59.25 kg per plant, highest mean weight of fresh and dry weight of 100 lac cells 8.68 and 7.16 g and yield potential 7.89 on kusum host in kusmi, aghani (winter) strain. But maximum mean length of stick lac 90.88 cm per stick lac and highest yield potential 8.33 was recorded on ber host plant in rangeeni, katki (rainy) strain. Among the different host plants kusum was found best host plant in kusmi strain for commercial lac production viz. Maximum number of stick lac, highest number of larval settlement and maximum cost benefit ratio with (3.97). While ber (Z.mauritiana) was performed highest mean length of stick lac and highest yield potential in rangeeni, katki (rainy) strain. In the present studied incidence of various insect associated with lac insect in rangeeni and kusmi strain was recorded in rainy and winter crop in five blocks of Kanker district. It was indicating that the incidence of various insect viz. E.amabilis was recorded with peaked density (8.38 and 9.19/30 cm stick lac) on second fortnight of August and P.pulverea with peaked density (6.61 and 6.77 /30 cm stick lac) on first fortnight of September as major and Chrysopa.sp. was recorded as minor predators in both rangeeni and kusmi. Among the parasitiods T.tachardiae was recorded with peaked density (7.17 and 7.38 /30 cm stick lac) as major potential parasitoids whereas A.purpureus, E.tachardiae and Parechthrodryinus clavicarnis was recorded as minor parasitoids and also recorded the beneficial fauna (Hyper-parasitoids) B.tachardiae, Pristomerus sulci and B.greeni in rangeeni (katki) and kusmi (aghani) strain. Among the evaluated different concentrations of insecticides, was initiate twice at 30 and 60 days after brood lac inoculation, emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.002 per cent was most effective best insecticides against E.amabilis, P.pulverea and T.tachardiae, the associated fauna predators and parasitoid with maximum scraped lac yield 25.48 g per 30 cm stick lac and highest increased of lac yield 34.97 per cent as compared to untreated control. It was less harmful to lac insect survival at 30 and 60 days after brood lac inoculation with 92.54 and 87.10, respectively, with highest raw lac yield (63.83 kg per plant) and higher cost benefit ratio (4.17).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RICE INSECT PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES THROUGH HOURLY LIGHT TRAP CATCHES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Dhruv, Rameshwar Singh; Soni, V. K.; Sharma, Sanjay; Prabha, Nirmodh; Pandey, K. K.The present investigation entitled “Studies on population dynamics of rice insect pests and their natural enemies through hourly light trap catches” was conducted at the research farm of S.K. College of Agriculture & Research Station, Kawardha (Kabirdham) during Kharif 2018. The maximum hourly over night light trap catches of yellow stem borer, leaf folder, case worm, green leaf hopper, brown planthopper + white backed planthopper and gundhi bug were recorded from 18 to 22 hrs. with the mean population of 3.44, 1.95, 0.68, 23.59, 70.68, 1.72, respectively, with highest collection during October and Novemebr. Important predators observed in the rice ecosystem were staphylinid beetle, rove beetle, lady bird beetle, earwig, ground beetle and mirid bug and the mean highest hourly over night catches of these rice predators were observed during October and Novemebr with the populaion of 2.09, 24.63, 14.22, 4.72, 8.63 and 0.45, respectively, in light trap at Kawardha. Yellow stem borer and case worm showed significant negative correlation with minimum temperature with r value -0.487, -0.500, respectively, however, leaf folder showed sgnificant positive correlaton with RH-II with r value 0.421 at 5% level of significance. Green leafhopper, planthopper (BPH +WBPH) and gundhi bug were showed significant positive correlation with sunshine hours with r value 0.525, 0.522, 0.484, respectively, at 5 % level of significance. The most active period and highest catches of rice predators viz., staphylinid beetle, rove beetle, lady bird beetle, earwig, ground beetle and mirid bug were observed during August to November and 35th to 48th SMW, respectively, in light trap. The correlation study of rove beetle, mirid bug and ear wig with the sunshine hours showed significant positive correlation with r value of 0.563, 0.587 and 0.453, respectively, at 1% level of significance. However, all the recorded weather parameters viz. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, RH-I, RH-II and sunshine hours showed non significant correlation with the population of predator lady bird beetle at 1% and 5% level of significance. Among the thirty rice genotypes, the genotypes R1930-223-2-168-1, R2302-404-2-315-1 and R2302-384-272-1 recorded minimum per centage of dead heart/white ear head, damaged leaf % and number with 2.92%, 11.09% and 5.01, respectively, however, Maheshwari genotypes was recorded with the maximum per centage dead heart/white ear head (12.10%), damaged leaf % (21.44) and number (19.97) caused by yellow stem borer, leaf folder and brown planthopper, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INCIDENCE, POPULATION DYNAMICS, GERMPLASM SCREENING AND BIO-EFFICACY STUDIES OF INSECTICIDES AGAINST INSECT PESTS OF BRINJAL(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2019) Chandrakar, Harshal Kumar; Chandrakar, Gajendra; Rana, Navneet; Sharma, Dhananjay; Saxena, R. R.The present investigation entitled “Seasonal incidence, population dynamics, germplasm screening and bio-efficacy studies of insecticides against insect pests of brinjal’’ was carried out in the research field of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during season rabi 2018-19. Incidence of jassids (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), aphid (Aphis gossypii), hadda beetle (Epilacna vigintioctopunctata) and shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) were revealed as major insect pests on brinjal crop. Lady bird beetle and spider as natural enemies on sucking pests of brinjal were also recorded. The peak activity of jassids (19.8/plant), whitefly (14.82/plant), aphid (21.92/plant) and hadda beetle (1.2/plant) were recorded during second week of March, fourth week of February, first week of February and second week of February, respectively. The seasonal incidence of shoot and fruit borer was started on shoots (0.3% infested shoots/plant) in first week of January on vegetative stage and it to be continued on flowering and fruiting stage with maximum infestation of fruit 76.4% during period of second week of April and its infestation was remained till last stage of the crop. The natural enemies incidence viz. lady bird beetle and spider population was recorded as maximum 4.8 per plant during third week of April and 2.9 per plant during the first week of January, respectively. The shoot and fruit borer infestation had positive and significant correlated with maximum (r = 0.866) and minimum (r = 0.846) temperature, wind velocity (r = 0.579) and sunshine hours (r = 0.551) and negative significant with morning (r = -0.834) and evening (r = -0.570) relative humidity. The population of jassids showed positively and significant with wind velocity (r = 0.411). The population of aphid showed negative and significant with minimum temperature (r = -0.434). Jassids population had negative and significance correlated with lady bird beetle (r = -0.476) and spider (r = -0.493). Whitefly population had negative and significance correlated with lady bird beetle (r = -0.564) and spider (r = -0.401). Aphid population had negative and significance correlated with lady bird beetle (r = -0.391). On the basis of pest susceptibility grade formula on brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation, formulated by subbaratnam and bhutani (1981), the overall mean percentage of shoot and fruit infestation due to L. orbonalis was recorded on all the 124 brinjal germplasm. Out of the 124 germplasm none of the brinjal germplasm was tolerant against shoot and fruit borer infestation in the category of 1.00 and 15.00 per cent. Two germplasm viz. IGB-52 and IGB-53 were moderately tolerant under the category of 16.00 and 25.00 per cent infestation. While susceptible reaction i.e. infestation ranged from 26.00 to 40.00 per cent was exhibited by 26 germplasm. The highly susceptible (above 40%) reaction was observed in rest of the 96 brinjal germplasm against shoot and fruit borer incidence. Dimethoate 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC @ 141.3 g a.i./ha was found most effective insecticide against shoot and fruit borer and jassids of brinjal, as it was recorded lowest fruit infestation percentage (12.66 %), along with maximum healthy fruit yield (220.00 q/ha) with highest benefit cost benifit ratio of 1 : 2.67. Impact of Dimethoate 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC was recorded that no significant impact on natural enemies viz. coccinellid and spider population.
