Loading...
Theses
Browse
207 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access SURVEILLANCE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR POD BORER, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) ON CHICKPEA CROP AT KABIRDHAM, CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Bhagat, Jai; Chandrakar, H.K.; Soni, V.K.; Gupta, Rajeev; Sharma, R.N.; Chandrakar, GayatriABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Surveillance and management practices for pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea crop at Kabirdham, Chhattisgarh” was conducted during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 “at Sant Kabir College of Agriculture & Research Station,”Krishi Vigyan Kendra and farmers field of blocks - Sahaspur Lohara and Kawardha of district Kabirdham, Chhattisgarh. Number of Heliothis armigera larvae first appeared in 51st SMW (17-23 Dec.) with 1.69 larvae/mrl. The maximum numbers of H. armigera larvae (3.92 larvae/mrl) were noticed during 5th SMW (29 Jan-04 Feb.) and gradually decreased to (0.29 larvae/mrl) during 11th SMW (12-18 March). The population of H. armigera larva showed non-significant negative correlation with minimum temperature (r = - 0.540) however, relative humidity (r = 0.845) showed highly significant positive correlation with H. armigera larva population. Entomopathogenic virus NPV infected larva was first appeared in 52nd SMW (24-31 December) with 0.06 larvae/mrl and maximum NPV infected larva (0.27 larvae/mrl) was noticed during 6th SMW (05-11 February) while, the number of NPV infected larvae gradually decreased to (0.07 larvae/mrl) during 8th SMW (19-25 February). NPV infected larvae showed highly significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity with r value of 0.812. Campoletis chloridae, a larval parasitoid, were first appeared during 52nd SMW (24-31 December) with 0.19 larvae/mrl. The maximum number of parasitoid larvae (0.47 larvae/mrl) were noticed during 4th SMW (22-28 January) however, their number gradually decreased to (0.13 larvae/mrl) during 10th SMW (05-11 March). C. chloridae showed highly significant positive correlation with relative humidity (r = 0.746) at Sahaspur Lohara block during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively.” Number of H. armigera larvae first appeared in 50th SMW (10-16 Dec.) with 0.20 larvae/mrl. Maximum number of H. armigera larvae (4.06 larvae/mrl) were noticed during 5th SMW (29Jan-04Feb.) however, their number gradually decreased to (0.18 larvae/mrl) during 11th SMW (12-18 March). The population of H. armigera larva Showed highly positive significant correlation with relative humidity with r value of 0.860. NPV infected larvae was first appeared during 52nd SMW (24-31 Dec.) with 0.10 larvae/mrl. The maximum NPV infected larvae (0.30 larvae/mrl) were noticed during 5th SMW (29Jan-04Feb.) while, their number gradually decreased to (0.05 larvae/mrl) during 10th SMW (05-11 March.). NPV infected larva showed significant highly positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r = 0.804). Campoletis chloridae a larval parasitoid was first appeared in 52nd SMW (24-31 Dec.) with 0.07 larvae/mrl. Maximum parasitoid population were noticed during 7th SMW (12-18 Feb.) with 0.39 larvae/mrl. however, their number gradually decreased to 0.05 larvae/mrl during 11th SMW (12-18 March). C. chloridae larva showed significant highly positive correlation with relative humidity (r = 0.820) at block- Kawardha during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The catches of male moth of H. armigera was noticed during 51st standard week (17-23 Dec.) with 0.49 moths/trap/week in pheromone traps which increased gradually and reached its peak (43.45 moths/trap/week) during 6th standard week (5-11 Feb.) and started decreasing from 5th standard week (29-04 Feb.) and reached to a minimum of 1.73 moths/trap/week during 11th standard week (12-19 March). During catches in pheromone traps, the larval population was minimum during 52nd standard week (24-31 Dec.) with 0.08 larvae/mrl and gradually reached its peak during 6th standard week (5-11 Feb.) with 5.78 larvae/mrl. The male moth catches in pheromone traps and larva of H. armigera were highly significant positively correlated with relative humidity with the r value of 0.813 and 0.823 at Sant Kabir College of Agriculture and Research Station, Kawrdha during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The catches of male moth of H. armigera were noticed during 51st standard week (17-23 Dec.) with 0.40 moths/trap/week, which increased gradually and reached its peak with 33.37 moths/trap/week during 5th standard week (29 Jan.-4 Feb.) and reduced to a minimum of 0.76 moths/trap/week in 11th standard week (12-18 March). During catches in pheromone traps, larval population was minimum in 51th standard week (17-23 Dec.) with 0.07 larvae/mrl and gradually reached its peak during 6th standard week (5-11 Feb.) with 5.90 larvae/mrl. The male moth catches in pheromone traps and larvas of H.armigera were highly significant positively correlated with relative humidity with the r value of 0.824 and 0.825 at KVK, Kabirdham during 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively.) The overall mean showed that mean number of larvae per meter row length was minimum in NSKE (0.78 larva/mrl), Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) (0.92 larva/mrl) and followed by Beauveria bassiana (1.05 larva/mrl) over untreated control (1.74 larva/mrl). Similarly, after Ιst and ІΙnd spray the Karanj oil treatment showed 1.16 larva/mrl of H. armigera per meter row length. The pod damage per cent was significantly reduced in treatments with NSKE (3.97%) and at par with B. thuringiensis (4.45%) followed by B. bassiana (7.14%) and Karanj oil (7.73%). The untreated control plot has recorded maximum pod damage of 10.82 per cent from H. armigera. The maximum yield of 16.73Q/ha. were obtained in treatment with NSKE at par with B. thuringiensis (14.91Q/ha.) followed by B. bassiana (11.87Q/ha.) and Karanj oil (10.94Q/ha.) as against the lowest yield of 8.69 Q/ha. in untreated control at Sant Kabir College of Agriculture and Research Station, Kawardha during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The overall mean showed that mean number of larvae per meter row length was low in NSKE (1.11larva) at par with B. thuringiensis (1.24 larva /mrl) followed by B. bassiana (1.41 larvae/mrl) over untreated control (2.20 larvae/mrl). Similarly, after Ιst and ІΙnd spray the Karanj oil (1.70/mrl) larvae of H.armigera per meter row length. The pod damage per cent was significantly reduced in treatments with NSKE (2.95%) followed by B. thuringiensis (5.06%), B. bassiana (6.84%) and Karanj oil (8.05%). The untreated control recorded maximum pod damage of 11.54 per cent from H.armigera. The maximum yield of (15.80 Q/ha.) were obtained in treatment with NSKE and at par with B. thuringiensis (14.62 Q/ha.) followed by B. bassiana (1127 Q/ha.) and Karanj oil (11.75 Q/ha.) as against the lowest yield of 8.06 Q/ha. in untreated control at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kabirdham during rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively.” The LC50 values of B. bassiana for larval bioassay of H. armigera were 4168.69 and 3715.35 g/ha. however the LC50 values of B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) were found as 446.68 and 480.00 ml/ha, analysed at 120 hours after treatment respectively during first and second experiment.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE SCREENING AND STATUS OF LEAF CATERPILLAR Noorda blitealis ON DIFFERENT DRUMSTICK GENOTYPES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Chandrakar, Tamraj; Gupta, A.K.; Dubey, V.K.; Asati, B.S.; Saxena, R.R.The present study entitled “Studies on the screening and status of leaf caterpillar Noorda blitealis on different drumstick genotypes” was undertaken at the Instructional Research Farm of Pt. KLS. College of Horticulture and Research Station, Bharregaon, Rajnandgaon (C.G.) during, kharif- rabi, 2019-20. Studies on screening of 140 genotypes of drumstick against leaf caterpillar, Noorda blitealis Walker under filed condition revealed that six genotypes namely M-26, M-63, M-19, M-46, M-54 and M-66 found most promising lines exhibited less than one per cent infestation. In pest succession studies, ten species of different insect pests viz. leaf caterpillar, tussock caterpillar, thrips, aphid, stem borer, bud worm, tiger moth, ash weevil, and semi looper were recorded. Among these, some were found damaging the tree while, others were only visiting or trace in numbers. Leaf caterpillar, N. blitealis Walker was categorized as major pest. Its occurrence in the field was noticed throughout the year of investigation period. Maximum 4.31 larvae/branch were recorded during the third week of April with the seasonal mean of 1.37 larvae/branch. Peak population of tussock caterpillar was recorded during third week of March. Four peaks of thrips population were observed during third week of October and November, second week of January and third week of March with 1.54, 1.48, 1.46 and 3.28 thrips/twig respectively, with the seasonal mean of 1.12 thrips/twig. Three peaks of aphids i.e. 3.63, 3.24 and 3.88 aphids/cm were observed during second week of December, fourth week of December and third week of March, respectively with the seasonal mean of 1.23 aphids/cm. Peak activity of bud worm was observed during third week of March with the seasonal mean of 0.22 larva/ branch. Peak of stem borer was recorded during second week of February with 1.34 stem borers/ branch. Among the natural enemies, Pentatomid bug, Eocanthecona furcellata and spiders, Neoscona sp., Peucetia sp., Thomisus sp. and Agriope sp. were observed as a major natural enemies against leaf caterpillar and tussock caterpillar whereas, praying mantis is the next major predators which preys upon leaf caterpillar. Green lace wing and lady bird beetle were also observed against aphid and thrips. Highly significant positive correlation was found between pentatomid bug with leaf caterpillar and tussock caterpillar with the correlation coefficient value r of 0.733 and 0.883, respectively. Leaf caterpillar was highly significant positively influenced by maximum temperature (r = 0.769) however, minimum temperature and morning relative humidity were highly significant negatively influenced the population of leaf caterpillar with the correlation coefficient value of r = -0.730 and r = -0.498. The present investigation revealed maximum per cent parasitization of drumstick leaf caterpillar, N. blitealis caused by parasitoid Agathis sp. was 32 per cent recorded during the first fortnight of January. On the Basis of total per cent parasitization of the month, maximum per cent parasitization of 56 per cent recorded during the month of January followed by 40 per cent parasitization during the month of October with the seasonal mean per cent parasitization of 26.67 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PREDATORY EFFICIENCY OF THE RED ANT, OECOPHYLLA SMARAGDINA Fabr.( HYMENOPTERA:FORMICIDAE ) ON DIFFERENT INSECT PESTS(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Bhagat, Mamta; Ganguli, J.L.; Deole, Sonali; Sharma, Dhananjay; Saxena, R.R.Investigation on “Evaluation of predatory efficiency of the red ant, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on different insect pests under laboratory conditions at Raipur, Chhattisgarh” was conducted at the Biological control laboratory, Department of Entomology, COA, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during August 2019 to July 2020. “ The Asian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is known to have an outstanding predatory power. They are a ubiquitous component of insect biodiversity and well known for its social behaviour. It is an arboreal species of ant found in tropical Asia and Australia. These ants form colonies with multiple nests in fruit trees such as Mango (Mangifera indica), Citrus (Citrus limon), Karonda (Carissa carandas) and on the ornamental shrub, hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), each nest being made of leaves stitched together using the silk produced by the ant larvae. The ants were found to be active foragers, scavengers, and predators prevalent in the vicinity of several horticultural plantations and crops. The worker ants preyed on many insect species and fed on nectar exudates from plants as well as sticky secretions produced by Homopteran and Lepidopteran insects.” In the present studies feeding preference of O.smaragdina were tested on a number of different species of sucking pests viz., green stink bugs, few species of aphids and mealy bugs. The results revealed that O.smaragdina preferred to consume 100% Green sting bug, Chinavia hilaris and hibiscus mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus and moderately preferred to consume different species of aphids i.e oleander aphid, Aphis nerii(71.2%),aonla aphid, Setaphis bougainvilleae(71%), cowpea aphid , Aphis craccivora (62.5%), mustard aphid , Lipaphis erysimi(72.5% ), cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (70.4%) and 67% of chrysanthamum aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, whereas , in case of gundhi bug, Leptocorisa acuta (0.00%) was not preferred for their feeding, perhaps due to the unpleasant odour, emitted by it. Thus, the overall preference for feeding on various species of sucking pests tested, can be ranked as green stink bug, C. hilaris < hibiscus mealy bug, M. hirsutus < mustard aphid, L. erysimi < oleander aphid, A. nerii < aonla aphid, S. bougainvillea < cabbage aphid, B. brassicae < chrysanthamum aphid, M. sanborni < cowpea aphid, A.craccivora < gundhi bug, L. acuta. Testing of feeding preference of O.smaragdina on few lepidopteran larvae such as lemon butterfly, Papilio demoleus chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera ,rice horn caterpillar, Melanitis leda ismene, adult of red pumpkin beetle, Raphidopalpa foveicollis tobacco cut worm, Spodoptera litura fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda , leaf defoliator, Euproctis sp., Tussock moth larvae, Lymantriinae, bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua. Among these, it preferred (100%) of larvae of lemon butterfly, P. demoleus , chickpea pod borer, H. armigera ,rice horn caterpillar, M. ismene followed by tobacco cut worm larvae, S. litura (72%) adult red pumpkin beetle, R. foveicollis (70%), fall army worm larvae, S. frugiperda (68%) ,leaf defoliator larvae, Euproctis sp. (54%) consumption was noticed . In case of Tussock moth larvae, Lymantriinae (0.00%) and Bihar hairy caterpillar larvae, S. obliqua (0.00%) consumption was recorded i.e they were not at all preferred which may be due to the presence of hairs / setae on their body. Thus , the overall preference for feeding on various lepidopteran larvae can be ranked as lemon butterfly, P. demoleus < chickpea pod borer , H. armigera < rice horn caterpillar, M. ismene< S. litura < adult red pumpkin beetle, R. foveicollis, < fall army worm larvae, S. frugiperda < leaf defoliator larvae , Euproctis sp. Feeding capacity of O.smaragdina were tested on different stages of lemon butterfly, Papilio demoleus by providing fixed number of various life stages such as eggs,1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th ,5th instar larvae, pupa and adult stages depicted that, they preferred to consume 100 percent of eggs, pupa and adult and while in case of 1st, 2nd,3rd instar larvae (90%),4th instar(60%) and in 5th instar(0.00%) consumption were recorded respectively. Thus, the overall preference for feeding on P. demoleus can be ranked as eggs, pupa and adult < 1st , 2nd and 3rd instar larvae < 5th instar larvae. n “Feeding capacity of O.smaragdina tested on different stages of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura by providing fixed number of various life stages such as eggs,1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th ,5th instar larvae, pupae and adults depicted that, they preferred to consume (100%) of eggs, pupa and adults where as for 2nd and 3rd instar larvae(90%), for 1st instar larvae (80%), 4th instar larvae(60%) and in 5th instar larvae, least consumption of (40%) was recorded. Thus, the overall preference for feeding on various stages of S. litura can be ranked as eggs, pupa and adult < 2nd and 3rd instar larvae < 1st instar larvae < 4th instar larvae < 5th instar larvae. From the studies on stage wise preference on different lepidopteran larvae, it can be concluded that the red ant, O.smaragdina mostly preferred younger instars of S. litura i.e 2nd instar larvae (90%), 1st instar larvae (80%),3rd instar larvae (70%) for their feeding. They did not prefer egg (0.00%) and mature larval stages viz., 4th instar (0.00%) and pupal stage (0.00%) for their feeding. Studies on the movement preference of red ant, O.smaragdina was conducted by connecting cords of different materials from tree / shrubs harbouring nests of O. smaragdina with other plants, under free choice condition. Based on the number of ants moving on different cords revealed that, it highly preferred nylon wire (52.23), moderately preferred plastic wire (47.7), less preferred G.I. wire (13.73) and twine (0.64) while they did not prefer jute cord (0.00) at all, for their movement. Non-preference for jute cord may be due to the fibres present all around might be creating hindrance for movement. Thus, the overall preference for movement can be ranked as nylon cord < plastic cord,ThesisItem Open Access SURVEILLANCE OF INSECT PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES ON KHARIF CROPS WITH THE SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PADDY AT RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Chaturvedani, Jharna; Ganguli, J.L.; Singh, Vikas; Jha, S.K.; Saxena, R.R.Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important crop cultivated all over Asia and in almost all states of South and Eastern India. Farmers of Chhattisgarh also, basically rely on rice, by growing two crops a year with irrigation facilities. Numerous insect pests attacks rice crop worldwide from nursery to harvest time. Pest surveillance generates detailed information about the population of various insect pests and associated natural enemies and their correlation with the prevailing weather parameters. Detrimental effects of chemical insecticides on the natural enemies and environment cannot be excluded. All most all crops are attacked by various insect pests which can be managed by BIPM (Bio Intensive Pest Management) techniques comprising of multiple eco-friendly approaches using bio-pesticides, such as Pseudomonas florecens, Trichoderma harzianum/ T.viridi for seed priming, neem based insecticides and insect bio-agents such as Trichogramma sp., using pheromone traps and bird perches as alternatives to hazardous chemical insecticides. The present piece of work entitled “Surveillance of insect pests and their associated natural enemies on kharif crops with the special reference to paddy at Raipur, Chhattisgarh” was carried out at the Research farm and in the Biocontrol laboratory of IGKV, during Kharif 2019. In rice, the peak activity of insect pests were noticed from the month of September to October with the mean maximum per cent of dead heart and white ear was observed during 3rd week of September and 1st week of October respectively. Maximum temperature, rainfall, evening RH were found positive but non-significantly correlated with per cent dead heart, per cent leaf folds and hispa damage while minimum temperature depicted significant positive correlation with per cent dead heart, leaf folds and hispa but showed significant negative correlation with white ear head. Morning RH and BPH was negatively correlated. As far as natural enemies were concerned all rice pests showed positive and significant correlations with spiders and coccinellids. In soybean, Tobacco caterpillar, S. litura, green semilooper, C. acuta, whitefly, B. tabaci and thrips, T. tabaci depicted their maximum population in the month of August and September. Morning RH, evening RH and rainfall depicted positive correlation with tobacco caterpillar, green semilooper, whitefly and thrips. Correlation between predatory bugs and Coccinellids were found to be significant and positive with defoliators and sucking pests. In maize, the peak activity period of fall armyworm and aphids were recorded in the 4th week of August and during the 3rd week of September respectively. Maximum and minimum temperatures were positively correlated with both the pests. Spider and Coccinellid were found significant and correlated positively. In brinjal, the major activity periods of jassids and whiteflies were observed in the 39th standard week and 40th standard week respectively. Maximum percentage of damage due to shoot and fruit borer, L. orbonalis were observed in the 39th standard week in shoots and during 43rd standard week in fruits. Except morning relative humidity, all the weather parameters exhibited positive correlation with jassids, whiteflies and per cent shoot damage. Spider and coccinellids were found significantly positively correlated with all insect pests recorded. “In the field experiment on rice crop, with BIPM, Farmer’s Practice and Control, yellow stem borer, S. incertulas; leaf folder, C. medinalis; rice hispa, D. armigera; caseworm, N. depunctalis and brown plant hopper, N. lugens were recorded as active pests during kharif 2019. The major active period of infestation of these pests were observed from September to October. BIPM method employed in the present study had a positive significant impact on minimizing the number of dead heart, white ear head, leaf folds, leaf cases, and in maximizing grain weight/yield. Significantly minimum per cent of (8.50% DH), (15.58% WEH), (1.51% leaf folds), (0.20% leaf cases) was found in BIPM treated plots and these plots had an average maximum yield of 31.56 kg/plots followed by Farmer’s practice and Control. But in case of BPH population and per cent hispa damage in farmer’s practice was significantly superior with lowest number of BPH 0.38 and 3.92 % hispa damage. The predators i.e. spiders (0.41) and coccinellids (0.57) were found in significantly maximum numbers in BIPM plot as compared to farmer’s practice and control.” In the present studies, infection due to entomopathogenic fungi were recorded viz., few larvae of rice leaf folder, C. medinalis were found to be infected with Metarrhizium anisopliae and some larvae of tobacco caterpillar, S. litura as well as the few larvae of maize fall armyworm, S. frugiperda were found to be infected by Beauveria bassiana during kharif 2019.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES OF FALL ARMYWORM, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. SMITH) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ALONG WITH ITS BIORATIONAL MANAGEMENT ON KHARIF MAIZE CROP(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), 2020) Tiwari, Sneha; Deole, Sonali; Ganguli, J.L.; Kotasthane, A.S.; Chandrakar, G.The present analysis entitled “Biology and behavioural studies of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) along with its biorational management on kharif maize crop” was conducted during July to November, 2019 at the Bio-control laboratory and Research cum Instructional Farm of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya; Raipur (C.G.) The biology of fall armyworm was studied on three different genotypes of maize crop viz. fodder corn(African tall), sweet corn (Sugar-75) and hybrid corn (PRO-4212) and it was found that the external appearance was similar for all the stages of the pest but the incubation period ranged from 1.90 ± 0.10 days, 2.00 ± 0.00 days and 2.90 ± 0.10 days, total larval period was observed as 16.25 ± 0.17, 16.65 ± 0.16 and 20.25 ± 0.29 days, pupal stage was observed 6.65 ± 0.22, 6.30 ± 0.14 and 6.95 ± 0.15, longevity of adult female was observed 9.15 ± 0.19, 9.05 ± 0.19 and 9.20 ± 0.22 days, while in male adult 6.20 ± 0.11, 6.15 ± 0.13 and 6.60 ± 0.13 days, where the selected hosts were fodder corn, sweet corn and hybrid corn, respectively. The study of ovipositional preference behaviour showed that the female moth of fall armyworm principally preferred lower surface of leaf for their egg laying. Study of neonate feeding preference behaviour resulted that the order of preference of host was hybrid corn< fodder corn< sweet corn. The study of larval dispersal behaviour resulted that the neonate were feeding in same position till 12 hrs after hatching and then begins to move to the upper surface from the lower surface of leaf. By 2nd and 3rd instar, the larvae were completely taken apart and later instars were move permanently into whorl. The study of cannibalism behaviour of fall armyworm resulted that the maximum percent of cannibalism was found 66.6 ± 0.00 percent, when three larvae of fourth, fifth and sixth instar were noticed. The study of mating behaviour resulted that the duration of copulation was varied from 42 to 73 min with an average of 57.60 ± 3.49 min. During learning period parasitoids of fall armyworm, viz. Chelonus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Meteorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ischiodon scutellaris (Diptera: Syrphidae), Buquetia musca (Diptera: Tachinidae), Helophilus sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae), Phaonia sp. (Diptera: Muscidae) were recorded and among them, Cotesia sp. was prominent. Bio- efficacy of eight bio-rational insecticides against fall armyworm was assessed, among which Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.3 ml/l was found to be the most effectual chemical, recorded the highest larval percent reduction i.e. 79.48 percent after first spray, 85.78 percent after second spray and 46.74 percent after third spray with cost benefit ratio (1: 4.98) followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 3.0 ml per lit with larval percent reduction 56.89 percent after first spray, 58.65 percent after second spray and 39.07 percent by third spray with the cost benefit ratio (1: 3.45).ThesisItem Open Access TAXONOMIC STUDIES AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF EULOPHIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM THE THREE AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Ekka, Rajesh Kumar; Shaw, S.S.; Gupta, Ankita; Deole, Sonali; Verulkar, S.B.; Chandrakar, G.A total of 789 specimens of family Eulophidae belonging to four subfamilies and fourteen genera were studied from the three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The specimens were examined and identified upto generic level. All specimens were identified under four subfamilies, viz. Tetrastichinae, Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Euderinae. Among the fourteen genera, thirteen genera were newly recorded from the state of Chhattisgarh, viz. Anaprostocetus Graham, Aprostocetus Westwood, Ceratoneura Ashmead, Leptocybe Fisher and La Salle, Neotrichoporoides Girault, Quadrastichus Girault, Tetrastichus Haliday, Cirrospilus Westwood,, Euplectrus Westwood, Hemiptarsenus Westwood, Stenomesius Westwood, Pediobius Walker, Euderus Haliday. Out of fourteen genera, seven genera were identified under subfamily Tetrastichinae, five genera were identified under subfamily Eulophinae and one genus each identified under subfamily Entedoninae and Euderinae, respectively. The richest diversity of eulophid genera was recorded under subfamily Tetrastichinae followed by subfamily Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Euderinae from the three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The genus Aprostocetus Westwood was the most predominant genus observed in the three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The Eulophid diversity observed in natural ecosystem was more as compared to agro-ecosystem of Chhattisgarh. In natural ecosystem, the maximum Eulophidae diversity was observed from Kanger Valley National Park. In agro-ecosystem, the maximum Eulophidae diversity was observed from RMDCARS, Ambikapur. Among three agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh, the maximum Eulophidae diversity was observed from Chhattisgarh Plain region of Chhattisgarh. The distribution pattern of all the fourteen genera was studied and distribution maps were prepared for each genus. From the study, it was found that the genus Aprostocetus Westwood, Tetrastichus Haliday, Elasmus Westwood and Pediobius Walker were predominantly distributed in all the agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pest complex of maize crop with special reference to pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) and fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Paul, Nandita; Deole, Sonali; Shaw, S.S.; Mehta, Nandan; Chandraker, GayatriThe present investigation entitled “Studies on insect pest complex of maize crop with special reference to pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (walker) and fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)” was undertaken in the Research cum Educational Farm at college of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) throughout Kharif, 2018. The insect pests aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis), leaf hopper (Cicadulina sp.), pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens), fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and hairy caterpillar (Euproctis spp.) were reported as major insect pests on maize crop. The highest number of aphid (9.4 aphids / 2cm 2 leaf area), Leaf hopper (36 hoppers/plant) were seen during 35 th SMW respectively. The larval population of pink stem borer started during 35 th SMW i.e. August 4 th week with a mean larval population of 0.16 larvae/plant. In the September 4 th week, the population has peaked with a mean larval population of 0.96 larvae/plant at flowering stage. After that, the population declined gradually. The fall army worm appeared during 37 th SMW i.e., September 2 nd week with a mean larval population of 0.12 larvae/plant. The population gradually grew and peaked at a mean larval population of 0.56larvae/plant in the September fourth week. Thus, the population decreased slowly and arrived to a minimum larval population of 0.16larvae/plant during October fourth week (42 nd SMW). During the study period natural enemies viz. spiders, lady bird beetle (Micraspis sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Adalia sp. and Aneglies sp.), hover fly (Allograpta sp.) and cantheconid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata) were also observed. The correlation between fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda and weather parameters during kharif, 2018 results showed that a non-significant but, negative correlation with relative humidity in the evening (r=-0.233), total precipitation or rainfall (r=-0.32) and wind speed or velocity (r=-0.341). However, the maximum temperature (r=0.586) correlation showed positively significant. The regression equation being (y=2.099+0.071x) indicating that with an increase in 1℃ temp. there will be increase in population by 0.071 per cent. Out of twenty five varieties it was seen that, based on overall mean leaf damage of fall armyworm, thirteen genotypes was least susceptible (1-4%) 2 whereas, ten genotypes moderately susceptible (>4-7%) and two genotypes comes under highly susceptible categories (>7-9%) against fall armyworm on maize. Leaf damage rating of fall armyworm was showed significant correlation with leaf area (cm 2 ) (r=0.427). Whereas, leaf trichomes (cm 2 ) showed highly significant but negative correlation (r =-0.609) at 45DAS respectively. Ear damge rating of fall army worm was showed significant correlation with length of central spike (cm) (r=0.447). Whereas, kernel damage rating was showed significant correlation with cob length (cm) and significant but negative correlation with cob height (cm). During the biology study of Spodoptera frugiperda it was seen that the number of eggs laid by adult female varies from 160 to 200 in batches. Duration of incubation period varies between 2-4 days. Larval duration completed in 14-16 days. The total pupal duration ranged between 8-10 days The duration of male pupa was slightly longer (8.5 days) than that of female (7.5 days). The adult female period was 5-7 days and male period was 4-6 days, respectively with an average of 5.86 days and 4.9 days.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FAUNAL DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF BEES FROM DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Minz, Kriti Arpana; Shaw, S.S.; Gupta, Ankita; Deole, Sonali; Verulkar, S.B.; Saxena, R.R.The study was conducted during July 2019 to February 2020 on faunal diversity of bees (Superfamily: Apoidea) from different agroclimatic zones of Chhattisgarh. A total of 369 specimens revealed 14 species in nine genera under families Apidae, Megachilidae and Hailctidae. One species each was identified from the genera Tetragonula Moure, Thyreus Panzer, Nomia Latreille, GnathonomiaPauly and MegachileLatreille; two species each was identified from the genera Apis Linnaeus, CeratinaLatreille and AmegillaFriese; and three species were identified of genus XylocopaLatreille. Across all the surveyed locations in different agroclimatic zones of Chhattisgarh, genus Tetragonula sp. 1 and Gnathonomiathoracica Smith was the richest among the other species of family Apidae and Halictidae, respectively. MegachilelanataFabricius was also recorded during the study. Amongst all the three-agroclimatic zones, Chhattisgarh Plains was recorded the richest diversity for all the three families viz., Apidae, Megachilidae and Halictidae. Amongst the two ecosystems across the three-agroclimatic zones, the maximum diversity of Apidae was found from natural ecosystems and of Megachilidea and Halictidae from agro-ecosystems. Amongst the different methods employed for bee collection across the three agroclimatic zones, SN collected the maximum diversity of Apidae from agro-ecosystems of Northern Hills, manually from natural ecosystems of Chhattisgarh Plains and by SN from Bastar Plateau and of Megachilidae by SN from natural ecosystems of Chhattisgarh Plains and agro-ecosystems of Bastar Plateau and of Halictidae from agro-ecosystem of Northern Hills by SN and from YPT for both agro-ecosystems of Chhattisgarh Plains and natural ecosystems of Bastar Plateau.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INCIDENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT GERMPLASM AGAINST MAJOR INSECT PESTS ON CHILLI AND EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT MODULES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2020) Bisen, Manmohan Singh; Chandrakar, Gajendra; Singh, Vikas; Sharma, Dhanajay; Chandrakar, G.; Rana, D.K.The results of the experiments conducted under field conditions “on seasonal incidence.and” performance of different ‘germplasm‘against)major’(insect pests). on chilli’ and evaluation of different management modules and safety to non- target organisms. The present investigations were conducted during Rabi 2016-17 and 20 17-18 at Horticulture Farm, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.). :“The (infestation’ of) thrips, Scirtothripsdorsalis(Hood) was initiated in the”:first week of February (6thSMW) and second week of February (7th SMW) remained continue up to second week of June (24thSMW) and fourth week of April (18th SMW) during Rabithe year of 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively.“(The (data (on correlation between) meteorological (factors) and thrips (population revealed)(that (the population exhibited) a (significant) positive)correlation (with.maximum((temperature) while the, (correlation was negatively)).non - significant with evening (relative”“humidityand”average)“rainfall during Rabi both the”years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. “The whitefly, Bemisiatabaci (Genn.) appeared in the” first week” of February (6thstandard “meteorological week”), and first week of March (10th SMW) continued up to fourth week of May (22thSMW) and second week of June (24th SMW) during Rabi the year of 2016-17 and 2017 – 18, respectively.”(The (population(increased gradually)) and touched its peak)’ in”,“second week of May (11thSMW) andfourth week of March (13thSMW)during Rabithe year of 2016-17 and 2017-18,”respectively. The population of”, whitefly exhibited significant ((positive (correlation with,))“maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sunshine, wind velocity”(and evaporation“whereas) negative, and non significant, correlation with rainfall, (‘(morning.and(evening relative humidity)) and “minimum temperature during Rabi both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The population of aphidnymphal and adult population was first spotted during second week of April (15th SMW) and second,“weekof March”(11th SMW) to ((second) week of June) (24th SMW) and third “week of June” (25th SMW) and it was continued to increase “and reached its peak third week of May (21th SMW)” and fourth week of May (22th SMW) during Rabithe year of 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively.“The(aphid population showed)“positively significant, correlation with” “the(maximum) temperature, minimum) temperature,) morning relative) humidity, “evaporation, windvelocity”andbright “sunshine hours and, negatively”significant”effect”‘with"“evening) relative) humidity) and rainfall during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The mites population first appeared during“third.week of February”(8th SMW)“and first /week of March” (10th SMW) and it was gradually increased and attained peak during third week of April (16th SMW) and fortnight week April of (18th SMW) during Rabithe year of 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. “The .data regardingthe correlation between mitepopulation”with weather parameters in chilli crop showed that mite population correlated significantly and “positively with .the maximum temperature, minimum temperature and wind velocity,”“evaporation bright sunshine hours and negatively non - significant with morning ‘ (relative“'(humidity) and evening) relative)’humidity”duringRabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The fruit borer was first observed during second week of April (15thSMW) and third week of April (16th SMW) during Rabi the year of 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Thereafter“the‘population)”gradually) increased) and attained)“its peak during first week of” May (19th SMW) during Rabi both years“The data regarding the correlation between fruit borer population with weather”“parameters in chilli showed that Fruit borer population correlated significantly and positively”“with the maximum temperature, minimum temperature and windvelocity, evaporation bright”"sunshine hours and .negatively non- significant with morning relative humidity and evening” relative humidity during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. During Rabi2016-17, the“population of ladybird” beetles was noticed first “in second week”of February (7th SMW) and occurred till harvesting of crop second week of third week of June (25th SMW). The peak activity was observed during second week of May (20thSMW).“During Rabi 2017-18, .ladybird beetle”“appeared with intensity of”second week of February (7th SMW) andincreased gradually attaining peak in fourth week of April (18thSMW).“The correlation between ladybird beetles was positively significant. (The negatively ‘significant) correlation) was recorded) ‘with,. ‘minimum) temperature, morning)). relative humidity; (evening) relative humidity), Rainfall and”/”wind velocity, while positively significant correlation (with (bright sunshine)) hours. Rests of the”parameters were negatively non-significant except bright sunshine hours which exhibited” positively non-significant correlation.” During Rabi2016-17, the population of spiders was noticed first in second week of February 7th SMW and occurred till harvesting of crop and“thepeak”activity””was observed during fourth week of” April (18th SMW). During Rabi2017-18, spiders appeared with intensity of first ‘week) of”February)) and’ increased gradually attaining peak in fourth week of.April (17th SMW).The“spiderpopulation.showed positively significant correlation.with the maximum temperature,”“minimum temperature, evaporation, windvelocity and bright sunshine hours,whilethe”“negatively significant correlation .with morning relative humidity, .evening relative humidity”“andrainfallduringRabi both the years”(2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. During Rabi 2016-17, the population of staphyllinid (Rove beetle) was noticed first in second week of February (7th SMW) and occurred till harvesting of crop and the peak activity ‘ (was”observed during fourth) week of’”April (18th SMW). During Rabi2017-18, staphyllinid (Rove beetle) appeared with intensity of” “third week of February and” increased gradually attaining“peak in of”third“week of March” (12th SMW).“During Rabi both years (2016-17 and 2017-18), thestaphyllinid”“population .showed non-significant and negative correlation .with rainfall and wind velocity.”“Maximum“temperature, .minimum temperature, morning relative ‘humidity, evening relative”“humidity, evaporation and bright sunshine hours” had positive but ((non-significant correlation))”“with staphyllinid population.As regard the pooled mean data, “maximum temperature,”“'minimum”(temperature, evaporation, .bright sunshine hours, (velocity”hadpositive”“correlation) significant and negative correlation rainfall and morning relative humidity, evening”‘relative humidity).(significant) with the incidence) of staphyllinid.’ Among the varieties, significantly lowest population of thrips was observed on 2016/CHIVAR – 3 (2.28, 2.06 and 2.17thrips/three leaves/plant) and highest density of thrips population was recorded in 2016/CHIVAR – 8 (5.84, 7.11 and6.48 thrips/three leaves/plant) during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. In case of whitefly lowest population was observed on 2014/CHIVAR – 4 (2.48, 3.28 and 2.88 whitefly/three leaves/plant) and highest whitefly population was observed under 2016/CHIVAR – 5 (6.16, 6.42 and 6.29 whitefly/three leaves/plant).As regards aphid, population of aphid in different chilli varieties indicated that 2014/CHIVAR – 8 most promising with minimum incidence while 2014/CHIVAR - 4 variety harbored highest number of aphid during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The significantly lowest population of yellow mite was noticed under 2014/CHIVAR – 4 (2.44, 3.52 and 2.88 yellow mite/ three leaves/plant) and maximum population was recorded under 2016/CHIVAR – 5 (6.88, 8.40 and 7.64 yellow mite/ three leaves/plant)during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. In case of fruit borer lowest population was observed under 2014/CHIVAR – 8 (0.62, 1.52 and 1.07 fruit borer larvae/plant) and highest fruit borer population was observed in 2016/CHIVAR – 5 (2.46, 3.10 and 2.78 fruit borer larvae/plant)during Rabi both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The significantly lowest thrips(1.24, 1.09 and 1.17 thrips/leaves/plant), whitefly (1.18, 1.86 and 1.52 whitefly/leaves/plant), aphid (1.83,136 and 1.59 aphid/leaves/plant), mite(0.83, 1.31 and 1.07 mite/leaves/plant) and fruit borer population (0.53, 0.33 and 0.40 fruit borer larvae/plant)were recorded in Bio - intensive module (M1) and the significantly highestthrips (7.48, 5.61 and 6.55thrips/leaves/plant), whitefly (5.97, 6.56 and 5.97 whitefly/leaves/plant), aphid (7.37, 5.58 and 7.37 aphid/leaves/plant), mite(5.10, 5.70 and 5.40 mite/leaves/plant), and fruit borer population (2.47, 3.53 and 3.00 fruit borer larvae/plant)were recorded under untreated control (M4) during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. The highest population of ladybird beetle (5.10 3.70 and 4.40 beetle/plant) and spider (3.11, 3.93 and 3.52 spider/plant) were recorded under untreated control (M4) and lowest population of ladybird beetle (1.12, 0.70 and 0.91 beetle/plant)and spider (1.66, 1.93 and 1.80 spider/plant) were recorded under chemical control (M3)during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. Green chillicrop yield in different modulewere significantly superior over control during Rabiboth years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. Significantly highest yield (118, 110 and 114 q/ha) was obtained in bio – intensive module whereas significantly lowest green chillicrop yield was recorded in control (70, 62 and 66 q/ha) during Rabi both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. Observation recorded at 1st and 2nd spray during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis, significantly low population of thrips (2.58, 2.16 and 2.18 thrips/three leaves/plant), whitefly (1.11, 1.10 and 1.08 whitefly/three leaves/plant), aphid (1.12, 1.55 and 1.33 aphid/three leaves/plant), mite(2.52, 2.77 and 2.64 mite /three leaves/plant) and fruit borer (0.33, 2.77 and 1.55 fruit borer larvae/plant) were “recorded in the plots treated with” (T4) BAS 306 02 I 240 SC@ 288 g a.i. /ha and maximum “population of thrips, whiteflies,, aphid, mite and fruit borer,"wererecorded” in the untreated control plot during Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. During Rabiboth the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis, the results indicated that the population of coccinellid(0.18, 0.19 and 0.18 coccinellid beetle/plant) and staphyllinid beetle (0.60, 0.56 and 0.59 staphyllinid beetle/plant)were significantly lower population of beetle in the plot treated with (T4) BAS 306 02 I 240 SC @ 288 g a.i./ha and maximum population of coccinellid beetle (0.35, 0.30 and 0.32coccinellidbeetle/plant) and staphyllinid beetle (0.94, 0.95 and 0.95staphyllinid beetle/plant)were recorded in the untreated control plot. The insecticide treated plots with (T4) BAS 306 02 I 240 SC @ 288 g a.i./ha recorded significantly higher green chilli yield crop ( 105.10, 107.12 and 106.11 q/ha) as compared to other treatments and minimum green chilli yield crop (79.10, 76.89 and 78.00 q/ha)was recorded under untreated control during Rabi both the years (2016-17 and 2017-18) and pooled mean basis. It is revealed that maximum incremental cost benefit ratio to the tune of 1:10.06, 1:16.16 and 1:13.36 with lowest net realisation Rs. 160080, Rs. 310768 and Rs. 197230 was obtained by the bio – intensive module and the highest incrementalcost benefit ratio was obtained by chemical control (1:7.53, 1:8.91 and 1:7.33) with net returns of Rs. 215534, Rs. 267020 and Rs. 265151 during Rabi both the years (2016 – 17 and 2017 – 18) and pooled mean basis.
