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ThesisItem Open Access Ameliorative potential of Tinospora cordifolia extract on ehrlichiosis induced anemia in dogs(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-07-02) Verma, Sonika; Srivastava, Mukesh KumarIn the current study, a total of 212 dogs were examined for ehrlichiosis, using the observation of 2-3 typical clinical symptoms of the disease in dogs. All the canines that were examined had blood smear screening to establish the disease status. The blood smear examination revealed a percentage of 8.49% (n=18). Similarly, the investigation of buffy coat smears identified 14.62% (n=31) of animals as positive, whereas PCR analysis detected 119 (16.04%) cases of E.canis infection. Out of the total number of dogs tested, 46 (21.70%) were found to be positive for Hepatozoon canis additionally, 12 dogs (5.66%) were found to be positive for co-infection with E. canis and Hepatozoon canis. Similarly, 8 dogs were found to be positive for E. ewingi, and 6 dogs were found to be positive for Babesia. A total of 177 dogs, accounting for 83.49% of the sample, were determined to be infected. The ehrlichia positive dogs commonly had two prominent clinical symptoms, namely high fever and lymphadenomaegaly. whereas, other less common symptoms including melena, mucosal pallor, depression, weight loss, tick infestation, ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages, ascites, epistaxis, ocular abnormalities, vomiting, hind limb/scrotal edema, and face edema were also observed. The vital parameters, such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, showed a significant increase, while there was a simultaneous decrease in hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, leucocyte count, and platelet count. However, the mean value of lymphocytes increased considerably, while there was a decrease in neutrophils. The mean values of basophil, monocytes, eosinophil, MCV, MCH, and MCHC did not show any significant difference from the control group. In dogs infected by ehrlichiosis, the average levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and BUN were higher, whereas the levels of albumin, globulin, and total protein were lower. Although the average values of serum creatinine did not show any significant difference compared to the control group. The dogs in group 2 (administered with Doxycyclin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight once daily) showed the best weekly percentage improvement in TEC, Hb, and HCT. This was followed by group 4 (administered with Giloy at a dosage of 25 mg/kg body weight). The proportion of positive cases of ehrlichiosis was reported based on age, sex, breed, and season, accordingly. The age group that had the highest positivity rate was category 3 (over 1 year old), with a positivity rate of 68.07%. The sex that had the highest positivity rate was male, with a rate of 63.86%. The German Shepherd breed accounts for 38.65% of the total, while the monsoon season represents 40.34% cases. The current investigation revealed a noteworthy rise in Canine specific IL-17 and Immunoglobulin G levels in all the groups of dogs undergoing treatment, as compared to the control group. The group with the highest recovery rate is group 2, followed by group 4. Group 3 has a recovery rate that is lower than group 2 and group 4, while group 1 has the lowest recovery rate. Furthermore, we observed that the number of corrected reticulocytes in infected animals was less than 1, when compared to healthy control animals. Additionally, there was no significant difference in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which indicates the presence of normocytic, normochromic, and non-regenerative anemia. Thus, when evaluating the improvement in treatment groups of dogs, the highest level of recovery was observed in the group treated with prednisolone in addition to conventional treatment. The next best recovery was seen in the group treated with Tinospora cordifolia along with conventional treatment. The group that showed the least amount of recovery was the first group, which only received conventional treatment.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SONOPHORESIS MEDIATED TRANSDERMAL EFFICACY OF POLYHERBAL GEL IN BOVINE SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-18) Choudhary, Shubhangi; Dr. Alok Kumar ChaudharyThe prevalence of subclinical mastitis in indigenous cows in the Brij region of Mathura was found to be 55.83%. Organized farms had a lower prevalence of 44.12%, while unorganized farms had a notably higher prevalence of 71.15%, due to factors like nutritional imbalance, poor hygiene, and lack of awareness. The 3-5 parity group had the highest prevalence at 63.7%, possibly due to structural changes in udder tissue and immune function in older cows. Sahiwal cows had a higher prevalence of 61% compared to Haryana cows at 49%, attributed to their higher milk production and udder characteristics. Diagnostic tests using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) showed differences in prevalence rates. Staphylococcus aureus was the most dominant isolate in microbial analysis. Ethanol extracts of various plants contained common phytochemicals and exhibited antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. A polyherbal gel was formulated with synthetic polymer powder and DMSO as a permeation enhancer, and sonophoresis enhanced transdermal permeation. The gel formulations were evaluated for various parameters and showed potential in improving milk quality and reducing somatic cell counts. Pro-inflammatory markers like lactoferrin and haptoglobin were assessed to gauge inflammatory status, and the polyherbal gel treatment led to reduced concentrations of these markers. The findings indicate the potential of the polyherbal gel in managing subclinical mastitis and its effects on milk quality and udder health in indigenous cows.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF HERBS AND HUMECTANTS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, SENSORY AND SHELF LIFE PROPERTIES OF GOAT MILK SOFT CHEESE(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-11) Kumar, Rishi; Dr. Meena Goswami AwasthiThe present investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbs and humectants on physico chemical, sensory and shelf-life properties of goat milk soft cheese. First experiment was conducted to standardize the processing technology for preparation of goat milk soft cheese. Goat milk soft cheese was prepared with slight modifications in methodology. First sub experiment was conducted to standardize the incubation period i.e. 12 hours (C1), 15 hours (C2) and 18 hours (C3). Titratable acidity, total solid, fat/ dry matter and yield% increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas pH and moisture content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in incubation period. There was no significant difference in fat, ash content, water activity and brix values. Among the textural and color parameters, springiness and cohesiveness decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas gumminess and chewiness values increased significantly (P<0.05). C2 had significantly (P<0.05) higher acidity, flavor, body and texture and overall acceptability scores. C2- goat milk soft cheese incubated for 15 hours was found optimum. Next sub experiment was undertaken to standardize salt concentration viz. 0.5% (T1), 0.75% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) in goat milk soft cheese. Total solid, yield %, fat and ash content as well as brix values increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas pH, titratable acidity, moisture content and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased salt concentration. Among textural and color parameters, springiness and chewiness values increased significantly (P<0.05). Flavor, body and texture, saltiness and overall acceptability scores of T2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than C2, T1 and T3. Therefore, T2- goat milk soft cheese with 0.75% salt and incubated for 15 hours was selected. In second experiment, goat milk soft cheese was incorporated with different humectants viz. glycerol (G1, G2, G3) and sorbitol (S1, S2, S3) separately under two sub experiments at 2%, 4% and 6% level. For glycerol, pH, moisture content, fat/dry matter content and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas titratable acidity, total solid, ash content and brix values increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased glycerol level. There was no significant difference in yield %, protein and fat content. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and lightness values increased significantly (P<0.05). Sensory scores decreased significantly (P<0.05) with no significant difference between G1 and G2. Therefore, G2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% glycerol was selected. For sorbitol, pH, moisture content, fat/dry matter and water activity decreased significantly (P<0.05) while titratable acidity, total solid and brix values increased significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in yield%, protein, fat and ash content. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness and gumminess values increased significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in sensory scores between T2, S1 and S2 but decreased significantly (P<0.05) in S3. Therefore, S2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% sorbitol was selected. On comparison of G2 and S2 treatments, S2- goat milk soft cheese with 4% sorbitol was selected as the best treatment. Third experiment was conducted to optimize the level of natural herbs viz. oregano (OR1, OR2, OR3) and cinnamon (CN1, CN2, CN3) separately under two sub experiments at 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% level. For oregano powder, moisture content, fat/ dry matter content, water activity and brix values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas ash content increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of oregano powder. The pH, titratable acidity, total solid, yield, moisture, protein and fat content showed no significant difference. Among the textural and color parameters, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and lightness values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas redness values increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of oregano powder. The scores of all the sensory attributes were significantly (P<0.05) higher in OR1 than OR2 and OR3. Therefore, OR1- goat milk soft cheese with 0.5% oregano powder was selected. For cinnamon, pH and water activity values decreased significantly (P<0.05) whereas ash content increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of cinnamon powder. There was no significant difference in titratable acidity, total solids, yield%, moisture, protein, fat, fat/dry matter and brix values. Among the textural and color parameters, gumminess, chewiness and redness values increased significantly (P<0.05) with significant (P<0.05) decrease in lightness values. The scores of sensory attributes including overall acceptability were significantly (P<0.05) higher in CN1. Therefore, CN1- goat milk soft cheese with 0.5% cinnamon was selected. In fourth experiment, goat milk soft cheese with optimum level of humectants and natural herbs powder (OR1 and CN1) along with control (T2) were stored at 4±20C under different packaging conditions i.e. parchment paper, LDPE and vacuum laminates. Samples were evaluated for various physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties at every 3rd day interval for parchment paper and LDPE till incipient spoilage was evident, whereas at every 7th day interval for vacuum laminates for at least for 35 days. TBARS and FFA values, total plate count, yeast and mould count as well as psychrophilic count of T2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher and scores of all sensory attributes were significantly (P<0.05) lower than OR1 and CN1 at the end of the storage in all three packaging conditions. There was no Coliform count throughout the storage period in control and treatments in any packaging condition except the detection of few colonies in T2 packaged in parchment paper on 6th day. Titratable acidity, TBARS, FFA values and microbiological count of control as well as treatments increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas pH and scores of all sensory attributes decreased significantly (P<0.05) with progression of storage period. OR1 and CN1 were well acceptable upto 9th day and 15th day in parchment paper and LDPE pouches respectively. All the products packaged in vacuum laminated were well accepted atleast for 35 days with minimum changes in physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory properties. OR1 had better acceptability than CN1 in terms of sensory attributes throughout the storage period. It is concluded that goat milk soft cheese incorporated with 0.75% salt, 4% sorbitol, 0.5% oregano and incubated for 15 hours was selected as the best treatment and this product had a shelf life of 9th day, 15th day and atleast 35th day in parchment paper, LDPE and vacuum laminates respectively under refrigeration.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of feeding urea and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme treated paddy straw on performance of growing cattle(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-12) Devidas, Naitam Shubham; Dr. Raju KushwahaThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding urea and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) treated paddy straw on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, haematology, blood biochemical, plasma minerals, enzymatic activity, and animal behaviour in Sahiwal heifers. In first phase, in vitro degradability of nutrients as an effect of supplementation of urea and EFE at various levels was tested and optimum results were obtained at 4% and 8 g/kg dry matter (DM) mixed with total mixed ration (TMR) based paddy straw. The result showed better in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total gas production, microbial biomass production and partition factor in comparison to control. In second phase, a total of 24 Sahiwal heifers were selected and allocated into four groups having six heifers in each group and fed treatment diet for 120 days. The control group was fed on basal diet without any supplementations whereas, group-1 was supplemented basal diet with 4% urea treated paddy straw, group-2 was supplemented basal diet with 8 g/kg DM EFE and group-3 was supplemented basal diet with 4% urea and 8 g/kg DM EFE treated paddy straw. The nutrient requirements of Sahiwal heifers were met by feeding concentrate mixture, jowar green fodder and paddy straw (50:30:20 ratio) on DM basis as per NRC (2001) guidelines. Experimental animals were monitored daily for dry matter intake (DMI) and fortnightly body weight change. At the end of the study, a digestion trial of 6 days was conducted to study the effect of urea and EFE treated paddy straw on nutrients utilization. Blood samples were collected on the days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days post supplementation and analyzed for haematological attributes, biomarkers of energy, lipid and protein metabolism, biomarkers of liver function, endocrine biomarkers of growth and plasma mineral levels. At the end of trial rumen enzyme activity and animal behaviour were also noted. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and body weight gain was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group but there was no difference in DMI. There was no significant effect (P<0.05) of treatment on hematological parameters. Treatment groups showed significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma total protein, plasma albumin, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), whereas, no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on plasma glucose, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, plasma globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin levels. Triiodothyronine (T3) and Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) concentration were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group whereas Thyroxine (T4) show non-singnificant difference between treatment and control group. There was no difference in plasma minerals concentration and animal behaviour parameters but rumen enzymes activity is significantly higher in combination group than that of control and other treatment groups. Finally it may be concluded that urea and EFE @ 4% and 8 g/kg DM, respectively improved weight gain and digestibility of nutrients without affecting blood haematology, biochemical parameters, mineral profile and animal behaviour adversely. Thus, urea and EFE treated paddy straw may be included in ration of ruminant’s upto 20% of DM.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF ANTI PROGESTOGEN DRUGS DURING CRYOPRESERVATION OF SAHIWAL BULL SPERMATOZOA(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-03) Chaudhary, Neha; Dr. Jitendra Kumar AgrawalThesisItem Open Access Study on awareness and adoption pattern of livestock oriented mobile applications in Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-18) Rawat, Umashankar; Dr. Sanjeev Kumar SinghIndia is generally referred as a country with “Agriculture Economy i.e. Krishi Pradhan Desh” and animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the lives of the people since immemorial time by supporting livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural population. Animal husbandry plays a crucial role in the Indian economy by supplementing the family income, strengthening household nutritional security and generating gainful employment for millions. Though India is highest milk producing country in the world, the production potential of indigenous animal is less as compared to their population and improvement in the productivity of the dairy animals is the need of time for prevention of economic losses to the farmers and to fulfil the increasing demand for food of the country. In this age of information it is very crucial to deliver the relevant and timely information to the livestock owners. So, it is of immense importance to utilise the potential of mobile and its application in dissemination of credible information to farmers to maximise production with minimum cost. With this background the study was planned to assess the awareness, adoption pattern and constraints faced among livestock owners of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. Information was collected from 15 randomly selected respondents from each village, thus comprising a total of 150 respondents for the study. Data was collected through pre-designed structured interview schedule and the results were analysed using suitable statistical tools. The study revealed that majority of the farmers belong to medium age group, having middle to graduation level of education and having marginal and small land holding with Dairying along with agriculture as the primary occupation. Nearly 47.34% of dairy farmers were having high experience in dairy farming having medium herd size (2-4 animals) and high milk production (>16 litres/day). Nearly two-third of the dairy farmers had medium to high level of information seeking behaviour, innovation proneness and participated in one or more than one organisation. All the farmers possessed smartphones and most of them had television. Majority of the respondents was aware about various mobile applications like e-Commerce, social networking, payment, gaming applications but only 57.00% of them are aware about livestock oriented mobile applications. The most influencing factors responsible for low awareness about livestock oriented mobile application were popularity of the mobile application, relative advantage, credibility of information and security and privacy concern. Minor factors like readiness of user, trialability, compatibility etc. are least influencing the usage pattern of mobile applications. YouTube was the most used applications for both entertainment and information seeking related to livestock. Feeding and healthcare were the mostly searched livestock practices and the overall extent of adoption was found to be 55.34% for marketing and trading of animals, followed by 46.00% for breeding aspects. Major constraints faced by the respondents were lack of update technology, lack of customized plan and hectic registration process. Hindrances that were not much bothering the dairy farmers were voice command, inadequate social interaction, insufficient availability of ICT’s services etc. There were some perceived need for mobile applications by the farmers such as training reminder, updated content, voice command to overcome language barrier and multi-user collaboration.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Effect of Certain Drugs on Treatment of Canine Pyometra with Special Reference to Heart and Kidney Function(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-05) Kumar, Mohit; Dr. Anuj KumarThesisItem Open Access Molecular Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Poultry and Associated Environment(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-16) Agnihotri, Ishta; Dr. Barkha SharmaThe present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of Enterococcus species in various samples of poultry origin like poultry cloacal swab, poultry meat sample, handler’s hand swab and poultry associated environment (water, feed and environment) by cultural isolation, PCR detection, haemolytic activity, biofilm formation and antibiogram. Antibiotic profiling of Enterococcus spp. isolates was done by disc diffusion method. The prevalence of virulence genes like gelE, asa, hyl, esp and cyl in the Enterococcus isolates was done by PCR. Total 305 samples were processed for the isolation of Enterococcus spp. and the overall prevalence of Enterococcus spp. by cultural isolation was 55% (168/305). All the 168 presumptive Enterococcus isolates were confirmed as Enterococcus by targeting tuf gene (genus specific) and out of those 168 isolates, 124 isolates ( 73.81 %, 124/168) were positive for ddlE.faecalis gene (species specific gene for E.faecalis). None were found to be positive for ddlE.faecium (species specific gene for E.faecium). All the 168 Enterococcus isolates showed α haemolysis on 5% sheep blood agar, while 16.07% showed α hemolysis, 30.95% showed β hemolysis and 63.69% showed γ haemolysis on 5% horse blood agar. Out of 168 Enterococcus isolates, 66.67% isolates were biofilm producers. The prevalence of Enterococcus was found to be influenced by the type of samples, breed, sex, nutrient status of farm, hygiene status of farm, seasonal variation was statistically significant for the occurrence of bacteria. Enterococcus isolates showed high resistance toward Oxacillin and Mupirocin, whereas all the isolates were susceptible to Penicillin G and Vancomycin. This study found a high prevalence of multidrug resistance among Enterococci isolated from poultry, suggesting that these resistant bacteria and genes may be transported from food to humans and pose a significant risk to human health in the coming years. Study revealed that prevalence of gelE gene was comparatively high (40.47%) followed by asa gene (19.02%), esp gene (14.88%) and hyl gene (8.92%). None of the Enterococcus spp. isolates harbor cyl gene.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of herbal feed additive and sulfate on the performance of cattle calves(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-15) Garg, Himanshu; Dr. Avinash KumarPresent study was conducted to investigate the effect of herbal feed additive and sulfate supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization,blood biochemical parameters, immune and antioxidant response and rumen fermentation pattern in growing calves. Twenty four growing cattle calves (12 male Haryana, 8 male Sahiwal, 4 female Sahiwal calves) 0f 4 to 16 months age were distributed into four groups with six animals each in a randomized block design. Control (C) group were not supplemented with any feed additive, T1 group were supplemented with herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI), T2 groups were supplemented with sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI, and group T3 were supplemented with diet containing herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI in 40:60 ratio) and sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI. Basal diet offered to experimental groups consists of 40% concentrate and 60% wheat straw daily. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. Overall body weight, DMI (kg/day), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) were similar in treatment as well as control group. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of either herbal feed additive or sulfate supplementation. ADG were similar in all groups. FCR were not significantly different between control and treatment groups. Haematological parameters like haemoglobin concentration and PCV values did not differ among the all four groups. Overall plasma glucose, triacylglycerol and cholestrol concentration were similar among all groups. Plasma total protein, albumin, BUN, ALT, AST, bilirubin and creatinine were found similar in all treatment and control groups. Plasma SOD was also similar in all groups. Total antioxidant concentation show no significant difference between control and treatment groups. There is no effect on the rumen pH and the volatile fatty acid concentration of dietary treatments. Protozoal population decreases significantly in the herbal feed additive supplemented group T1 as compared to control, T2 and T3. Total bacteria, fungi and Fibrobacter Succinogenes population were similar among all the groups. Sulfate reducing bacteria is significantly higher in the sulfate treated group T2 as compared to control, T1 and T3. CMCase and avicelase, urease activities are significantly higher in T2 as compared to control, T1 and T3 whereas amylase, beta gulucosidase, xylanase activity were similar in all the four groups. It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) may be used in high roughage based ration due to its inhibitory effect on protozoa and supplementation of sulphate may improve the fibre digestion in the cattle calves.
