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ThesisItem Open Access Development and characterization of collagen based composite active edible film and its application in meat food model(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-03-11) Mishra, Abhishek; Dr. Sanjay Kumar BhartiThe present study was undertaken to develop composite active biodegradable edible film of collagen, carrageenan and tea tree essential oil using casting technique for preserving chicken nuggets. Collagen was extracted from chicken feet through modified acetic acid soluble collagen extraction method and analysis through Ultra performance liquid chromatography identified glycine, glutamic acid, proline, and alanine as major amino acids. Preliminary trials were carried out to standardize the ingredients and processing conditions for composite edible film production. On the basis of physico-chemical properties, a film containing 2% carrageenan and 0% collagen, 1.75% carrageenan and 3.75% collagen, 1.5% carrageenan and 4% collagen and 1.25% carrageenan and 4.25% collagen4% were found optimum. The apparent viscosity of film forming solution significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing collagen. The mean pH, moisture absorption, film swelling, water vapor permeation rate (WVTR) and transparency decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing concentration of collagen. The film thickness measurement exhibited significant (P<0.05) uniformity. The film solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break and water activity of the films increased significantly (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation of these films over chicken nuggets revealed non-significant (P>0.05) higher overall acceptability for treatments with significant (P<0.05) scores for flavor and saltiness. On the basis of physico-chemical, mechanical, barrier and optical and sensory properties, 4% collagen and 1.5% carrageenan (C2) were found optimum. Based on Minimum inhibitory concentration using food pathogens, tea tree essential oils (EO) at 0.5% (TB1), 1% (TB2) and 2% (TB3) were selected for incorporation. Dynamic oscillatory measurements of FFS showed ‘weak gel’-like behavior. The film’s pH, moisture absorption, water activity, tensile strength, WVTR, lightness value and transparency showed significant (P<0.05) difference with increasing EO concentration. The film thickness showed non-significant difference (P>0.05), however, film swelling, film solubility, elongation at break, lightness value and whiteness index increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased tea tree oil concentration. Based on the results of antimicrobial activity, physico mechanical and sensory scores, three films containing tea tree 0.5, 1 & 2% along with two control viz. LDPE (C1) and edible film without EO were selected for detailed storage stability studies of chicken nuggets for 15 days at refrigeration temperature (4±1°C). The proximate parameters except moisture showed non-significant (P>0.05) change during storage. The pH, peroxide, FFA and TBA values of treatments were significantly (P<0.05) lower than control. The total plate count, psychrophilic and yeast and mold count were significantly (P<0.05) lower in treatments, whereas, coliforms were not detected throughout the storage period. All sensory attributes except the saltiness of samples were significantly influenced by the storage time (P<0.05). The treated samples were found well acceptable during the whole storage period of 15 days however the control groups were shown to be the most perishable group during the storage. Reduction in overall acceptability with storage time was much more pronounced in C2 than C1, TB1, TB2 and TB3. The retail cost of chicken nuggets was estimated to be Rs 287.00/ kg of product with packaging composite edible film Rs 54.00.ThesisItem Open Access Studies of Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Oils on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Milk Based Products(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-02-12) Aashima; Dr. ParulThe present research work was conducted to investigate the antibiofilm activity of essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and milk based products. S. aureus was isolated from 315 samples that included retail raw milk (50), traditional milk based products (burfi, peda, milk cake and dudhi halwa) (150), frozen milk products (ice cream and kulfi) (60) and handswabs (milk shop workers and vendors) (55) from various regions of Mathura. The prevalence of S. aureus in retail raw milk, traditional milk based products, frozen milk products and in handswabs was 78.0%, 21.3%, 15%, 32.7%, respectively, with overall prevalence of 31.1%. Antimicrobial resistance of the S. aureus isolates for methicillin and vancomycin was evaluated by Antibiotic sensitivity test and E test. A total of 34 isolates were resistant for methicillin and 10 were resistant for vancomycin. The prevalence of MRSA in retail raw milk, traditional milk based products, frozen milk products and in handswabs was 24.0%, 6.6%, 5.0% and 6.3%, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 10.7% in all the sources. The prevalence of VRSA in retail raw milk, traditional milk based products, frozen milk products and in handswabs was 4.0%, 2.6%, 1.6% and 5.45% with an overall prevalence of 3.17% in all the sources. Further, the biofilm forming capabilities of the MRSA strains (34) and VRSA (10) strains were detected phenotypically by three different assays viz. TCP, TM and CRA. In CRA assay, 16.6% MRSA were biofilm formers while 83.3% were non biofilm formers and for VRSA, 40% were biofilm formers and 60% were non biofilm formers. In Tube method 38.2%, 32.3% and 29.4% of MRSA strains were strong, moderate and weak biofilm formers, respectively. In Tube method 50.0% each were strong, moderate and none was weak biofilm formers. In TCP assay 61.7%, 23.5% and 14.7% MRSA were strong, moderate and weak biofilm former while 60.0%, 40.0%, 0.0% VRSA were strong, moderate and weak biofilm former, respectively. Overall, results showed TCP was better assay than TM and CRA. Further, strong biofilm former MRSA (21) and VRSA (6) were subjected to found the MIC values against eugenol and cardamom oil. The MIC values of eugenol for MRSA biofilms ranged from 3.125-0.19 (v/v) while for VRSA biofilms ranged from 0.19-0.39 (v/v). The MIC value of cardamom oil for MRSA and VRSA biofilms ranged from 50-25 (v/v). These results indicate that MRSA strains were more susceptible to eugenol than cardamom oil. Antibiofilm effects of eugenol and cardamom essential oils were observed on MRSA and VRSA biofilms at MIC of 0.19 and 0.39 (v/v) concentration for eugenol and 25 and 50 (v/v) concentration of cardamom oil. It was observed that the OD values of the control for all the samples was much higher than the OD of biofilms treated with different concentrations of oils. Under SEM analysis, the biofilms that were treated with different concentration of eugenol and cardamom showed loss of cell-to-cell connections, disruption of organized structures of the biofilms, loss in normal morphology, surface became rough and collapse of bacterial cells possibly due to exudation of the contents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis suggests that eugenol has better antibiofilm activity than cardamom oil and thus eugenol can inhibit biofilms of MRSA and VRSA at lower concentrations as compared to cardamom oil. This study revealed that both eugenol and cardamom oils exert antibiofilm effects on MRSA and VRSA biofilms and can be applied on the surfaces of equipments, food containers, utensils and other materials to prevent MRSA and VRSA biofilms.ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasonographic Study of Udder and Teat in Cows(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2024-01-08) Varsha Gangwar; R.P. PandeyThe study was done on adult, normal healthy lactating and dry Sahiwal cows at ILF complex and the clinically affected Sahiwal cows reported at TVCC DUVASU Mathura. Study in Part I had dry cows (Group I), Part II had two sub groups; group IIA (pre milking) and group IIB (post milking) and Part III had clinical cases. B–mode USG for udder and teat echotexture and biometry of all quarters of udder and teats was done in non-sedated cows with travis restraint. Group I, IIA and IIB had 6 animals each (3rd parity) and 8 clinical cases consisted of group III. On USG examination udder parenchyma appeared as homogenous hyperechoic with anechoic alveoli. Gland cistern appeared as anechoic area. Diameter of gland cistern was large in pre milking than post milking group and dry animals. Teat wall was 3 layered; outer thin hyperechoic, middle thick hypoechoic and inner thin hyperechoic. Its thickness was less in pre milking as compare to post milking and dry animals. Teat cistern appeared anechoic with a hyperechoic lining. Diameter and length of teat cistern were large in pre milking than post milking and dry animals. Streak canal appeared as a hyperechoic line and its length was more in post milking group. Rosette of Furstenberg appeared as a hyperechoic line with smaller diameter in dry animals. The mean and SE values of studied parameters in group IIA were – 34.93± 3.77 mm, 20.25± 2.14 mm, 3.52± 0.13 mm, 50.36± 3.05 mm, 10.85± 0.5 mm, 6.56± 0.33mm, 5.66± 0.43mm, 7.1± 0.48 for DGC, DTC, DTCr, LTC, LSc, TWTt, TWTm and TWTb respectively. In group IIB, the mean values were – 13.21± 1.1 mm, 9.55± 0.96 mm, 3.55± 0.13 mm, 39.36± 2.3 mm, 12.04± 0.4 mm, 7.8± 0.51mm, 6.8± 0.51mm, 8.3± 0.52 for DGC, DTC, DTCr, LTC, LSc, TWTt, TWTm and TWTb respectively. In dry cows of group I, the mean values were – 7.1± 0.54 mm, 7.42± 0.93mm, 2.55± 0.14 mm, 33.8± 1.4 mm, 8.79± 0.3 mm, 7.44± 0.43mm, 7.2± 0.32mm, 8.09± 0.46mm for DGC, DTC, DTCr, LTC, LSc, TWTt, TWTm and TWTb respectively. Group III consisted of one case each of Teat obstruction, Teat laceration, Teat gangrene, Udder growth, Hemolactia, Udder abscess and two cases of Udder mastitis. Parenchyma had heterogenous echotexture and gland cisterns were changed in their size and echogenicity. Length of teat cistern and streak canal varied only in severely affected cows. Echotexture of teat wall had loss of 3 layer detail. Rosette of Furstenberg was not differentiable. Doppler USG of milk vein was performed in sample animals and maximum B- flow velocities in milk vein, its distance from skin surface and its diameter were 45.82 cm/sec, 23.4cm/sec and 29.45cm/sec; 4.03mm, 4.10mm and 4.08mm and 13.77mm, 13.01mm and 13.72 in lactating, dry and clinically affected animal respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) Root Powder Supplementation on Performance of Sahiwal Cows(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-11-20) Manisha Tyagi; Rajneesh SirohiThe experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbal feed supplement Shatavari root powder in terms of quantitative and qualitative parameters of milk and hemato-biochemical parameters of blood. For this experiments, 18 lactating Sahiwal cows, on the basis of their body weight and initial milk yield were divided into the three treatment groups i.e. T1, T2 and T3 having 6 animals in each. Group T1 acted as control and was provided with only basal diet whereas, T2 group received 30 g Shatavari root powder along with the basel diet and T3 was supplemented with 60 g Shatavari root powder along with the basal feed. The study as a whole was conducted for a period of 90 days. Daily milk yield was also recorded for this whole time. Milk composition of each animal was determined once every fortnight. Blood samples were also collected at fortnight i.e. 0, 15, 30. 45, 60, 75 and 90 days interval. The effect of herbal feed supplement Shatavari on milk yield was significant (P˂0.05) (6.06a±0.26, 6.83b±0.32and 7.35b±0.17 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively). Milk composition parameters were also monitored and results revealed no significant (P>0.05) effect of Shatavari root powder on milk fat and protein%. However, milk lactose (4.47a±0.05, 4.47a±0.05 and 5.0c ±0.06 in T1, T2 and T3), SNF (7.81a±.05, 8.07b±.05 and 8.20b±.07) and total solids (10.31a±0.06, 11.53b±0.17and 12.98c±0.19) were found significantly different (P˂0.05) from the control group. Physio-chemical parameters of milk i.e. temperature, pH and density were also assessed and found non-significant (P>0.05) in all groups. Milk somatic cell count differed significantly (P˂0.05) in T3 compared with control. Effect of SRP on body condition score was found non significant (P>0.05) in either treatment groups. All hematological parameters monitored like hemoglobin, PCV, DLC, TLC, TEC were found in normal physiological range in all the groups. Cow side test i.e. blood glucose and beta hydroxyl butyric acid (ketone body) were also performed and significant (P˂0.05) increase in blood glucose (34.07a ±0.39, 39.07b ±0.77 and 44.38c ±1.21 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively) was observed in the treatment groups. There was also a significant (P˂0.05) reduction in the BHBA after supplementation of herbal feed Shatavari. Biochemical parameters were performed with blood plasma and in these parameters total protein and total albumin were found to differed significantly (P˂0.05) in the SRP supplemented groups. Other biochemical parameters like cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine were also assessed and found to differed significantly(P˂0.05) after SRP supplementation. Prolactin hormone was also assessed and found to increase significantly (P˂0.05) in T2 and T3 than the control. Cortisol assay was also performed and significant difference was found in the T3 than the control (T1). So, it can be concluded that supplementation of Shatavari in diet improved milk yield and milk composition in terms of SNF, total solids and lactose. Incorporation of SRP in diet significantly improved blood glucose and decreased BHBA. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine were found to be reduced significantly. Results of present study suggests that feeding of SRP @ 60 g/animal/day is beneficial for improving milk yield even in mid phase of lactation, milk composition, glucose concentration and other biochemical constituents in lactating Sahiwal cows.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF HERBAL FEED ADDITIVES IN BROILER CHICKEN(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-11-18) Chaple Prajwal Suresh; Neeraj Kumar GangwarThe present study was conducted to study the immunomodulatory effect of herbal feed additives in broilers chicken. That was designed to see the effect of poly herbal feed additive on growth, haemato-biochemical and immunological parameters in broilers. In the current study, total 300 day old broiler chicks (n=300) were equally divided into five dietary treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5), having three replicates of 20 birds each. The study was conducted in broiler chicken during 0-6 weeks of age. During the experiment, birds were fed basal ration, T1 (control), T2- Basal diet+ Herbal Immunomodulator A, T3- Basal diet + Herbal Immunomodulator B, T4- Basal diet + Herbal Immunomodulator C and T5-Basal diet +Enramycin. There was no significant difference on the average weekly body weight among the different treatment groups except at second week where T4 birds had significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight compared to T1, T2, T3 and T5. The average weekly body weight gain did not showed significant difference among the different treatment groups however group T4 and T5 birds had significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight gain compared to T1, T2 and T3 groups. The average weekly FCR was better in T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 group during over all experimental period. There was no significant difference in the average body weight gain among the different treatment groups during different phases of growth. The average feed intake during different phases was lower in T4 as compared to T1 during whole 6 weeks of period. There was no significant difference in the FCR among the different treatment groups during different phases of growth. However the FCR was comparatively better in T4 group as compared to the other treatments and control group during 0-6 week period. There was significant difference in the concentration of serum IgY and IgA antibodies among the different treatment groups after 6 weeks of age, but T4 group birds had significantly higher (P<0.05) concentration of serum Pre-vaccinated and post-vaccinated IgY and IgA antibodies titre as compared to T1,T2,T3 and T5 groups. There was significant difference in cell mediated immune response to (PHA-P) among the different treatment groups at 6 weeks of age, group T4 birds had significantly higher (P<0.05) cell mediated immune response to (PHA-P) among the T1, T2, T3 and T5 groups. There was no significant difference in blood biochemical parameters among the different treatment groups after 6 weeks of age except increase in Total Protein in T4 group. Total Protein level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 group as compared to T1, T2, T3 and T5 groups. The large intestine weight and large intestine length were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4 as compared to T1, T2, T3 and T5 groups. There was no significant difference in carcass quality traits among the different treatment groups after 6 weeks of age. There was no significant difference on the hematological parameters among the different treatment groups except in Heterophil-lymphocyte ratio and RBC count, where group T4 birds had significantly lower (P<0.05) Heterophil-lymphocyte ratio and significantly higher RBC count compared to T1, T2, T3 and T5 groups. There was significant difference (P<0.05) on the intestinal morphometry among the different treatment groups, T4 group has increase in duodenal, jejunum and ileum villous height, width and crypt depth as compared to other treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the CD4+ and CD8+ cells infltration in the different intestinal sections among groups in immunohistochemistry. Gene expression shows the significant difference in the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response genes as compared to antibiotic and control group. Thus, it may be concluded that polyherbal feed supplemented in diet may be to elicit growth performance, immunity, blood biochemical, hematological and gut health parameters at par to antibiotic groupThesisItem Open Access Molecular Demystification of Wound Healing Efficacy of Goat Milk based Ointment in Excisional Rat Model(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-10-07) Drishiya Vats; Amit ShuklaWound healing is defined as any breach in the continuity of skin. Regenerative pharmacology aims to develop new therapeutic module to hasten the healing. Present study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of goat milk based ointment vis a vis its molecular pharmacodynamics in full thickness excisional rat model. 96 healthy male wistar rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups i.e. group I served as Healthy control/Sham Operated, group II served as silver sulphadiazine treated group and group III and IV served as group treated with 0.5 % and 1% goat milk based ointment, respectively. Square shaped wound of ≈ 2×2 cm2 (400 mm2 ) was surgically and aseptically created on the back of animals till the depth of panniculus carnosus. Animals were examined routinely till 21 day of the experimental study and healing potential of goat milk based ointment was aceratined by planimetric analysis viz. digital photography, wound area measurement, wound contraction percentage and biochemical assay using hydroxyproline, total protein and DNA content at different intervals i.e. on days 3,7,14 and 21 of the study. H & E staining and Masson Trichome staining was done to undermine the microscopic changes at different phases of healing. Molecular pharmacodynamics was studied following cytokine assay, expression profiling of genes i.e. Nrf-2 and COX-2 genes by RT-q PCR and immunohistochemistry study of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Study revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in wound area measurement and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in wound contraction following goat milk based ointment application. Hydroxyproline, total protein and DNA content revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in skin tissues of animals of goat milk based ointment treatment as compared to silver sulphadiazine treated animals. Skin histopathological studies with H & E and Masson Trichome staining showed neovascularization, complete re-epithelialization, formation of new hair follicles along with sebaceous glands and more tightly packed and orderly arranged mature collagen bundles in group III and IV as compared to other groups. Cytokine studies showed significant upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-10 and IL-6 and significant down regulation of TNFα in the animals of goat milk based ointment treatment group as compared to other groups. Expression profiling of Nrf-2 gene showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) upregulation in skin tissue samples of 0.5 % goat milk based ointment treatment group as compared to other groups upto day 14,whereas COX-2 showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) down regulation in goat milk based ointment treatment group till day 21st of the study. Goat milk based ointment treatment @ 0.5 % showed higher expression and strong signal intensity of VEGF. It is concluded from our study that goat milk based ointment modulates immunological response pertaining to upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines i.e. IL-6 and IL-10; oxidative stress cup and collar gene i.e. Nrf-2 and angiogenic and vasculogenic marker i.e. VEGF and down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine i.e. TNFα and inflammatory marker gene expression i.e. COX-2. Goat milk based ointment showed improvement in the extracellular matrix deposition with evidence from mature collagen deposition, complete re-epithelization with sebaceous gland and hair follicles as well as significant increment in the values of hydroxyproline, protein and DNA levels. Thus, 0.5 % goat milk based ointment could be useful as an alternate to the available wound healing agents in full thickness excisional wound model.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING PROBIOTIC AND EXOGENOUS FIBROLYTIC ENZYME TREATED RICE STRAW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-11-27) Ankita Patel; Vinod KumarThis study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, haematology, enzymatic activity, antioxidant status, plasma minerals and ingestive behaviour in Hariana heifers. In first phase, in vitro degradability of nutrients as an effect of supplementation of probiotic and EFE at various levels was tested and optimum results were obtained at 5g/kg DM and 7g/kg DM mixed with TMR-based paddy straw. The result showed better IVDM degradability, IVOM degradability, total gas production, microbial biomass production, total volatile fatty acid, and partitioning factor. In second phase, a total of 18 Hariana heifers were selected and allocated into three groups having six heifers in each group and fed treatment diet for 120 days. The control group was fed on basal diet without any supplementations whereas, group-1 was supplemented basal diet with 5g/kg probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and group-2 was supplemented basal diet with 7g/kg EFE. The nutrient requirements of Hariana heifers were met by feeding concentrate mixture, jowar, and paddy straw (50:30:20 ratio) on DM basis as per NRC (2001) guidelines. Experimental animals were monitored daily for DMI and fortnightly body weight change. At the end of the study, a digestion trial of 7 days was conducted to study the effect of supplementation on nutrients utilization. Blood samples were collected on the days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days post supplementation and analyzed for haematological attributes, biomarkers of energy, lipid and protein metabolism, biomarkers of liver and kidney function, biomarkers of antioxidant status, and plasma mineral levels. At the end of trial rumen enzyme activity and ingestive behaviour were also noted. No effect on DMI, FCR, FCE but body weight gain was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in supplemented group. There was no significant effect (P<0.05) of supplementation on blood parameters except Hb and HCT levels which showed significantly higher in supplementation group. Treatment groups showed significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma total protein, plasma globulin, plasma cholesterol, plasma ALP and lower bilirubin whereas, no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on albumin, glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, creatinine and PUN levels. BHBA and IGF-1 were similar but NEFA, FRAP and SOD were significantly different (P<0.05) in control, probiotic and EFE group, respectively. There was no significant effect on plasma minerals and animal behaviour parameters after supplementation but rumen enzyme i.e., cellulase, Avicelase, and xylanase activity in EFE group showed significantly higher (P<0.05) activity than probiotic or control group. Finally it may be concluded that probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme @ 5 and 7 g per kg DM, respectively improved weight gain and digestibility of nutrients without affecting blood haematology, biochemical parameters, mineral profile and ingestive behaviour adversely. Thus, rice straw may be included in ration of ruminant’s upto 20% of DM with probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme treatmentsThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION AND IN OVO FEEDING OF MENTHOL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-12-13) Bondar Bhupal Bhaskar; P. K. ShuklaThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation vis-a vis in ovo feeding of menthol on the performance of commercial broilers. Three hundred and seventy five fertile eggs of CARI-VISHAL birds were set for incubation for first 18 days in the setter and last 3 days in the hatcher. On the 18th day, in ovo feeding was done at the broad end of the egg. The eggs were divided into three groups: un-injected control, sham control (injected with 0.5 ml of 5% ethanol), and in ovo injected with menthol (0.5 ml of 1% menthol solution). After hatching, 180-day-old chicks were reared for feeding trial. Chicks from these three groups were further divided into two subgroups, each with three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. One subgroup received a basal diet, while the other received a basal diet with menthol supplementation at a rate of 250 mg/kg diet. Birds were reared for 42 days (6 weeks) and kept on a Basal or Control diet [BIS, 2007; broiler starter diet till 3 weeks and thereafter broiler finisher diet till 6 weeks]. Day old body weight of in ovo menthol group birds was significantly higher (P<0.01) compared to un-injected control. There were no significant differences in the body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR during different phases of growth after in ovo feeding and/or dietary supplementation of menthol. HA titre (P<0.001), IgM titre (P<0.001), IgM concentration (P<0.05) in in ovo menthol group were significantly higher than sham control and un-injected control group. Further, HA titre (P<0.01), IgM titre (P<0.01), serum IgY (P<0.01), IgM concentration (P<0.001), FWI (P<0.002) were significantly higher in dietary menthol supplemented group birds as compared to basal diet fed group birds. In addition, in ovo feeding along with dietary supplementation of menthol resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) HA titre, IgY concentration (P<0.005) and significantly lower (P<0.001) serum cortisol as compared to other interaction groups. There was no significant effect of in ovo feeding and dietary supplementations of menthol on blood biochemical parameters, development of digestive and lymphoid organs, carcass quality traits, cut up parts, yield of giblets and chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles.The ether extract (%) of breast muscle of birds were significantly lower in birds of in ovo menthol group (P<0.01) and menthol supplementation group (P<0.001) than un injected control and basal diet respectively. Dietary supplementation of menthol resulted in significantly higher concentration of sodium (P<0.04) in breast meat cut and significantly higher concentration of copper and iron (P<0.04, P<0.01) in thigh meat cuts. In ovo feeding or dietary supplementation of menthol resulted in significant decrease in saturated fatty acids and significant increase in omega-6 fatty acids in breast and thigh meat cuts. Further, in ovo feeding along with dietary supplementation of menthol resulted in significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.003) and omega 6 fatty acids (P<0.001) in breast meat cut. Thus, in ovo feeding of 1% menthol as well as dietary supplementation of menthol @ 250 mg/ kg diet resulted in significant positive effects on early body weight and immune responses in broilers. These treatments also influenced fatty acid composition in meat, with potential positive implications for consumer health. However, they did not significantly impact other growth parameters or carcass quality traits.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES ON RENAL IMPAIRMENT IN DOG(U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) Mathura Uttar Pradesh India-281001, 2023-12-16) Shveta Singh; Padma Nibash PanigrahiThe present study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of renal impairment in dogs and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves on renal impairment in dogs. For this, a total of 3881 dogs, irrespective of age, breed and sex presented to VCC, DUVASU, Mathura were examined during a period of study i.e., from February 2023 to July 2023. Total 287 dogs showed clinical signs associated with to renal impairment, out of which 43 dogs were found positive for renal impairment by various clinical markers and laboratory tests. The overall occurrence (hospital based prevalence) of renal impairment in total dog population was 1.107 % (43/3881) whereas hospital based prevalence among suspected dogs was 14.98 % (43/287). Amongst different breeds, the highest occurrence 20.37 % was in Labrador retriever and the lowest in Beagle i.e. 10 %. Age wise hospital based prevalence was highest in dogs’ age group 4-8 years and female dogs possessed more prevalence than male. In the present investigation it was observed that dogs feeding with commercial diet are more prone to renal impairment than home based fed dogs. Anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, weakness/ depression, anuria/ oligourea, polydipsia/ polyuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, ketonuria etc. are the important clinical findings in dogs with renal impairment as per our study. Twelve (12) dogs found positive for renal impairment during screening were taken for therapeutic study and randomly allocated into 2 groups, each group having 6 animals. In group B conventional treatment was given and in group C conventional treatment with combination of Moringa oleifera @ 30mg/kg body weight PO was administered for 14 days. Six apparently healthy dogs were placed in healthy control group (group A) after thorough physical examination and various diagnostic tests. Treatment with conventional drugs as well as combination therapy with Moringa oleifera significant reduced the concentration of Hb, TEC, PCV, Platelets as well as activities of the serum creatinine, BUN, ALP, AST, GGT and renal biomarker protein cystatin-C and SDMA in renal impairment dogs. Based on results of the study it was concluded that Moringa oleifera may be advised as adjunct therapy along with conventional treatment for early recovery in renal impairment in dog.
