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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON VARIABILITY OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE CAUSED BY Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. AND ITS MANAGEMENT(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. HYDERABAD, 2015) MANJUNATHA., O; VIDYA SAGAR, BRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the three major food crops of the world and is the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. It is an important cereal crop affected by various fungal, bacterial and viral diseases Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani (telomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) has become a major constraint to rice production during the last two decades. Twenty R. solani isolates were collected from sheath blight diseased samples collected from major rice growing areas of Karnataka state, India were designated as RS-K-1 to RS-K-20. Pathogenicity of all the isolates was proved by Koch postulates by artificial inoculation on susceptible cultivar TN-1. Studies morphological variability revealed that all the isolates of R. solani characteristically branched at right angle in the distal end of the cell. The hyphal width of all the twenty isolates varied from 1.80 to9.43 μm. The minimum distance between two septation was 15.37 μm, while maximum distance was 351.92 μm. The cultural variability among twenty isolates showed that the colony color varied from Ivory to pale brown. Among the 20 isolates, five isolates produced colonies were Ivory, two were olive, nine were sand yellow and four were pale brown in color. Besides the reverse color of the culture, isolates were classified into three categories namely, Ivory, sand yellow and olive green. While the colony texture varied from fluffy, flat plain and slightly fluffy mycelial growth. Based on the growth rate R. solani isolates were categorized into slow growing (1.80-2.0 mm/h), moderately growing (2.0- 2.0 mm/h) and fast growing >2.2 mm/h. Based on pattern of sclerotial production twenty R. solani isolates were grouped into five categories viz., sclerotia grouped at centre(7), lower ring (3), middle ring (2), peripheral ring (4) and scattered (4). Among 20 R. solani isolates nine isolates secreted honey dew and others did not. However maximum number of sclerotia observed was 618 (RS-K-1), while minimum number of sclerotia was 67 (RS-K-5). The sclerotial weight of twenty isolates ranged from 8.75 to 18.50 mg. Pathological variability of twenty R. solani isolates was studied on susceptible cv. TN-1 and found that isolates took 2-5 days to exhibit the typical sheath blight symptoms. And the size of the lesion ranged from 0.15- 3.15 cm2, most of the isolates produced either elliptical or elongated lesions. The disease severity varied from 17.26- 33.86 %, among the isolates. All the twenty isolates were classified highly virulent ( >50 % DI) based on per cent disease incidence. Genetic diversity of R. solani isolates from different locations using 10 RAPD and ISSR primers showed good polymorphism at DNA level and cluster analysis of RAPD data grouped the isolates on the basis of their origin with few exceptions. A total of 102 amplicons were obtained from twenty R. solani isolates with 10 RAPD primers of which 100 % were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of sheath blight isolates revealed the average pair-wise similarities in the range of 0.29-0.57 thus suggesting large variations among the isolates. In case of ISSR primers a total of 111 were obtained with 10 ISSR primers of which 95.92 % were polymorphic.Cluster analysis revealed that 20 isoaltes grouped into two major clusters at 35 % genetic similarity coefficient. Similarity coefficient ranged from 0.30-0.50 thus suggest good variations among the isolates. In vitro screening of eleven fungicides against R. solani revealed that Trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole (0.4 g/l and 1.0 g/l), Captan + Hexaconazole (1.0 g/l), Flusilazole + Carbendazim (0.5 ml/l and 1.0 ml/l), Hexaconazole (2.0 ml/l), Azoxystrobin (1.0ml/l), Propiconazole (1.0 ml/l) Carbendazim (1.0g/l) and Validamycin (2.5 ml/l) showed maximum inhibition. Out of eleven fungicides tested Azoxystrobin was found to be the best in respect of reduction in disease incidence (34.4 %) and enhancement of yield (5181 kg/ha). Azoxystrobin recorded low per cent disease index (34.4 %) and maximum (100 %) in Metalaxyl-M + mancozeb (94.4 %) @ 1.0 g/l. Among nine botanical extracts evaluated against R. solani Thevatia peruviana, (86.61 %) exhibited strong fungitoxicity under in vitro conditions which recorded lowest mycelial growth of 11.9 mm. the lowest PDI was recorded by Jatropha curcas (34.73 %) with a yield of 4538 kg/ha. The highest yields were recorded in Chrozophora tinctoria (4863 kg/ha).ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF NAGARJUNA GRAMEENA BANK ON THE ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF WEAKER SECTIONS IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT ( A.P.)(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD, 1988) RAVINDRANATH, V; NARENDER, IThe present study was undertaken with a view to evaluating the farming condition and economic condition of beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries. Khammam district was selected for the study because of the fact that it is one of the few districts where rural banks were first established in the state. Six villages, three from each mandai, were selected on the basis of number of beneficiaries. Four groups of beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries were identified and lOB beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries formed the total sample for the study, Indepth study was made to estimate employment position, crop productivity, costs and returns, inequalities in income distribution, repaying capacity etc. For this pur p o s e b o t h c on v e n t i on a 1 f a r m bus i n e s s an a 1 y s i s and f u n ctional analysis were employed. The average size of the holding was slightly more in beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries. The total assets of the beneficiaries were higher due to the impact of the bank loan. The gross cropped area and cropping intensity recorded high in beneficiaries. The predominant crops grown in the area were paddy, groundnut and jowar. The areas allocated for paddy and groundnut were more in beneficiary farms due to high cost of cultivation involved •. It was observed that the human labour employment per hectare in Man Work Days was higher for beneficiaries comapred to non-beneficiaries. The total employment position for the average male and female workers in beneficiary group was 30Z, 54 and 238.99 MWDs respectively compared to 280.88 and 260.11 MWDs of non-beneficiaries in the same order. 'this increase in employment can be attributed to both bank finance and owned funds invested in production process. The productivity was higher in beneficiary groups for all the crops compared to non-beneficiares. This could be due to the adoption of yield increasing practices by baflk's finance. Higher cost of cultivation per hectare was observed in beneficiary farms. The same trend was observed in the case of income measures such as gross returns, net income, family labour income, farm business income and farm investment income. As regards dairy farming, sheep farming and traditional occupation, the costs and returns recorded were higher on beneficiary farms. Greater inequality indicated by coefficient of in income variation, distribution was Lorenz curve and Gini ratio for non-beneficiaries compared to beneficiaries. Higher inequality in income dist~ibution was observed in rural artisans followed by agricultural labourers, margipal farmers and small farmers in both beneficiaries an·d nonbeneficiaries. Linear Regression analysis was applied to estimate repaying capacity. The values of R2 were significant at 5 per cent level in all the categories. It revealed the significance of all the accounted variables - size of the holding (x 1 ), income from all sources (x 2 ), family expenditure (x 3 ), expenditure on production process (x 4 ) and other loans (x 5 ) in explaining the variation in repaying capacity. Discriminant function revealed the importance of total income and employment in discriminating beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. o2 value was significant in all the categories. The study has proved the palpable role of Regional Rural Bank in improving economic condition of the weaker sections and ensuring social justice.ProceedingsItem Open Access ProceedingsItem Open Access Second International Sysmposium On Ongole Cattle 29 - 31 Oct 2001(Angrau And Dept Of Animal Husbandry Govt Of A P, 2001)ProceedingsItem Open Access Proceedings Of State Level Workshop Invasive Alien Species - A Great Threat To Agriculture 19Th May 2009(Eei Angrau Hyd, 2009) Surya Mani MProceedingsItem Open Access Proceedings Of Symposium On Ongole Cattle 29 - 31 Oct 2001(Dept Of Animal Husbandry Govt Of A P And Angrau, 2001) Subba Rao M V EdProceedingsItem Open Access ProceedingsItem Open Access National Seminar On Food Safety And Quality Control In India 2 - 4 March 2005(Angrau ; Hyderabad, 2005)ProceedingsItem Open Access Xii National Seed Seminar On Prosperity Through Quality Seed 24 - 26 Feb 2006(Indian Society Of Seed Technology And Angrau Hyd, 2006) Jain S K Ed