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Theses (Ph.D.)
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ThesisItem Open Access Medical Management of Primary Uterine Inertia in Female Dogs(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 18-06-12) Vibha Raghuram, K.; Krishnaswamy, A.; Honnappa, T. G.; Nagaraj, B.N.; Suguna RaoA clinical study was conducted to analyze the incidence of foetal and maternal dystocia, influence of the breed of the dam, age, size of the breed, parity and litter size on the occurrence of primary uterine inertia and a systematic evaluation of the various medical protocols commonly employed for the treatment of primary uterine inertia was also investigated. Dystocia due to maternal causes were encountered more frequently than foetal causes and primary uterine inertia was the single most common cause of maternal dystocia. Further, partial primary uterine inertia was diagnosed more frequently than complete primary uterine inertia.Breed susceptibility to uterine inertia was also recorded with Dachshunds, Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds being more frequently affected. Uterine inertia was observed more frequently in bitches under the age of 2 years and in older animals. The size of the breed appeared to have a significant effect on the occurrence of primary uterine inertia, with medium and large sized breeds being more commonly diagnosed as cases of primary uterine inertia. Primary uterine inertia was slightly more common in primiparous animals and animals carrying a single foetus or an excessively large litter were more frequently diagnosed as cases of primary uterine inertia.The vital clinical parameters such as temperature, pulse and respiratory rates were unaffected by the state of uterine inertia. The serum glucose concentrations were within physiological limits in a majority of animals with primary uterine inertia. Hypoglycaemia was not identified in any of the animals with primary uterine inertia, while a few animals exhibited hyperglycaemia. Serum calcium levels were also within the normal physiological range in every animal with primary uterine inertia and hypocalcaemia as a cause of primary uterine inertia could not be ascertained. The response of animals with complete primary uterine inertia to medical treatment protocol such as oxytocin, calcium or dextrose was disappointing and it was concluded that cases of complete primary uterine inertia are best treated using the surgical option. Dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia was treated more successfully using the medical treatment protocols. The success rate varied from 66.66% observed with calcium and oxytocin, to 80% with oxytocin and 88.88% with dextrose and oxytocin. It was concluded that primary partial uterine inertia are most ideally relieved by infusion of oxytocin injection alone. However, inclusion of dextrose along with oxytocin may not be harmful, unlike calcium which may cause cardiac arrhythmia as a potential side effect.ThesisItem Open Access Bacterial Load in the Neat, Extended and Frozen Bull Semen and Its Antibiogram(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 15-06-12) Navya, M.; Chandrashekara Murthy, V.; Krishanaswamy, A.; shrikrishna Isloor; Suryanarayan, T.; Ravindranath, B.M.Contamination of the semen with bacteria could happen at various stages of processing and handling. In view of this and need for effective monitoring of semen processing it is felt important to evaluate the bacterial load. This approach enables to check the contamination points and to recommend appropriate measures to overcome the problems associated with such contamination. With the very same purpose, the present study was undertaken to estimate the bacterial load of semen at various stages of semen processing, their antibiogram profiles and suitable recommendations. According to Office Internationale Epizooticus (OIE) the standard for acceptable colony forming units is 500 CFU per ml of frozen semen. The production of frozen semen of a larger dimension needs a quality control service to maintain supply of good quality frozen semen and to attain a good quality of frozen semen microbial analysis should be carried out at each and every step of processing. The present study was undertaken at the semen collection centre – Nandini Sperm Station (a unit of Karnataka Milk Federation), Kakolu, Bangalore. Six adult healthy bulls were selected and six ejaculates from each bull at weekly intervals and subjected for the estimation of total bacterial load in the neat, extended and frozen semen to evaluate the level of contamination occurring during handling, processing and storage of semen and the bacterial load of the semen was found to be within the prescribed guidelines of BIS suggestive of the hygienic measures followed during semen collection and preservation. The antibiogram of the mixed cultures in the frozen semen samples were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the conventionally used antibiotics and to suggest better antibiotic or combination of antibiotics as approved by the OIE and the study revealed that the conventional antibiotics used in the semen station can be sufficient to reduce the bacterial load in the semen along with strict hygienic measures during collection and processing of semen.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Evaluation of Extraction Of Cataractous Lens by Corneal and Limbal Incision in Dogs(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 2005-09-20) Sudha, C.S.; Vasanth, M.S.; Ranganath, L.; Yathiraj, S.; Upendra, H.A.; Suguna RaoTwo techniques of cataractous lens extraction by corneal and limbal incisions have been studied in twelve clinical cases of mature cataract in dogs over period of ten months. Clinical, biochemical, haematological and gross changes at the surgical site were studied pre and post-operatively. The following are the summary of the study. 1. The overall occurrence of cataract was found to be 0.28% (25 out of 8930) among cases presented to Bangalore Veterinary College Hospital over period of 10 months. 2. Occurrence of cataract was found to be more in Spitz (44%), followed by Cocker Spaniels (16%), German Shepherds (12%) and Labrador Retrievers (8%). 3. Average age of dogs with cataract was found to be 10.2 years and 68 percent of the affected animals were female and the rest (32%) were males. 4. Atropinisation of the eye, started three days prior to surgery using 1% atropine sulphate solution provided adequate mydriasis. 5. Triflupromazine hydrochloride administered at the rate of one mg/kg intravenously as a preanaesthetic followed by inhalation anaesthesia using halothane oxygen mixture was found to be satisfactory for cataract surgery in dogs. 6. Clear corneal incision from 10 to 3 O’ clock position using No. 11 BP blade was found be adequate for lens extraction. 7. Subconjunctival injection of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride to create a bleb facilitated easy incision of conjunctiva from 10 to 3 o ’clock position and to prepare conjunctival flap and helped in controlling haemorrhage during the limbal approach. 8. Limbal incision from 10 to 3 O’clock position using No.11 BP blade was found to be adequate for lens extraction. 9. The lens loop used was found to be an effective tool for the extraction of cataractous lens with minimal haemorrhage and vitreous loss in both groups. 10. The No. 6-0 Vicryl sutures were adequate and had good knot security. 11. Elizabethan collar was found to be successful in preventing postoperative auto mutilation. 12. Subconjunctival injection of Betamethasone and Gentamicin along with topical application of Neosporin-H eye ointment three times daily for first two post-operative weeks followed by instillation of Gentamicin drops and 1% Flurbiprofen drops four times a day ensured good post-operative recovery without any infection and minimal inflammatory reaction at the site. 13. Post-operative complications were minimal with corneal incision in which four out of six animals regained moderate vision by the end of 4th post-operative week (62.36%) 14. In limbal method much bleeding from the surgical site resulted in postoperative hyphema in one animal, however early regainment of vision was observed by 2nd post-operative week in all other five animals (87.66%) of this Group. 15. Clinical parameters like heart rate and respiratory rate did not show any significant variation pre and post-operatively in both the Groups. 16. Biochemical parameters like creatinine and ALT values remained within the normal range. However significant increase in fibrinogen level was seen on day 1 in both groups which had come down to the normal level by day 14. No significant changes were observed in the values pre and post-operatively between the groups. 17. Haematological parameters like Hb, PCV, and TLC values remained within the normal range. Although neutrophilia was noticed on day 4th in both groups the count came down to normal value by day 14.No significant changes were noticed in the values pre and post-operatively between the Groups. 18. Ocular discharge and blepharospasm observed on 1st post-operative week in all animals of both Groups resolved by 3rd post-operative week. Hyphema noticed in one dog of the limbal incision Group got resolved by 4th post-operative week. 19. All animals of Group A had identifiable corneal scar along the incision site, which remained even after 4th post-operative week, where as all animals of Group B were free from any scar. In conclusion, the extraction of cataractous lens by limbal approach appears to be a better technique with good clinical results in comparison to corneal approach for cataract in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritional Evaluation of Azolla (Azolla Pinnata) in Broilers and Layers(Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 40681) Bolka, P.C.; Gideon Glori Doss, R.Azolla is a free floating fern in shallow water, contains TA – 29.17, CP – 24.12, CF – 16.25, EE – 3.8 and 26.66 % NFE on DM basis. The average ME of AZM at 10, 20 and 30 % inclusion level was 3051, 2944 and 2788 Kcal / kg and 1827, 1670 and 1678 Kcal/kg, respectively in broiler and layers. In a 42 - day growth trial involving broilers fed 10 iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric diets (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent AZM with or without fibre degrading enzyme), non significant (P>0.05) differences among various treatments in body weight gain and feed consumption were evident cumulatively but FCR were significant (P<0.01) cumulatively. Dressing percentage and relative organs weights remain similar. In a similar study ( 84 - day trial ) with 35’ week old layers involving 10 iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets ( 0, 2.5 , 5 , 7.5 , 10 per cent AZM with or without combination of fibre degrading enzyme), significant differences (P<0.01) in cumulative egg production, feed consumption , feed efficiency and mean egg weight were evident. The quality of egg (albumen index, haugh unite score, yolk colour, yolk index) of various groups were highly significant (P<0.01) cumulatively and egg shell thickness were statistically significant (P<0.05). The net returns per bird were higher in AZM based diets (2.5 and 5 %) compare to control. In general the performance of both broilers and layer decreased with the incremental level of AZM. It concluded that AZM can be incorporated upto 5 per cent for better results.