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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND PLANNING IN CONTEXT OF CLIMATIC VARIABILITY FOR KONKAN REGION(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH ,DAPOLI, 2018-07-13) Er. JEDHE SAHEBRAO HOUSRAO; Dr.M. S. Mane; Dr.U.S.Kadam, Mahale.D.MABSTRACT ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND PLANNING IN CONTEXT OF CLIMATIC VARIABILITY FOR KONKAN REGION By Er. Jedhe Sahebrao Housrao Reg. No. ENDPD2014/014 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING) in Irrigation and Drainage Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist- Ratnagiri. 2018 Research Guide Department : Dr. M. S. Mane : Professor (CAS), Dept. of IDE Water is indispensable for life, but its availability at a sustainable quality and quantity is threatened by many factors, of which climate plays a leading role. Agriculture is always vulnerable to unfavourable weather events and climate conditions. Despite technological advances such as improved crop varieties and irrigation systems, weather and climate are still key factors in agriculture productivity and water resource availability. An impact of climate change on food production and water resource availability are of global concerns and they are very important for regions like Konkan. Before planning any mitigation strategy, assessment of climatic variability and water resource availability in the region are utmost important. In the present study, annual, seasonal and monthly trend analysis was done for twelve selected study stations located in the Konkan region. Mann Kendall and Sen‟s slope test were used to know nature and magnitude of trend, respectively with 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence level. Annual and intra-annual deficit or surplus water resource in the Konkan region was evaluated. Impact of climatic variability on the water resource availability in the Amba basin was also evaluated and future scenarios for 2021-2039 (2030) and 2041-2059 (2050) were developed by using ArcSWAT model. Results of study revealed that, minimum and maximum temperatures in the Konkan region were changed significantly. Significant variations in minimum and maximum relative humidity were also observed at most of the study stations. Wind speed, sunshine duration and pan evaporation in the Konkan region were dimming 57significantly at most of the stations. Increase in rainfall was observed in the north and middle part of the Konkan region, while number of rainy days in the Konkan region has not changed significantly at most of the study stations except Wakawali. Water surplus/deficit in the Konkan was evaluated which revealed that annual surplus water was observed in the region, which varied between 1055.1 ±538.1 mm/year at Suksale to 2396.7 ± 704.6 mm/year at Karak. Water surplus was observed in the Konkan region during kharif season, which was more than 2000 mm at almost all study stations. Water deficit during rabi and summer seasons was observed which was ranging from 363.0 ± 93.1 mm to 743.2 ± 154.7 mm and 282.4 ± 111.2 mm to 558.7 ± 59.3 mm, respectively. The performance of ArcSAWT model was evaluated which showed coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was good for calibration (0.99) and validation (0.85), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) was very good for calibration (0.98) as well as validation (0.82), Root mean square error (RSR) was very good for calibration (0.13) and good for validation (0.43). The percent relative bias (PBAIS) was good for calibration (-1.3) and validation (-16.2). Assessed monthly river flow was highest in the month of August followed by July, September, June, October and thereafter river flow was decreased continuously up to April month for the base period. Monthly river flow for the developed scenario would increase during most of the months, except July and October. Effect of climatic variability on the considered meteorological parameters in the Konkan region was significant. Trends of the climatic variability did not revealed in annual and seasonal analysis, while it was evinced significant in monthly analysis. Annual climatic water balance of Konkan was surplus, which was due to heavy rainfall received during kharif season, but water deficit was observed during rabi and summer seasons. Variation in intra-annual water resource availability in the region was very high. River flow in Amba basin was seasonal and reduced significantly in the months of January to July during last two decade. Suitable sites for the water storage structures are more in the southern part of trunk stream in the basin. Suggested strategy would improve land and water productivity as well as employment security and environmental sustainability of natural resources in the Amba basin. Keywords: Trend, Water Surplus/Deficit, Climate change, ArcSWAT. 58ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION LEVELS THROUGH PULSE IRRIGATION (DRIP) ON WHITE ONION (Allium Cepa L.)(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2018-07-13) Er. Madane Dnyaneshwar Arjun; M. S. Mane; R.T.Thokal, J.S.DhekaleABSTRACT By Dnyaneshwar Arjun Madane Reg. no. ENDPD 2013/012 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (India) 2018 Research Guide : Dr. M. S. Mane Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The experiment on “ Influence of different irrigation levels through pulse irrigation (drip) on white onion (Allium Cepa L.) ” was conducted at Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Two rabi season trials on onion were carried out; first research trial from 12 th November, 2014 to 26 th April, 2015, while second trial from 23 rd November, 2015 to 4 th May 2016. The experimental site is situated at 17 0 45‟ 13.1” N latitude and 73 0 10‟ 47.4” E longitudes and altitude of 174 m. The daily water applied for white onion (Alium Cepa L.,) under pulse irrigation (drip) was worked out based on Penman Monteith method (Allen et al., 1998). The available discharge and emission uniformity of the drip system was recorded as 3.94 l.h -1 and 96.0 % for year 2015 and 3.96 l.h -1 and 94.50 % for year 2016, respectively. The various periodic biometric observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants of white onion at 20 days interval from 30 DAT to 70 DAT from each plot of treatments. The statistical analysis was done by “analysis of variance” appropriate for the „strip plot design‟. It was revealed that average of total seasonal water applied was 283.3 mm, 350.4 mm and 417.6 mm, in irrigation level I 1 (0.8 ET C ) , I 2 (1.0 ET C )and I 3 (1.2 ET C ), respectively. The pulse treatment of continuous irrigation (P 1 ), two pulses (P 2 ), three pulses (P 3 ) and four pulses (P 4 ) influencing through I 1 irrigation level discerned more than 20 % depletion of available soil moisture, which might happen some sort of stress on middle row of onion between two emitters along lateral. The soil moisture content at 2 hr after irrigation along the lateral in I 1 , I 2 and I 3 irrigation levels through continuous irrigation (P 1 ) increased vertically as compared to horizontal direction from the emitter and appeared inverse conical shape. The soil moisture content at 2 hr 60before irrigation in I 2 P 4 treatment combination discerned less than 20 % depletion below emitter at 30 cm depth, while similar depletion was discerned at 15 cm distance from the emitter at 15 cm depth. This might resulted in stress-free condition during critical growth stages of the crop. This similar condition was discerned at 2 hr before irrigation at 30 cm distance across the lateral from emitter at 15 cm depth. The soil moisture content at 2 hr after irrigation in I 3 P 4 treatment combination was observed across the field capacity (26.4 %) below the emitter at 30 cm depth. At same time, soil moisture content at 2 hr after irrigation in I 3 P 4 treatment combination spread vertically more as compared to horizontal. Among the different treatment combination I 2 P 4 was found significantly superior over I 1 P 1 with continuous irrigation (P 1 ) and at par with I 3 P 4 treatment combination. The interaction effect revealed that the highest polar diameter (63.88 mm), geometric mean diameter (59.51 mm), equatorial diameter (63.16 mm), average bulb weight (112.05 g) and yield (38.52 t.ha -1 ) of white onion was found in treatment combination I 2 P 4 , followed by I 3 P 4 , respectively. The cost of production of (Rs. 4,63,497 ha -1 and Rs 4,59,092 ha -1 ), gross returns of (Rs 9,63,000 ha -1 and Rs. 9,31,500 ha -1 ), net returns of (Rs 4,99,503 ha -1 and Rs 4,72,408 ha -1 ) and B:C ratio of (2.08 and 2.03), were found in I 2 P 4, followed by I 3 P 4 treatment combination, during average of both the years, respectively. Average water use efficiency was found maximum in I 1 P 4 (11.97 q.ha -1 .cm -1 ) treatment combination, followed by I 1 P 3 (11.36 q.ha -1 .cm -1 ) and I 2 P 4 (11.01 q.ha -1 .cm - 1 ) treatment combination. Key words: Pulse irrigation (drip), irrigation scheduling, water use efficiency, yield, quality, net returns and B:C ratio. 61ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COST EFFECTIVE AUTOMATIC DOMESTIC HYDROPONIC UNIT FOR CULTIVATION OF SELECTED VEGETABLES AND IT’S PERFORMANCE EVALUATION(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,, 2021-06-06) MR. PATIL SUNIL TUKARAM; U. S. Kadam; M. S. Mane, dilip MAHALEABSTRACT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT COST EFFECTIVE AUTOMATIC DOMESTIC HYDROPONIC UNIT FOR CULTIVATION OF SELECTED VEGETABLES AND IT’S PERFORMANCE EVALUATION by Mr. Patil Sunil Tukaram Regd. No. : ENDPD 2017 / 026 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Project guide : Prof. Dr. U. S. Kadam Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present study entitled, “Design and Development Cost Effective Automatic Domestic Hydroponic Unit for Cultivation of Selected Vegetables and It’s Performance Evaluation.’’ was carried out during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Laboratory and the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The aim of the study is production of vegetables to fulfill the needs of single family round the year by putting minimum attention in the space available at dry balcony, hall or terrace in urban areas/metropolitan cities and to minimize the load of import of vegetable from rural and get home fresh vegetable to the family. A balanced diet should content 250-325 gm of vegetable. However, though the soil less culture (hydroponic) have several advantages and benefits over open field cultivation and protected cultivation, though it will fulfill the demands of healthy and fresh vegetables for the healthy human life, it have certain limitations like cost, size and design, appropriate media, nutrient supply, automation ( maintain EC, pH, light, and irrigation) etc. Therefore considering all the constraints of the technology and benefits there too it was found necessary to evolve such a technology of hydroponic which will accommodate in less area, cost effective, easy to handle with minimum human intervention and user friendly and shall bother about EC, pH, light, temperature and humidity etc. The methodology adopted includes survey and study of the hydroponic units available in the market which provides platform for deciding the design consideration for new hydroponic system. The size of the hydroponic cabinet decided as 185 cm (L) x 35 cm (W) x 155 cm (H) and having five layers namely ground, first, second, third and fourth which accommodates in small floor space of 0.65 m2. The hollow square pipes were used for cabinet construction. The 36 containers are placed and usable surface area of individual grow container is 0.0432 m2. Each grow container is having two stake emitters of 1.1 lph discharge. The mixture of 3:1 cocopit : vermicompost media is used in the grow containers. The nutrient solution and fresh water tank having capacity of 22.57 liters were provided. The designed hydroponic unit has recirculating system provided with nutrient solution distribution and drainage lines of 16 mm diameter. The recirculating system is operated by using 0.25 HP pump and time based automation controller. Monitoring of EC and pH is to be carried out with the help of EC and pH meters installed in the controller. The sub-experiment with four treatment of nutrient solutions i.e. Hogland and Arnon (1938), Hewit (1966), Cooper (1979) and Furlani (1999) and three concentrations as 75%, 100% and 125% for spinach and Fenugreek showed that maximum yield of 8125.00 and 8123.92 gm was obtained in Spinach and Fenugreek respectively by applying cooper fertilizer (T3) solution of 75 percent concentration (C1). The newly invented nutrient solution combinations includes, N-177, P-45, K-225, Ca-138.75, Mg-37.5, S-51.0, Cu-0.075, Mn-1.5, Fe-9.0, Zn-0.075, B-0.225, Mo-0.15.mg.L-1 which is to be known as PK’s hydroponic nutrient solution in future. The developed hydroponic unit was again tested for four different crops i)spinach ii) Fenugreek iii) coriander and iv) Amaranths and found to be working satisfactorily by using Cooper solution of 75% concentration. In total 356.92 lit of the water/nutrient solution was applied in complete crop period of which 234.6 lit. i.e. 69.83 percent was consumed and 122.32 lit. i.e 30.17 percent was drained out. The total 66.65 gm or 66654 PPM nutrient was applied in the hydroponic unit in complete crop period out of which 9.91 gm or 9910 PPM was consumed i.e. crop used only 14.87 percent of nutrients. It was found that Fenugreek, Coriander, Amaranths consumed 49.1 of 79.59 lit. and Spinach consumed 87.3 of 117.51 lit. water/nutrient solution in entire crop period, respectively. Each crop was grown in 0.388 m2 area in the designed hydroponic unit produced Spinach (3.24 kg), Fenugreek (3.15 kg), Coriander (2.16 kg) and Amaranths (3.69 kg). The total leafy vegetables produced in 30-45 days period was 12.24 kg. It was observed from study that the designed hydroponic unit is found useful for cultivation of different type of vegetables at same time. The maximum water/nutrient solution use efficiency of 0.81 kg.m-2.cm-1. was found in Amaranths followed by Fenugreek i.e 0.69 kg.m-2.cm-1. The total fixed cost of the domestic hydroponic unit including all the operating system is found Rs 24928.35/-. The techno-economic evaluation was also carried out by considering the cost of manufacturing and yield of vegetables etc. which showed maximum BC ratio of 2.52 in crop combination of fenugreek +coriander+ spinach +Amaranths (9+9+9+9 grow trays). Therefore the designed and developed automatic hydroponic unit was found cost effective and working efficiently.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR TRIAL-CUMDEMONSTRATION FARM (TCDF), REPOLI(DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH DAPOLI, 2015-05) VAGARE, SUNIL BAJIRAO; Thokal, R. T.The subsurface drainage system was designed for Trial-Cum-Demonstration Farm (TCDF), Repoli, Taluka- Mangaon, District- Raigad of Konkan region. It lies between 18° 11.38' N and 18° 11.68' N latitude and 73° 18.90’ E and 73° 19.34’ E longitude. The altitude of the study area is 12.0 m above mean sea level. The study area has 18.43 ha gross area out of which 11.10 ha is under cultivation. The paddy is major crop during kharif season. The natural drain is located on North side of the study area and flows from East to West direction. The study area is commanded by Repoli Minor of Kal medium irrigation project. Repoli Minor is located at East corner of the study area and it flows along East to South border of the farm. The study area suffers from waterlogging during non monsoon seasons due to seepage through canal network during its ON period. Due to temporary waterlogging in the canal command area farmers cannot grow any crop other than paddy. Even though there is wide scope to divert the cropping pattern towards vegetables and floriculture due to more market demand from the nearby mega cities like Mumbai and Pune. To get rid of the menace of waterlogging in the area, the study was undertaken. The study was consisted of four parts, i.e. i. drainage investigation, ii. determination of the drainage properties of soil: soil texture, hydraulic conductivity, drainable porosity and infiltration rate; iii. determination of drainage coefficient by using water balance equation and iv. design of subsurface drainage system. The design included spacing of lateral drains using Hooghoudt’s and Ernst equation, diameter of lateral and collector drains using Manning’s equation and selection of outlet condition for subsurface drainage system. The project cost was also worked out at the end of study. The seepage loss through Repoli Minor and field channel was 1.37 mm/d and 1.09 mm/d, respectively while the drainage coefficient for the study area was 2.85 mm/d during non monsoon seasons. The minimum drain depth below ground surface was considered as 1.10 m. The steady state equations for drain spacing (Hooghoudt’s and Ernst equations) were used. The lateral drain spacing (35 m) determined by using Hooghoudt’s equation was proposed for study area by taking into consideration the technical and economical parameters. Proposed diameter for all the laterals was worked out as 65 mm and diameter of collector drain ranged between 80 mm to 200 mm from upstream to outlet, respectively. Suitable gravity outlet was available nearby study area for single outlet and two outlet conditions. Total cost of project per ha for single outlet and two outlets were worked out as Rs. 3,18,925/- and Rs. 3,17,300/-, respectively. The project cost per ha of subsurface drainage system for single and two outlets condition are same, thus any of the options of subsurface drainage system can be used for the study area.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS THROUGH DRIP IRRIGATION, COUPLED WITH MULCH, ON YIELD, GROWTH AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF GREEN CAPSICUM. (Accession No. T06664)(dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) KARMARKAR, SUMITA SHANKAR; Kadam, U. S.The present investigation entitled, “Studies on different irrigation and fertigation levels through drip irrigation, coupled with mulch, on yield, growth and water use efficiency of green capsicum‟‟ was carried out at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is commonly known as Capsicum, Shimla mirch, green pepper, cherry pepper or bell pepper and it belongs to Solanaceous group of vegetables. In India, capsicum is grown for its mature fruits and is widely used in stuffing and baking. It is also used in salad, noodles, soup, burger and pizza preparation. In Konkan region mainly mono cropping i.e., paddy during monsoon season is being adopted. On residual moisture immediately after monsoon some farmers are growing some vegetables on very meager area. Most of the vegetables are being supplied from the western Maharashtra. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce the green capsicum in the region to reduce the demand from western Maharashtra. Generally in India and particularly in Maharashtra state green capsicum/coloured capsicum are grown under protective cover. However to provide the protected cover again it involves the additional investment and technical skill. Therefore, it felt necessary to study on green capsicum in open field coupled with micro irrigation, fertigation levels and mulches. The green capsicum crop of Indus variety was used for experiment. The experiment involved eighteen treatment combinations. It was arranged in split plot design with three irrigation levels in the main plots and three fertigation levels and mulching in the sub plots. Irrigation levels includes I1 (0.6 ETc), I2 (0.8 ETc) and I3 (1.0 ETc) and fertigation levels includes F1 (80% of RDF through WSF), F2 (100% of RDF through WSF) and F3 (120% of RDF through WSF.). The treatment combination I3F3M1 was found to be significantly superior in terms of attaining maximum yield of capsicum (27.64 t.ha-1). The best treatment combination I3F3M1 had total water requirement of capsicum as 48.30 ha-cm under drip irrigation with silver mulch. The maximum water use efficiency (6.54 q.ha-1.cm-1) was found in treatment combination I2F2M1. The maximum net income (Rs. 5, 04,113.99 /ha.) and B:C ratio (2.55) was found in treatment combination I3F3M1. The yield parameters such as number of fruits, average number of fruits, yield per plant and total yield were observed maximum in treatment combination I3F3M1. The study indicated that full amount of required irrigation water, 20% extra fertilizer than RDF through drip coupled with mulch yielded more and gave maximum income and B:C ratio.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COST EFFECTIVE REAL TIME SOIL MOISTURE BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH GSM(dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) MANE, SIDDHESH SAMPATRAO; Mane, M. S.The present study entitled, “Design and Development of Cost Effective Real Time Soil Moisture Based Automatic Irrigation System with GSM’’ was carried out during the year 2017-19 at the Laboratory and the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The physical properties of the soil such as textural class, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, porosity, field capacity and permanent wilting point were determined by using standard procedures. The value of the field capacity of the soil was given as the higher set point to the system in order to OFF the solenoid valve and pump. The value of the desired depletion of available moisture (50 percent AMC) was given as the lower set point to the system to ON the solenoid valve and pump. The unit of the automatic irrigation system was developed by assembling the various hardware components such as Arduino Mega (controller), soil moisture sensors, relays, GSM module, Bluetooth module, solenoid valve, motor, cabinet, wires and other accessories. The programming required for controlling the solenoid valve and motor was done in the Arduino IDE. Dual probe conductance based and anticorrosive soil moisture sensors were used to record the real time soil moisture content from the field. The field testing of the system was done by installing the system in the field. Under calibration, a unit of the automatic irrigation system was compared to moisture content readout with gravimetric moisture content. The non-linear polynomial equation of degree 3 in terms of ‘x’ and ‘y’ was developed and the other values of corresponding moisture content were determined using interpolation. The comparative study of three depth of placement of sensors i.e. 7.5 cm, 10 cm & 12.5 cm. were carried out. According to that, three sensors were installed in the field by adopting a standard procedure. The controller was installed in the field for the entire crop period from 09/12/2018 to 06/03/2019. The field performance and testing of sensors include the sensor readout which was compare with the moisture content by gravimetric method. The readout showed by SMS-I to SMS-III and for the depths, i.e. 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm were found to be nearly matching with the actual moisture content of the soil by gravimetric method. It is found that SMS-III was at 12.5 cm depth shown 50 % soil moisture depletion earlier than SMS-II and SMS-I. The results were revealed that the biometric parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, spread area was found maximum in 7.5 cm depth of sensor whereas 10 cm depth of sensor was also found better as compared to 12.5 cm depth of the sensor. The yield parameters such as average weight, specific gravity, diameter of curd and yield per ha. were observed maximum in 7.5 cm depth of the sensor. The minimum depth of water applied over crop period was observed in SMS-I i.e. 22.80 cm, while the maximum was observed in SMS-III i.e. 28.18 cm. This clearly indicated that as depth sensor increases from 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm. The total time 24.11 hrs. was required to deliver the water as per climatological approach. In spite of that the time of operation saved over climatological approach ranging from 32.47 % to 21.52 % in SMS-I to SMS-II. The maximum water use efficiency was found in 7.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 19.40 q.ha-1.cm-1 followed by 10 cm depth of sensor (16.91 q.ha-1.cm-1), while minimum observed in 12.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 14.74 q.ha-1.cm-1. Hence, it is revealed that the use of an automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm depth of placement of the sensor is working efficiently and effectively. The total cost incurred for the design and development of the controller along with accessories is Rs. 11330/-. Thus, the developed system is a low cost system. The B:C ratio was found to be maximum of the automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm sensor depth i.e. 2.32 followed by irrigation system with 10 cm depth of sensor i.e. 2.30 and minimum in irrigation system with 12.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 2.23. The net income obtained in automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm sensor depth is 9.75 % and in automatic irrigation system with 10 cm depth of the sensor is 8.10 % more than the automatic irrigation system with 12 cm depth of the sensor. Therefore the designed and developed automatic irrigation system with GSM is found cost effective and working efficiently with saving water and energy.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONCENTRATING FOLDING DISH TYPE SOLAR COOKER(dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) GAWANDE, SHUBHANGI SANJAY; Khandetod, Y. P.Energy plays a vital role in development and welfare of human being. The energy consumption in the developing countries has been growing at a faster rate. In most rural areas of India, the use of wood is even more preferred for cooking than either fossil fuel or electricity, and this has led to deforestation in many areas. However, the time spent on wood collection by women, who often walk kilometers under scorching hot, sunny conditions, can be utilized better in more productive activities. Solar energy is one of the major sources of energy which is renewable, inexhaustible, clean, and freely available which significantly contribute to world energy requirement with available conversion technology. The research work was undertaken to “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONCENTRATING FOLDING DISH TYPE SOLAR COOKER” at the energy park of Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. A concentrating folding dish type solar cooker having aperture diameter of 1.4 m, depth 0.40 m and focal length of 0.30 m was developed. The commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was tested to evaluate its performance. For that no load test, water heating and cooling test and cooking test was carried out. During no load testing, the average maximum temperature at bottom of container on SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and on developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 222.7°C and 174.2°C with average solar intensity of 502 W/m2 and 503 W/m2 resp. This temperature was sufficient for cooking, boiling, roasting etc. Water heating and cooling test was performed to evaluate the performance of concentrating folding dish type solar cooker in terms of overall heat loss factor (F’UL) and optical efficiency factor (F’ηo). The overall heat loss factor and optical efficiency factor for commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and for concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 32.95 W/m2 K, 34.69 W/m2 K and 0.0359, 0.008 respectively. Thermal efficiency of SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and of developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 36.45 per cent and 28.74 per cent respectively. The average cooking time required on commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker, for 250 g of Green gram it was 21 min and 25 min, for 300 g of Potato it was 20 min and 30 min, for 500 g of Rice it was 31 min and 40 min and for 500 g of Pulav it was 42 min and 53 min respectively. This indicates that all type of food items can be cooked in developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker like SK 14 parabolic solar cooker. The average time required for folding, unfolding of developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was 5 min and 11 min respectively, whereas time required for its assembling and dissembling was 13 min and 6 min respectively. The folding ability of the developed cooker will help in storing the cooker when it is not in use, thus reducing the chances of corrosion and to increase its life. The estimated cost of the SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was Rs- 17500/- and Rs. 14,425/- with payback period of 2.3 years and 1.89 years respectively, which makes the developed cooker more economical.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY BASED CASHEW APPLE ETHANOL PRODUCTION SYSTEM(dbskkv., Dapoli) JAGANNATH, CHOPADE VAIBHAV; Khandetod, Y. P.Cashew is evergreen tropical crop generally grown in hilly slopes. After harvesting of cashew nut a huge quantity of cashew apple remains in the field as a waste. Cashew apples have a great biomass potential since it has suitable substrate properties required for ethanol production through biochemical conversion processes. Perishable nature of cashew apple limits its utilization for preparing other products. To overcome this problem of the solid waste management and for its commercial utilization the project entitled “Development and evaluation of solar energy based cashew apple ethanol production system” was undertaken. The present investigation has three major operations viz., fermentation, distillation and dehydration. The first step i.e. fermentation has stages such as collection of fruit, extraction of juice, preparation of must and fermentation of must as per the selected treatments. The „Vengurla-4‟ variety of cashew majorly grown by the farmers of Konkan region; hence it was selected for the experimental study. The juice of cashew apple was extracted by mechanical press and filtered to remove foreign particles. Furthermore to study the comparative differences between natural fermentation and standardardized fermentation process, two different treatments of fermentation were practiced i.e. without adjusting TSS and pH levels of juice (T1) and with adjusting TSS and pH levels of juice (T2). In addition to this, the cashew apple juice storage study was also conducted. In which the fresh cashew apple juice was boiled followed cooling, filtering, and addition chemical preservatives and sealing in plastic container and storing it under cold storage conditions. The distillation of fermented cashew apple juice (broth) was carried out by using the solar energy based unit in order to obtain ethanol with higher alcohol concentration. The fermented cashew apple juice obtained from treatment T1 and T2 was used as raw (feed) material in the distillation system. The distillation system comprised of major three components such as prismatic solar still, solar water heater and auxiliary heating system. The prismatic solar still as main component was augmented with solar water heater and automatic auxiliary (electrical) heating system. The distillation system performance was tested on the six different modes of distillation such as, active forced circulation mode (AFC), active natural circulation mode (ANC), passive mode, modified active mode, hybrid mode and automatic auxiliary mode. The tests on distillation system were conducted at Dapoli (India) on the normal sunny days during the 08.00 to 17.00 hrs of the day. In advance to the conduction of actual load tests, the no load tests were also carried out on each distillation mode. During no load tests, the thermal profile of the distillation system was studied; whereas under load tests, in addition the distillation quantity and quality (alcohol concentration) parameters were also observed. All the distillation tests were conducted with three initial liquid depths in the still basin i.e. 10, 15 and 20 mm. Since the basin area of solar still was 1 m2, the depth of liquid in basin indicated the volume of feed liquid. The distillation process was carried in two stages, the first stage fermented juice (broth) was distilled to obtain ethanol called as the first distillation and in second stage the distillate ethanol was redistilled (second distillation) at same depth to increase the alcohol concentration of ethanol. The dehydration of liquid ethanol using 3A zeolite molecular sieve was attempted to upgrade the ethanol obtained from distillation process. The two methods viz., adsorbent soaking with agitation and adsorbent soaking without agitation were used. Comparative performance between these two soaking methods was studied with different soaking times i.e. 02, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min. The cashew apple juice fermentation study showed that, the fermentation process required 13 days time period for completion. Cashew apple juice (CAJ) fermented with standardized fermentation method (T2) produced more alcohol (11% v/v) than natural fermentation (T1) produced (6% v/v). From the cashew apple juice storage studies it was observed that, using chemical preservatives under the cold storage the juice could be stored for 6 months. The ethanol distillation study on solar energy based system showed that, the hybrid mode (solar + electrical) of distillation resulted maximum distillate output of 5905 ml at 20 mm initial depth and the maximum distillation recovery was also obtained from hybrid mode i.e. 53.6 % at 10 mm depth. The maximum alcohol concentration of T1 ethanol through double distillation was increased from 6 % to 23 % and for T2 it was increased from 11 % to 39 % (v/v). The comparative distillation performance showed that modified active mode of distillation increased alcohol concentration of ethanol up to 83 to 88 % after each distillation; the overall rise in the alcohol concentration through double distillation was in the range of 234 to 251 %. The fresh cashew apple juice (broth) fermented with standardized fermentation method (T2) and double distilled at 10 mm depth on modified active mode resulted satisfactory distillate output with maximum alcohol concentration. The hybrid mode of distillation produced maximum distillate output as compared to other distillation modes but it was found that the alcohol concentration of distillate was decreased with increased distillate output quantity. The study of dehydration of liquid ethanol using zeolite reported that, the water removal rate of zeolite adsorbent depended on the initial water concentration of the adsorbate. The maximum water removed with adsorbent at 77 % initial water concentration for T1 ethanol was 2.8 % and with T2 it was 5 % when the initial water concentration was 61 % on soaking with mechanical agitation (S2) method for the 300 min. of soaking time (P6). The zeolite adsorbent 3A molecular sieve beads, liquid ethanol dehydration capacity was in the range of 0.042 to 0.11 g of water/g of zeolite. The dehydration ability of adsorbent was increased with soaking time.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COOK STOVE BASED WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR WATER HEATING AND DRYING(dbskkv., Dapoli, 2018) ROKADE, SACHIN NARAYAN; Khandetod, Y. P.Biomass is considered as a renewable energy source for energy utilization. Biomass shares most of energy for domestic cooking. Improved cook stove technology helps for development of rural people. Also it plays vital role in conservation of forests by cutback in firewood consumption, reduction in women’s drudgery, reduction in indoor pollution and reduction in cooking time. The stove was fabricated at Workshop of ASPEE farm, Tansa and tested at Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, CAET, DBSKKV, Dapoli campus. The performance of the stove was tested with different feed stocks such as mango sticks (Mangifera indica) and acacia sticks (Acacia auriculiformis). Any biomass like wood chips, briquettes, leaves, agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, rice husk can be used as feed material. Waste heat recovery is the utilization of heat energy that is otherwise wasted. Properly captured, waste heat can substitute for a portion of the new energy that would normally be required for heating, cooking and domestic hot water systems. This stove conserves fuel and time. Overall efficiency of cook stove was found to be 36.3 per cent. Waste heat utilization comprises to increase in efficiency of cook stove. It gives hot water heated from waste heat at discharge rate of 20litre/hr of temperature 65°C. Due to its light weight, and less fuel requirement it could be used for domestic cooking, trekking and picnic.
