M. Sc. Dissertations

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Open Access
Feeding potential of Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (Acari: Acaridae) and its management
(CCSHAU, 2010) Anita; Gulati, Rachna
The studies on mean population of T. putrescentiae, percent weight loss and damage caused to grains qualitatively revealed that none of the grains was completely immune to pest infestation, however their susceptibility varied significantly (p=0.05).Susceptibility of grains/ flakes increased significantly with increase in initial infestation level and duration of infestation. Among the four foods, oat flakes was found significantly more susceptible (CD = 7.87; p = 0.05) as more number of mites (240.73 mites/5g grain) was recorded than on green gram flakes (207.26 mites/5g grain) and whole grains of oats (186 mites/5g grain). Least number of mites (173.26 mites/5g grain) was recorded from whole grains of green gram. The weight loss in oat flakes was 148.49mg/ 5g followed by loss in green gram flakes (121.40 mg/ 5g), oat grains (99.65mg/ 5g) and green gram grains (92.02 mg/ 5g) at pre count of 60 mites. Highly significant positive correlation (r= 0.93 to 0.99) was recorded at 15, 30 and 45 days between T. putrescentiae population and weight loss in oat grains. Qualitative estimation of oat flakes revealed the losses in protein contents (0.4 to 1.22%), total soluble sugars (0.5 to 1.35%), starch (0.24 to 1.38%) and non reducing sugars (3.49 to 9.97%) after 45 days of infestation. However, the reducing sugars exhibited a marked increase from 1.9 g/100 g (control) to 2.72 g/100 g flakes at 45 days of mite exposure when subjected to initial count of 20 mites/ 5g flakes. Aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum leaves and Glycyrrhiza glabra stems showed concentration dependent activity against T. putrescentiae in oat flakes. Among the extracts, G. glabra was effective as it provided 71.53 to 94.75 percent relative protection against T. putrescentiae whereas, O. sanctum extract caused 66 to 92 percent reductions in number at different durations.
Open Access
Studies on insect pollinators on onion (Allium cepa L.)
(CCSHAU, 2011) Sunita Devi; Gulati, Rachna
The studies on insect pollinators of onion (Allium cepa L.) revealed that a total of 25 insect species belonging to fourteen families of four orders were recorded from the umbels of onion at Hisar during March – April, 2010. Hymenopterans were the major floral visitors of onion umbels and were most abundant (60%) followed by Lepidoptera (20%) and Diptera (12%). Coleoptera were recorded as least abundant (8%) amongst the four families. All the four Apis species viz. A. dorsata, A. cerana, A. mellifera, A. florea were recorded as top workers on onion umbels as pollen and nectar gatherers. Data on abundance of bee pollinators revealed that irrespective of different day hours, significantly maximum numbers of Apis dorsata was recorded from onion umbels (5.24 bees/m2/5 min.) followed by A. mellifera (4.05 bees/m2/5 min.) and A. cerana (2.93 bees/m2/5 min.) and A. florea (1.79 bees/m2/5 min.). Irrespective different species, the mean population of bees was significantly more during 0800-1000 hours of the day (bees/m2/5 min.) followed by 1600-1800 h., 1400-1600 h and 0600-800 h (2.97 bees/m2/5 min.). Apis dorsata recorded maximum frequency of occurrence (39%) during blooming period followed by A. mellifera (31%), A. cerana (16%) and A. florea (14%). Among different bee species, A. dorsata initiated foraging on onion umbels little earlier (0630 h) than other bees in morning. Total foraging (activity) time was longest for A. dorsata (1170 h) with maximum abundance (5.24 bees/m2/5 min) suggested it to be an efficient pollinator of A. cepa umbels in the present investigation. Maximum and minimum temperature showed significantly positive correlation (r = 0.609 to 0.739) with bee species whereas evening relative humidity showed significant negative correlation (r = -0.644 to -0.736). The data on foraging speed i.e. time spent by different bee species on A. cepa umbels showed A. dorsata (3.33 seconds/ umbel) differed significantly from A. mellifera (2.96 seconds/ umbel), A. cerana (2.90 seconds/ umbel) and A. florea (2.65 seconds/ umbel).On the basis of abundance, time spent on umbels, umbels visited, loose pollen grains sticking to bee body and pollination index, A. dorsata was considered as the most efficient pollinator of onion seed crops followed by A. mellifera, A. cerana and A. florea under agro-ecological conditions of Hisar. The effect of different modes of pollination showed that seed set per umbel, seed weight, germination and seedling length were statistically comparable with each other in Open-pollination and Beepollination. The trend shows that bee strength of two and three frames was equally effective (statistically comparable) in seed setting and subsequent germination, seedling length, therefore, for 10 m × 10 m area, nucleus hive of two frame strength of A. mellifera population is sufficient for seed setting in onion seed crop.
Open Access
Effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and immune cells of earthworm, Eisenia fetida
(CCSHAU, 2016) Urmila; Gupta, R.K.
Earthworm influences microbial community, physical and chemical properties of soil. They breakdown large soil particles and leaf litter thereby increase the availability of organic matter for microbial degradation and transforms organic wastes into valuable vermicomposts. Earthworms are capable of transforming garbage into ‘gold’. Due to rapid industrialization and excessive use of agrochemicals the amount of heavy metals increases in ecosystem which directly influence the soil organisms especially earthworms. Due to this reason the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on the bio-molecules and immune cells of earthworm. The results showed acute toxicity of two heavy metals viz. Lead and Nickel individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production and coelomocytes and it was observed that as the concentration of heavy metals increased, the survival rate, growth, cocoon production and coelomocytes decreased. Maximum reduction in length (4.783 cm) and weight (0.487 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control where approximate length and weight was 8.660cm and 1.020g respectively. Similar decrease in the population of earthworms was 51.67% and cocoon production was 78.33% respectively in case of Pb-0.06ppm contaminated soil. The impact of heavy metals on carbohydrates, lipid and protein contents was quite significant and the maximum decrease in lipid content (48.98%) followed by carbohydrates (32.05%) and protein (10.39%) in Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control soil. When the cells of coelomic fluid were calculated there was significant decrease in the total number of coelomocytes i.e. 85.01% in earthworms treated with Pb-0.06ppm similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was seen. The decrease in eleocytes, granulocytes I, granulocytes II, amoebocytes I and amoebocytes II was 78.06, 88.67, 87.11, 86.64 and 85.89% in Pb (0.06ppm). It was concluded that among two heavy metals Lead (Pb) is more toxic individually as well as in combination than Nickel (Ni).
Open Access
Effect of herbicides contamination on the bio-molecules of earthworm, Eisenia fetida
(CCSHAU, 2015) Hem Lata; Dharambir Singh
Among the soil organisms, earthworms are recognized as the most important for their role in the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics of soil and thus increases its fertility. Eisenia fetida is the most utilized earthworm species for organic waste management. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of herbicides on the bio-molecules of earthworm. The results of present study showed acute toxicity of two herbicides viz. pinoxaden and sulfuron at four different concentrations on earthworms. To assess the effect of herbicides on the earthworm’s survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy and cocoon production was monitored and it was observed that as the concentration of herbicides increased, the survival rate, growth and cocoon production decreased. Maximum reduction in length (6.41 and 6.73 cm) and weight (0.54 and 0.61g) was in pinoxaden @ 3.0 ml/kg of soil and sulfuron @ 3.0 mg/kg soil respectively on 60 th day of experiment. The maximum percent decrease in the population of earthworms and rate of cocoon production was (44.59%) and (23.07%) respectively in case of pinoxaden @ 3.0 ml/kg of soil. The impact of herbicides on carbohydrates, lipid and protein contents was quite significant and the maximium decrease in carbohydrates content (60.68%) followed by lipid (45.39%) and protein (19.00%) in pinoxaden @ 3.0 ml/kg soil as compared to control. There was sharp increase in the antioxidant activity in earthworms treated with different herbicides w.r.t. control and maximum percent increase (30.12%) in antioxidant activity was in earthworms treated with pinoxaden @ 3.0 ml/kg soil. It was concluded that pinoxaden is comparatively more toxic on the growth parameters, reproduction efficiency and biomlecules of E. fetida.
Open Access
Response of tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) to plant age and fertilizers in brinjal
(CCSHAU, 2015) Sonika; Gulati, Rachna
Studies on the seasonal incidence of Tetranychus urticae on brinjal revealed that mite attacked from September to November, 2014 with peak in the last week of September, 2014 (2.78 to 6.18 mites/sq cm leaf) in all the fertilizer treatments. Peak in T. urticae population was observed during last week of September, 2014 (5.85 mites/sq cm leaf) under screen house conditions. Leaf wise, maximum population developed on grown up leaves (2.56 mites/ sq cm leaf) followed by 2.47 and 1.70 mites/ sq cm leaf on tender and older leaves, respectively ; former two were statistically comparable with each other. Among abiotic factors, T. urticae population showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r =0.87), minimum temperature (r =0.77), wind velocity (r=0.79) and sunshine hours (r =0.87) under field conditions. A significant negative correlation was, however, recorded with morning relative humidity (r = -0.77). Investigations were carried out to access the damage caused by T. urticae in brinjal. Among the parameters recorded, number of chlorotic patches on brinjal leaves, reducing sugars and phenols increased in proportion to mite population; former showed significant increase. Additionally, fruit number, length, width and weight, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus decreased significantly in response to T. urticae population as compared to control during study period. There was no effect of mite infestation on total sugar contents and non reducing sugar of brinjal leaves Under field conditions, highest reduction in T. urticae population was achieved with farmyard manure (15 t/ha), followed by neem cake (3 q/ha), farmyard manure (20 t/ha), poultry manure (3 t/ha), neem cake (2q/ha), poultry manure (2.5t/ha), NPK (100:50:25) and vermicompost (2.5 t/ha), showing 55.56, 53.59, 52.59, 51.96, 48.37, 41.50, 18.30 and 11.11 percent reduction over control, respectively.
Open Access
Growth, reproduction and vermicomposting efficacy of earthworm (Eisenia foetida)
(CCSHAU, 2015) Gill, Parveen; Dharambir Singh
Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting (organic waste management), in which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of organic waste management and produce a better end product. It is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and earthworms that are active at 10–32°C. The resulting vermicompost has been shown to have several positive impacts on plant growth and health. Eisenia foetida is one of the earthworm species utilized for organic waste management. This organic bio fertilizer is therefore increasingly considered in agriculture and horticulture as a promising alternative to inorganic fertilizers. In present study, vermicompost samples were prepared from different organic wastes like cow dung, cow dung + Parthenium, cow dung + mixture of different Weeds and cow dung + Kitchen waste with a time interval at 0,30,60 and 90 days. The changes in the micronutrients like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, and C:N ratio was observed. In different organic wastes different changes in nutrients were found. It was observed that the nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous content in all the used wastes substrates increased but these were found more in kitchen waste product in all of them. The C:N ratio level decreased in all of them and carbon level is also declined. In present studies the direct and indirect effects of vermicompost on plant growth, as well as variability in the plant responses, were examined in pot experiment with tomato and brinjal. Total five growth and yield parameters were recorded viz. height of plants, diameter of main stem, dry weight of whole plant (except fruit and roots), number of fruits per plant and total weight of fruits/seeds per plant and better results were found in vermicompost as compare to other fertilizer. Results from present study provide a promising opportunity, which after some further studies and observations can be commercially utilized.
Open Access
Effect of herbal and vermi additives on growth, survival and disease resistance in gold fish, Carassius auratus auratus
(CCSHAU, 2015) Hooda, Abhinav; Gupta, R.K.
Ornamental fish culture is fast emerging as a major branch of aquaculture globally. Aquarium keeping is the second largest hobby in the world next to photography. The ornamental fish and aquatic plant industry is gaining importance due to its tremendous economic opportunities and prospects. The world ornamental fish trade is to the tune of US$6 billion and they are easily susceptible to bacterial diseases. So to deal with such problems diseased gold fish Crassius auratus auratus were collected from the local market on the basis of their physical appearance and its movement in aquarium. Diseased tissue was taken, homogenised and bacteria were isolated on nutrient agar by spread plate method. Bacterial isolates were selected on the basis of colony morphology. In total two bacterial isolates were selected and purified by streaking on nutrient agar plate. Gram staining of bacterial isolates was performed. For identification of isolates, genomic DNA was extracted using CTAB method. After sequencing it was clear that two bacteria were Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence out of which Aeromonas. hydrophila is more pathogenic, after incubating bacteria in the gold fish. When four different herbs and three different species of earthworm extract were used against bacteria isolated from gold fish. Out of four herbal extract Amla and out of three Earthworms species Eisenia fetida extract has maximum zone of inhibition against bacteria and there is significant increase in Hb, RBC, PCV, TLC, Length and Weight of gold fish after 90 days of incubation@ 2%/kg feed. These parameters were more for Amla extract as compared to Eisenia fetida extract. Both the extract also help in improving fish health after infestation with A. hydrophila which is clear from the histological slides of liver and intestine.
Open Access
Quantitative and qualitative losses due to tyrophagus putrescentiae schrank (Acari: Acaridae) in wheat and its management
(CCSHAU, 2014) Arvind; Gulati, Rachna
The studies on quantitative and qualitative losses due to Tyrophagus putrescentiae infestation in wheat grains/flour revealed Amongst the two, wheat flour was found significantly better as more number of mites (2517.73 mobile stages and 1742.73 eggs/ 100g flour) was recorded than on wheat grains (643.16 mites and519.87 eggs/ 100g grain). Irrespective of the form of wheat, maximum number of mites (3605.53 mites/ 100 g wheat) was witnessed at 180 days which showed significant difference with mite numbers at other observation periods. Percent weight loss was significantly more (1.92%) on wheat flour, as compared to wheat grain (0.73%) showing highly significant positive correlation with T. putrescentiae population in grains (r= 0.98) and flour (r= 0.94). Qualitative estimation of infested grains and flour revealed the decrease in total soluble sugars (60.60, 54.71mg/1g), non reducing sugars (32.95, 24.97 mg/1g) and starch (367.35, 322.72mg/1g) after 180 days of infestation, respectively as compared to 67.16, 43.06 and 444.18 mg/1 g at 0 day; depicting significant negative correlation. However, the reducing sugars exhibited a significant increase from24.10 to 27.65, 29.74 mg/1g at 180 days of mite exposure in wheat grains and flour, respectively when subjected to initial count of 100 mite pairs, showing significant positive correlation. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.91) was recorded between protein content and mite population in wheat flour. Percent loss in wheat germination due to T. putrescentiae population at different durations was recorded as 4.67, 38, 60 and 77.34 percent after 0, 30, 90 and 180 days. Higher concentrations (2 and 1%) of leaf powder of Withania somnifera, Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica in wheat grains caused 100 percent mortality in T. putrescentiae after 45 days post treatment.
Open Access
Evaluation of chilli hybrids for resistance against mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)
(CCSHAU, 2014) Monika; Gulati, Rachna
Studies on the screening of fourteen chilli hybrids against Polyphagotarsonemus latus revealed wide difference in population of P. latus (2.53 to 6.28 mites per leaf), however, none of them was found immune to this pest. Among the hybrids, maximum population developed on hybrid 10/CHIhyb-7 (6.28 mites/leaf) followed by 5.70 mites/leaf on 10/CHIhyb-6; both were statistically comparable with each other but significantly higher than population recorded on other hybrids. Leaf wise, maximum population build up of P. latus was noticed on the top leaves (36.59 %) followed by middle (33.51 %) and bottom (29.89 %) chilli leaves. A peak in mite population was recorded in second fortnight of October (9.54 mites/ leaf), which afterwards showed a gradual decline in number. Hybrids 9/CHIhyb-4, 9/CHIhyb-10 and 9/CHIhyb-8 were marked the least susceptible hybrids; Kashi Anmol, 10/CHIhyb-3, 10/CHIhyb-5 and 10/CHIhyb-16 as slightly susceptible; 10/CHIhyb-2, 10/CHIhyb-9, 10/CHIhyb-10, 10/CHIhyb-11 and 10/CHIhyb-12 as moderately susceptible and 10/CHIhyb-6, 10/CHIhyb-7 as highly susceptible hybrids. A comparison of fertilizer treatments showed that farm yard manure @ 20t/ha was most effective, followed by vermicompost (5t/ha), poultry manure and neem cake (2t/ha) treatment as compared to NPK and control. P. latus population showed significant positive correlation with minimum temperature (r = 0.73), morning (r= 0.70) and evening actual vapour pressure (r= 0.65). Feeding by mites leads to formation of feeding patches, bronzing of leaves, downward curling, stunted growth, and elongation of petiole of older leaves along with younger small sized curled leaves. Negative and highly significant correlation was recorded between mite incidence and fruit number, fruit length and yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total sugar and non reducing sugars of chilli leaves showed a significant decline with increase in P. latus infestation whereas, phenol and reducing sugars increased in mite damaged leaves .

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