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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the ripening of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari by ethephon and calcium carbide(CCSHAU, 2011) Poonam Kumari; Sandooja, J. K.An expriement was conducted to compare the ripening caused by ethephon (source of natural ripening hormone, ethylene) and calcium carbide (source of acetylene and applied commercially) in mango fruits as compared to control. Physiological loss in weight increased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments. There was no decay loss up to 6th day, however it was observed on 8th day of storage in all the treatments and further it increasd on 10th day of storage. Fruits treated with calcium carbide had higher physiological loss in weight, decay loss, sugars and total soluble solids as compared to fruits ripened with ethephon. However, acidity, ascorbic acid, cellulose and pectin content of fruits were lower in calcium carbide treated fruits as compared to fruits ripened with ethephon. Sugars (total, reducing and non-reducing) and total soluble solids increased with increase in period of storage up to 4th and 6th day of storage respectively in all the treatments and decreased thereafter whereas cellulose, pectin, acidity and ascorbic acid decreased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments. Among the different treatments, calcium carbide @ 3g/kg was highly effective in increasing decay loss, total soluble solids and sugars and decreasing acidity, ascorbic acid, pectin and cellulose content. Fruits ripened with ethephon @ 250 ppm showed better ripening and sensory qualities.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological studies on the effect of salinity on germination and early growth in Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium arboreum L.(CCSHAU, 2011) Kavita; Promila KumariThe present investigation was aimed on “Physiological studies on the effect of salinity on germination and early growth in Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium arboreum L.” using various physiological parameters. Six cultivars of cotton (RCH-134, Bio-6488, H-1236, HHH-223, HD-123, AAH-1) were grown in screen house having four salinity levels as control, 4, 8, and 12 dSm-1. Results revealed that with progressive increase in salinity levels the seed germination, vigour index, relative water content of leaves, osmotic potential and stomatal conductance transpiration rate, as well as K+ content of leaves. Maximum reduction in seed germination was recorded in desi cotton cultivar HD-123 at highest level (12dSm-1) of salinity. A progressive increase in salinity levels on the other hand caused catalase, peroxidase activity and Na+ content of leaves enhanced. The maximum enhancement in catalase and peroxidase activity in leaf was observed in Bt. cultivars at both the sampling stages i.e at 30 and 60 DAS. Accumulation of Na+ content in leaves was maximum in desi cultivars HD-123 followed by American. Sodium content of leaves of all the cultivars of cotton increased with increasing salinity level; increase being found to highest in leaves of desi cotton cultivars. Potassium content of all cotton cultivars showed decreasing trend with increasing salinity levels. K+/Na+ ratio of leaves of all cultivars also decreased with increasing salinity level; decrease being highest in Bt. cultivars and minimum was recorded in desi cotton cultivars AAH-1. On the basis of the observations taken in the score-card it was found that Bt. cotton cultivars RCH-134 and Bio-6488 was tolerant to salinity. Both Bt. cotton cultivars (RCH-134 and Bio-6488) showed maximum no of polypeptide bands i.e 14 in SDS-PAGE, while American showed total number of thirteen polypeptide bands while desi cultivars had twelve in AAH-1 and fourteen in HD-123. Result revealed that with the progressive increase in salinity level from 4 to 12 Dsm-1 there was decrease in various physiological parameter enhanced viz; On the other hand, with the increase salinity levels increase in catalase, peroxidase enzymes and the Na+ content was recorded.ThesisItem Open Access Role of salinity in tree mortality in southwest Haryana conditions(CCSHAU, 2012) Dharamvir; Angrish, RajivThis investigation was conducted to find out the effect of native soil salinity on Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica growing under field conditions. For each tree 20 nonsaline (ECe < 4 dS m-1) and 20 saline (ECe > 8 dS m-1) sites were earmarked in Hisar district. About 7-8 months old leaves were sampled and proceeded for analysis of various morphological and physiological traits. It was observed that the leaf area of Dalbergia sissoo showed a decrease of 11.3 % and Acacia nilotica showed a decrease of 9.81 % under saline conditions as compared to the non-saline conditions. An increase in the specific leaf weight and total soluble solids was observed in both the tree species under saline conditions. Salinity also caused membrane injury in both the species under saline conditions as determined by the increased relative stress injury index. The trees growing under saline conditions also had a lower water status as depicted by the relative water content % at the saline sites. Likewise the chlorophyll content also depicted a decline at the saline sites. Interestingly ,however, total sugars in both Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica showed that increase in response to salinity at saline sites. Both the tree species showed a many fold increase in leaf sodium content. However the leaf potassium content decreased with a concomitant increase in the Na:K ratio. A many fold increase in the leaf chloride and sulphate content of both the species was also observed. It is concluded that the saline site trees of Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica show growth inhibition as evidenced by decreased leaf area. The tree species appear to cope up with the saline stress by osmoregulation due to increased osmolites like sugars. However disturbed ionic balance due to many fold increase in sodium, chloride and sulphate inhibits growth over a period of time and results in the tree decline and ultimate mortality.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological evaluation of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes for waterlogging and salinity tolerance(CCSHAU, 2014) Manohar Lal; Sheokand, SunitaThirty pigeonpea genotypes HO6-1, HO6-12, HO3-41, HO9-27, HO9-33, HO9-34, HO9-36, HO9-38, MANAK, PARAS, ICPH 2431, ICPH 2671, ASHA, MARUTI, ICPL 87051, ICP 5028, ICPL 20096, ICPL 87091, ICPL 20241, LRG 30, ICPL 20120, MAL 9, ICPL 20238, ICPL 20237, MAL 12, SIPS 2, SGBS 6, ICP 8857, UPAS 120 and ICP 7035 were screened for waterlogging, salinity (60mM NaCl) and combined waterlogging + salinity (30mM NaCl) tolerance. All the physiological parameters such as germination, seed vigour index, plant survival, leaf senescence, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence were adversely affected with waterlogging and salinity. The genotypes ICPH 2431, PARAS, HO9-33, HO6-1, HO6-12, HO9-36 were less affected and UPAS 120, SGBS 6, MAL-12, ICPL 20237, HO9-34, LRG 30 were more affected with waterlogging and salinity treatments. Based on these studies four genotypes were selected ICPH 2431, PARAS as relatively tolerant and UPAS 120, SGBS 6 as relatively sensitive. These four pigeonpea genotypes [ICPH 2431, PARAS (relatively tolerant) and SGBS 6, UPAS 120 (relatively sensitive)] were further evaluated for physiological and biochemical changes. Waterlogging, salinity and the combination of waterlogging and salinity had adverse effect on membranes as was evident from increased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation levels. The carbohydrate metabolism was altered resulting in a decline in total soluble sugar content and an increase in reducing sugar content. A significant decline in plant biomass and yield was observed. The adverse effects were more on the sensitive genotypes SGBS 6 and UPAS 120 as compared to the relatively tolerant genotypes ICPH 2431 and PARAS. The effect of waterlogging was significantly greater than that of salinity and that of combination of both stresses was greater than either stress alone. The aerenchyma formation was also less in sensitive genotypes as compared to tolerant genotypes. The aerenchyma formation was more during waterlogging + salinity (30mM NaCl) treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical responses to low temperature in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Manohar lal; Neeraj KumarThe effects of low temperature on morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant defense mechanism and protein profile (SDS-PAGE) in three chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes i.e. ICCV88503, ICCV96029 and H08-28 differing in their sensitivity to low temperature (<5 o C) was investigated under field conditions. Sampling was done 4 days after exposure (DAE) to low temperature (<5 o C) and control (>5 o C). The water potential (Ψ w) of leaf and osmotic potential (Ψ s ) of leaf decreases in all the three genotypes. ICCV88503 showed more negative values Ψ w of leaf i.e. from -0.69 to -0.88 MPa as compared to -0.66 to -0.84MPa in ICCV96029 and -0.64 to -0.83 in H08-28, respectively. The Ψ s of leaf decreased from -1.78 to -2.06 MPa in ICCV88503 and -1.59 to -2.03 MPa in ICCV96029 and -1.11 to -1.49 MPa in H08-28 after 4 days exposure to low temperature (<5 o C). The proline content of leaf increased significantly from 67.24% in ICCV88503 followed by 44.14% in ICCV96029 and 35.28% in H08-28 as compared to control. Similar increasing trends was observed in the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content at 4 DAE (<5 o C). A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), lipid peroxidation (MDA) content and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaf which was higher in ICCV88503 followed by ICCV96029 and H08-28. More negative values of Ψw of leaf, Ψ s of leaf better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. Proline and TSC in leaf of ICCV88503 helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in ICCV96029 and H08-28. ROS scavenging enzyme of leaves i.e. SOD, CAT and POX specific activity increased maximum in ICCV88503 followed by ICCV96029 and H08-28 after 4 days exposure to low temperature (<5 o C) as compared to control (>5 o C). Higher specific activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H 2O2 and MDA content in ICCV88503 than ICCV96029 and H08-28, indicated that these enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS in ICCV88503 better than other two genotypes ICCV96029 and H08-28, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS under low temperature. Pollen viability (%), in vivo pollen germination and tube growth were also adversely affected with increasing exposure to low temperature (<5 o C) and the effect being most pronounced in H08-28. SDSPAGE revealed more deletion of polypeptide bands in H08-28 than ICCV96029 and ICCV88503 with increasing exposure to low temperature (<5 o C) as compared to control (>5 o C) in leaf. The yield parameters like number of pods plant -1 , number of seeds plant -1 , 100 seed weight and seed weight plant -1 decreased more in H08-28 in early sown condition. Hence, the mechanism of cold tolerance was better in ICCV88503 as compared to ICCV96029 and H08-28 as found from physiological and biochemical traits studied.ThesisItem Open Access Photosynthetic rate studies in Indian mustard (B. juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Kirpa Ram; Munjal, RenuThe objectives of present investigation were to the study photosynthetic rate of wild and cultivated variety of B. juncea and to compare photosynthetic rate of hybrids with their respective parents. The characters observed were net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intracellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, mesophyll efficiency, chlorophyll content and seed yield per plant were recorded. Result revealed that average net photosynthetic rate was maximum in 5 th upper leaf, whereas average stomatal conductance was maximum in 3 rd upper leaf and intracellular CO2 concentration at 1 st lower most leaf at 45 (DAS). At varying light interception, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate was found maximum at 12:00 PM. However intracellular CO 2 concentration was maximum at 10:00 AM. Intracellular CO2 concentration was found to be positive and significantly correlated with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content. Significant differences for photosynthetic traits indicated the ample variability existed among the genotypes. The estimate of heritability were high for the characters- water use efficiency and mesophyll efficiency, whereas low to moderate genetic advance was observed for the characters net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for seed yield per plant and stomatal conductance. The highest mean over parental heterosis was observed in Kranti x RB-50 for transpiration rate (95.18%) and intracellular CO 2 concentration (67.82%). The overall performance of the crosses Kranti x RH-0446, Kranti x RB-50, RH-9304 x RH-8113, RB-50 x RH-9304, RH-0446 x RH-8113 were found promising and may be exploited in future breeding programme in order to improve the photosynthesis and seed yield in mustard.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and Molecular characterization of heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Seema; Munjal, RenuThe objectives of present investigation were to determine the variation for morphophysiological traits, to identify physiological traits related to heat tolerance and to identify physiological traits using SSR markers grown under normal and terminal heat stress late sownconditions. The characters observed were grain yield/sq. meter (g), number of productive tillers/meter row length, 100-grain weight (g), grain weight/spike (g), number of spikelets/spike, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height at 45 days (cm), plant height at maturity (cm), biomass/sq. meter (g). Data on four physiological traits viz., canopy temperature depression, membrane thermostability, chlorophyll fluorescence and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride were also recorded. Results revealed that the mean of genotypes in two environments (normal and late sown) were significant for the characters viz., grain yield/sq. meter (g), number of productive tillers/meter row length, number of spikelets/spike, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height at maturity (cm), biomass/sq. meter (g). This indicated that genotypes of bread wheat differed in their response to terminal heat stress for these characters. The genotype WH730 showed least inactive reaction centres in late sown conditions indicating the high efficiency in photosystem- II. The magnitude of direct effects showed that grain weight/ spike and spikelets/ spike were important for improvement of grain yield in normal sown conditions. The direct contribution of cell membrane stability followed by plant height at 45 days were important for improvement of grain yield in late sown environment. The NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster tree analysis led to the grouping of 21 wheat genotypes in two major groups and 7 subgroups. Cluster V was the largest consisting of 6 genotypes (DBW17, MP4010, RAJ3765, HD2687, HD2931 and HD2967) followed by cluster IV consisting of 5 genotypes (WH730, WH1100, WH1111, WH1021 and DBW14), cluster III and VI consisting of 3 genotypes-WH416, WH542, WH711 and PBW343,SONALIKA and PBW550 and cluster II (2 genotypes-DBW16 and PBW590) and cluster I and cluster VII (1 genotype each-WH147 and PBW373) . WH1100 and WH730 showed a maximum similarity coefficient of 0.86. The molecular size difference between smallest and largest allele at a locus varied from 30 to 450 bp.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of sulfonyl urea herbicides for management of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Neha Rani; Dhawan, RupaPhalaris minor constitutes a major weed of wheat fields under Rice-Wheat rotation system in Haryana. It evolved insensitivity to urea herbicide isoproturon after its continuous use for 10-15 years. Herbicides with different mode of action like fenoxaprop, clodinafop (ACCase inhibitors) and sulfosulfuron (ALS inhibitors) were recommended for its management in 1998. In this investigation impact of sulfosulfuron and its ready mix formulation ‘Total’ i.e. sulfosulfurom + metsulfuron and ‘Atlantis’ i.e. mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron was studied on P.minor populations. It was observed that sulfosulfuron as well as its ready mix formulation of sulfosulfurom + metsulfuron (Total) and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (Atlantis) proved ineffective for its management after 10-12 years of its use. GR50 values for the populations tested were in the range of 30-110 g ha-1 in contrast to 5 g ha-1 at the time of recommendation. Physiological parameters like photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) were unaffected in the resistant populations as compared to medium resistant populations. Leaf cells showed increase in permeability and lipid peroxidation after spray with mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron in all biotypes, leakage was again more in medium resistant biotypes. Proline content increased more in medium resistant biotypes as compared to resistant one. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, peroxidase and superoxidase dismutase showed increased activity in the resistant biotypes required to scavenge its reactive oxygen species produced as a result of herbicide spray. Pendimethalin was found to suppress all the P.minor biotypes tested and showed a promise for management of the P.minor biotypes resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides.ThesisItem Open Access Morphophysiological studies for salinity tolerance in oat (Avena sativa L.)(CCSHAU, 2013) Pooja Rani; Nandwal, A.S.The present investigation was conducted on two genotypes of oat (Avena sativa L) using various morpho-physiological traits for their salinity tolerance.The seed of two genotypes of oat namely (NGB 6370 and NGB 4462) were procured from Indian Grassland Fodder Research Institute, (IGFRI), Jhansi and the experiment was conducted in the micro salinity plots in the Department of Soil Sciences, CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. The crop was raised in micro plots of 2m×2m in size in a single row each 25 cm apart with three replication .Before sowing the plots were irrigated with desired levels of salinity i.e. control, 4 dSm -1 , 8 dSm -1 , 12dSm -1 . The control plots were irrigated with canal water. The observations were recorded at vegetative and flowering stages. The present decline in plant height (29.4 to 54.2%), leaf area (55.3 to 59.2%) and dry weight plant -1 (46.9 to 83.3%), no. of tillers plant -1 (13.3 to 33.3%), relative water content (4.62% to 12.8%), water potential (-0.35 MPa to -0.50 MPa) and osmotic potential (-1.86 MPa to -2.1 MPa) were recorded when salinity was increased from 4 to 12 d Sm -1 as compared to control. Proline content (24.1 to 74.1) and total soluble carbohydrates contents (21.3 to 63.6) were increased as we move from increasing the salinity. However quantum yields (0.50 to 0.36) and chlorophyll stability index (92.03 to 73.87) of oat genotypes were also reduced significantly. However a reverse trend was observed for relative stress injury (RSI%) (5.12 to 15.6%) and malondialdehyde content (MDA) (33.2 to 67.9%). The Na + , Cl -, SO 4 2 – content were increase but K + content was decreased. With the increase in salinity levels activated antioxidant enzyme system especially catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione transferase (GTase) was observed however, no such activation was observed in case of superoxide dismutase (SOD).Genotypes, NGB 6370 showed better tolerance against different levels of saline irrigation than the genotype namely NGB 4462. Its better performance was based on physiological traits like plant water status in terms of more ‘ –ve ’ values of (ψ w ) and (ψ s ), higher values of RWC (%), low values of RSI (%), F V /F m but low values of RSI(%) and MDA content. The Na + /Ka + ratio and Cl content were also higher in sensitive genotype (NGB 4462) than the tolerant genotype (NGB 6370). The specific activity of antioxidative enzymes i.e (CAT, POX, APX, GRase, GTase) were also higher in NGB 6370 than NGB 4462. These physiological traits contributed towards the better plant growth in NGB 6370 genotype and further were correlated to their higher yield potential. Molecular marker of proteins of bands 14.4, 20.1, 30.0, 45.0, 97.0 KDa were obtained. New stress proteins of MW 91, 63, 43, 23, 22, 21 KDa were present irrespective of the treatments in NGB 6370 as compared to genotype NGB 4462, which were responsible for salinity tolerance in NGB 6370. Rest of the new proteins synthesized of different MW were common in both the genotypes. The other new stress proteins of MW 63, 57-56, 45, 39, 38, 33, 28 and 22 KDa were appeared in Fig. A. Grain yield decreased from (20.8% to 5.2%) and seed weight (39.9% to 65.8%) as we increased the salinity from 4 dS m -1 to 12 dS m -1 as compared to control. Similar trend was observed in flowering stage.