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M. Sc. Dissertations

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Subject: Chemistry × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Salts and solvent effect on recovery and quality of Lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus stapf) oil and its nematicidal activity
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Saini, Sunayana; Madan, V. K.
    Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effect of salts and solvent on quantity and quality of essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.). Nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) recovered by adding salts viz., NaCl, Na2CO3, CaCl2 and CaCO3 and solvent (acetone) was also studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The essential oils were analyzed by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) techniques employing Flame Ionization Detector (FID) equipped with capillary column Thermo TR–Wax (Polyethylene glycol). To study the effect of addition of salts during hydro-distillation, four varieties/genotype viz., CKP-25, OD-19, OD-58 and HL-2 were taken and the essential oils of the freshly harvested grasses were extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. During hydro-distillation additives viz., NaCl, Na2CO3, CaCl2 and CaCO3 were added in 1500 ml of water in two amounts i.e. 50 and 100 g for each variety/genotype thereby maintaining the salt concentration of 33.6 g/L and 66.7 g/L, respectively. The experiment was performed in three replications for each variety/genotype. The distillation unit was boiled for 5 h and all the essential oils that distil out from the lemongrass leaves in 5 h were collected in glass vials and subjected to GLC for qualitative analysis. Small quantity of sodium sulphate was added in oil to remove the traces of water. The oil content increased when chlorine containing salts i.e. CaCl2 (0.56%) and NaCl (0.54%) were added in water during hydro-distillation, whereas it decreased when carbonate containing salts i.e. CaCO3 (0.50%) and Na2CO3 (0.45%) were added in water during hydro-distillation in comparison to control (0.53%) i.e. where no salt was added in water during hydro-distillation. Citral–a, citral–b and total citral content in essential oil of four varieties/genotype increased when calcium containing salts viz., CaCl2 and CaCO3 were added in water during hydro-distillation whereas these values decreased on addition of sodium containing salts viz., NaCl and Na2CO3 in comparison to control i.e. where no salt was added in water during hydro-distillation. The value of citral–a content was 48.6%, 48.5%, 46.5%, 41.7% and 47.7%; citral-b content was 30.1%, 30.0%, 28.8%, 25.5% and 29.6%; total citral content was 78.7%, 78.5%, 75.3%, 67.2% and 77.3% on addition of CaCl2, CaCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3 and in control samples, respectively. The varying amounts of citral content in essential oils recovered by adding salts may be probably due to the conversion of citral-a (geranial) which is aldehyde form into geraniol i.e. alcoholic form or vice-versa. On addition of solvent (acetone) @ 0.2 to 0.8% concentrations, the oil content (FWB) increased from 0.57% to 0.60% in comparison to control (0.53%) where no solvent was added in water during hydro-distillation. Qualitative analysis of oils recovered by adding solvent (acetone) at various concentrations showed that desirable constituents i.e. citral–a, citral–b and total citral content decreased approximately by 2% in comparison to control where no solvent was added in water during hydro-distillation. Since increase in oil content may be due to increase of some undesired chemical constituents hence, the amount of citral-a, citral-b, total citral, geraniol and citronellal content decreased slightly in the recovered oil. Aqueous extracts of essential oils of lemongrass recovered by adding salts and solvent (acetone) in water during hydro-distillation showed toxicity to varying extents against Meloidogyne javanica which may be probably due to different percentage of citral content in these oils. On the basis of these studies, it is observed that calcium chloride was found to enhance the oil yield and citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral) and total citral content in the essential oil. Hence, it can be inferred that the salts may play significant role in enhancing the lemongrass oil yield and quality.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Chemical composition of stem of kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata)
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Mamta Rani; M. Khabiruddin
    Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa) belongs to the family Rutaceae is a variety of citrus fruit. It is cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. It has special importance due to their multifold nutritional and medicinal values. It is known for its antimicrobial, insecticidal and medicinal properties. Stems of Citrus reticulata were collected from the Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar and were chopped into small pieces and then extracted with hot methanol. The extractives were column chromtographed over silica gel and five compounds were obtained. 10 Compound A (Tricosane) was obtained on elution with benzene:hexane (1:19). Compound B (Campesterol) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate – benzene (1:9). Compound C (β-sitosterol) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate-benzene (1:5). Compound D [5,7,3,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone (Kaempferol)] was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate–benzene (1:3). Compound E (β-sitosterol- β-D-glucoside) was obtained on elution with ethyl acetate:benzene (2:1). The characterization of isolated compounds was carried out on the basis of UV-visible, IR and 1H NMR data and other properties of the compounds. The methanolic extract of stem of Citrus reticulata was tested for antifungal activity at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 ppm against Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and percent inhibition was recorded. It was found to have inhibitory effect on both the pathogens (F. solani and R. solani). The area of per cent inhibition was more in F. solani in comparison to R. solani and the maximum inhibition (about 100%) of both the pathogens was at 10000 ppm.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Chemical composition of seeds of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis L.)
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Dusyant; M. Khabiruddin
    Citrullus colocynthis (Tumba) a member of the cucurbitaceae family consists of about 120 genera and 825 species is xerophytic, highly aridity tolerant perennial herb. It grows naturally in abundance in arid zone of Rajasthan. The production of tumba was found to be 5.6 lac quintals in 4 western districts of Rajasthan during famine. The gourds are eaten after pickling and are also used as vegetable after removing their rind. In the traditional medicine, this plant is used to treat constipation, oedema, bacterial infection, cancer and diabetes. It is also given in cough and asthma in children. In industry the oil is used for soap making, paints and blackening of hair. The meal left after extraction of oil is a good source of protein which is rich in methionine and cysteine. In the present investigation the powdered seed kernel was extracted with petroleum ether (60-800C) for its oil content. The oil was studied for its physical and chemical characteristics as well as for fatty acid composition. The low peroxide value (0.50%) and low free fatty acid content (3.02 meq/kg of the oil) indicated high stability of the oil, low level of oxidative and lipolytic activities. The lower content of saturated fatty acid and higher amount of oleic and linoleic acid content (17.1% and 46.4% respectively) showed its potentiality for edible purpose. It was concluded that tumba seed oil may be safely used for edible purpose and the seed cake along with its good nutraceutical value can be used for food and feed purposes. The defatted seed cake was extracted with hot acetone and two flavones, namely quercetin and querectin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside was identified on the basis of UV-VIS spectral shift studies, 1HNMR and other properties.