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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access A study on economics of beekeeping in yamuna nagar district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2006) Bhupender; Kadiyan, R.S.The study entitled “A study on Economics of beekeeping in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana” was carried out in Yamunanagar district of Haryana state during 2003-04. It was observed that the expenditure on wooden box with iron stand accounted for 43.49 per cent followed by honey bees, wax sheets and labour costs. The returns from honey accounted for 82.76 per cent followed by bee colonies ( 14.79 ) and bee wax (2.45 ). The net returns were maximum in large category followed medium and small categories. The benefit-cost ratio showed that an investment of Rs. 1 in beekeeping enterprise as overall would fetch a return of Rs 2.19. And it was highest in large sized beekeepers i.e. 2.99. The whole cost invested in beekeeping enterprise was recoverable with in one year. While marketing of honey channel-II (producer-consumer sale at market) was mostly adopted by large beekeepers. The major problems faced by the beekeepers were lack of fair prices of honey and competitions among buyers. However, there is need to develop proper marketing and processing facilities so that the producer can get fair price of their produce.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic analysis of production and marketing of Bt-cotton in Haryana and Karnataka(CCSHAU, 2007) Shiva Kumar; Mehta, V.P.Cotton is India’s major commercial crop covering about 9.3 million hectares of area, ranking first in the world. It ranks third in the world in production with 2.51 million tonnes. In India, during 2005-06 Bt-cotton was grown on 9 lakh hectares and 100 per cent increase is expected in 2006- 07 according to International Service for the Acquisition of Agri.-Biotech application (ISAAA). However, the productivity (300 kg/ha) of non Bt-cotton in the country is considerably low. The major reason for this is due to damage caused by insect-pests, notably Helicoverpa armigera, commonly referred to as American bollworm. Meanwhile with the advance of technology biotechnological tools came handy in transferring pest resistance genes in cotton. Bt cotton has the gene from the soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, to effectively control the bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. On the one hand there were hopes that Bt cotton would help reduce the pesticide use, increase the yield and make the cultivation of cotton more economical and environmental friendly, and on the other hand, there were serious apprehensions that this would be used to increased pest resistance, antibiotic resistance, increased genetic pollution, destruction of biodiversity and perpetual dependence on trans-national agrochemical and seed companies. Visualizing the above constraints and importance of Bt cotton in both the states the present study was under taken with the following objectives: i) To study the comparative economics of Bt and American cotton cultivation, ii) To examine the marketing pattern, costs and margins through different channels and iii) To study the constraints in production and marketing. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60 each from Haryana and Karnataka acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from 10 respondents from the main markets situated in the study area and used in the analysis by using simple tabular analysis. The average total cost of cultivation per acre of American cotton was Rs. 11862 and Rs. 10186 and Bt-cotton was Rs. 14478 and Rs. 11772, in Haryana and Karnataka, respectively. The rental value of land, the harvesting/picking charges and plant protection charges were the main items of cost in American cotton but in case of Bt-cotton plant protection charges were replaced by seed cost in both the states. The gross returns obtained from American cotton was Rs. 13890 and Rs. 12866 and Bt-cotton was Rs. 17400 and Rs. 14467 in Haryana and Karnataka, respectively. The comparative analysis revealed significant difference in yield and gross returns among the two states. The Haryana state faired better over Karnataka. Growing of Btcotton found to be profitable over American cotton among both the states. The study of marketing pattern of Bt-cotton revealed that 15 per cent of total producers partially sold 4.77 per cent of the total production within the villages itself and remaining 95.23 per cent of the produce was sold in the market. In the study, three marketing channels i.e. producerà ginning mill, producerà wholesalerà ginning mill and producerà commission agentà ginning mill were identified. The channel-I was found to be more efficient with farmers, receiving highest share in miller’s price followed by channel-II and channel-III in both the states. The main production constraints noticed were non-availability of adequate good quality seed, non-availability of labour, unfavourable climatic condition, lack of technical knowledge and non-availability good quality insecticides/ pesticides. The major marketing constraints were low price of Bt-cotton produce in market, mixing of Bt-cotton and non-Bt-cotton, lack of extension and marketing services and non-availability of adequate processing units/ mills.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic analysis of milch bovine enterprise in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2006) Ajit Singh; Pandey, U.K.The present study entitled, “Economic analysis of milch bovine enterprises in Haryana” have been undertaken with the following specific objectives: 1. To study the spatio-temporal changes in stocking pattern, uptake and pattern of human labour utilization of milch bovines in Haryana. 2. To work out the major milch bovine species wise economics of milk production in rural households across regions. 3. To analyse the overtime changes in production, consumption and disposal pattern of milk and milk products across regions. The present study is based on the data recorded under the cost of cultivation scheme of principle crops in Haryana for the block years 1991-93 and 1999-2002. -viii- The stocking of cows marginally declined while stocking of buffaloes marginally increased (except on small farm) across categories during the period of 1991-93 and 1999-2002. Likewise, the stocking of bullocks and he-buffaloes declined in overall categories. On the contrary, rearing of cows declined across categories and overall during the periods under study. The hours spent by female labour in eastern regions increased during the periods under study across categories and overall. Except on large farms the same declined in western region and Haryana. The female labour utilization in Haryana was the highest in summer season followed by rainy and winter seasons on small and overall categories. But medium and large farms engaged highest female labour in rainy season. The quantity of dry fodder fed across categories was the highest in summer season followed by the winter and rainy season. The large farms fed more concentrates followed by the medium and small farmers. On the whole in Haryana, feeding of green and dry fodders marginally declined while concentrates substantially increased overtime. It implies that concentrate feeding has increased temporally across regions in Haryana due to stall feeding pattern on the one hand while for the fat rich buffalo milk production on the other. The items of fixed cost included interest on total initial capital investment, depreciation (on shed, equipments and Animal) and imputed value of family labours. Among, these costs the imputed value of family labour constituted the lion’s share across categories and overtime in eastern and western regions as well as in Haryana. Again, feed and fodder costs constituted the lion’s share across categories and over time in eastern and western regions as well as Haryana. In Haryana, the milk production in overall category was the highest in winter seasons followed by rainy and summer seasons during the two block years. It however, increased between two block years. The disposal pattern of milk production in Haryana was in terms of fluid milk and ghee across farm categories and overtime. By and large, fluid milk consumption across seasons and farm categories have increased temporally.