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Open Access
Organic chromium supplementation on growth of cross bred pigs
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Ann Nisa, Thomas; KAU; Mercy, A D
An investigation was carried out with the objective to determine the effect of chromium as chromium propionate on the growth of cross bred pigs and to evaluate the economics of organic chromium supplementation in the ration of cross bred pigs. Twenty four weaned piglets (12 male and 12 female) with an average body weight of 18 kg were used as experimental animals. The piglets were randomly divided into two groups with six replicates of two piglets in each group and were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments T1 (control diet) and T2 (control + 200 ppb chromium). The pigs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and later on at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected in the beginning and at the end of the experiment for the analysis of various biochemical parameters. Digestion trial was conducted at the end of the experiment to determine the digestibility coefficient of the nutrients of the experimental diets. Animals in the two dietary treatments showed similar (p>0.05) body weight gain, average daily body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. There was a numerical increase in dry matter and crude protein digestibility of Cr supplemented ration. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the animals in the two groups for all the blood parameters studied except phosphorus and cholesterol, which were significantly lower (p<0.05) for T2 group. There was non-significant decrease in triglycerides and increase in HDL cholesterol level. The overall critical evaluation of the results obtained in the present study indicate that though supplementation of chromium propionate did not affect the growth or feed conversion efficiency of growing (Large White Yorkshire X Desi) cross bred pigs, it can be beneficially used to improve the lipid profile of the cross bred pigs.
Open Access
Bacteria associated with respiratory infections in poultry
(Department of Veterinery Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Jesto, George; KAU; Krishnan Nair, G
This study was undertaken to isolate and identify of bacteria from respiratory tract of poultry and to study the antibiogram of the isolates. Birds showing respiratory signs were sacrificed, postmortem examination was conducted and samples such as nasal, tracheal and air sac swabs and lungs were collected after taking all sterile precautions. A total of 105 samples were collected by sacrificing birds showing clinical signs. Isolation of causative bacteria was made by culturing on brain heart infusion agar, Mac Conkey agar and blood agar. For identification of isolates all the procedures were followed as described by Barrow and Feltham (1993). A total of 31 bacterial isolates were obtained from samples. A total of 12 Escherichia coli isolates were isolated and identified, 4 Pasteurella multocida isolates and 15 Staphylococcus sp. Isolates were isolated and identified biochemically. Out of 15 Staphylococcus sp. isolated and identified 11 isolates (73.33 per cent) were coagulase negative This result indicate that CoNS were more frequently isolated from staphylococcal infections although they do not possess the virulent coagulase activity. So importance must be given to CoNS also, as given to coagulase positive staphylococci and much study need to be diverted to find the virulence factors and role of them in producing bacterial infections in poultry. Multi drug resistance (resistance to at least three antimicrobials) was found among all E. coli isolates obtained in the study. Hence it may be concluded that the high level of resistance observed among poultry E coli isolates obtained in the study may be due to incorporation of antibiotics in feed as growth promoters. As 100 per cent sensitivity is shown to enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol by P. multocida isolates, these two drugs may be used for treating pasteurellois. Amoxycillin clavulanic acid (Ac) and cephalexin (Cp) was found to be the most effective antibiotic against Staphylococcus sp. in the study. The plasmid DNA content of the seven isolates of E. coli was analysed on agarose gel electrophoresis but correlation between the number of plasmids and antibiotic resistance could not be ascertained in this study. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence for significant antimicrobial resistance among bacterial isolates from birds. Long term prospective studies involving isolation, identification and antibiogram from more samples are required to identify novel pathogens causing respiratory disease in birds. Such studies provide data on temporal and spatial difference in antibiotic resistance patterns, which in turn helps the scientific community to design better disease control strategies.
Open Access
Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants in goats of Kerala
(Department of Veterinary Epidomology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Janus, A; KAU; Tresamol, P V
Seroprevalence of PPR in goats of Kerala was studied using competitive ELISA. Four hundred and twelve sera samples were collected from goats belonging to different places of Kerala covering all the districts. Samples were collected randomnly from goats of different age , managemental practice, breed, sex, different health status and also from different farms. Samples were subjected to c ELISA for detecting antibodies against PPR infection. Out of 412 sera samples tested 15.5 per cent gave positive result for PPR antibodies. Seroprevalence of PPR antibodies was more in animals reared under organized farming system. Seroprevalence of PPR antibodies was more in animals with a history of disease than apparently healthy animals. Prevalence of PPR antibodies is found to be more in malabari breeds of goats when compared to jamunapari and cross bred animals. Seroprevalence of PPR in various age group revealed that percentage of positivity was more in animals of the age group of 6 months- one year. Animals from different farms were tested for antibodies against PPR infection. Seroprevalence of PPR was more in KLDB goat farm, Dhoni, and Jersey farm, Vithura. Seroprevalence of PPR among goats with different clinical manifestations was recorded. High percentage of seroprevalence was noted in animals with abortion. Seroprevalence of PPR in different districts of Kerala was assessed. The highest seroprevalence was recorded in Kozhikkode district. Seroprevalence of PPR in goats of Kerala was detected as 15.5 per cent
Open Access
Detection of serum relaxin as a diagnostic tool for early pregnancy diagnosis in bitches
(Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Deepthi, L; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
With the object of fioding a suitable and reliable method of early pregnancy diagnosis in bitches, the study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of trans abdominal palpation, ultrasound scanning and relaxin detection was conducted. The study consisted of 45 apparently healthy bitches whieh were brought to the clinics for finding the optimal breeding time. Out of this, ten animals were selected at random for pregnancy diagnosis and were subjected to different methods of pregnancy diagnosis at different gestational age-16 to 20 days, 21 to 24 days and 25 to 30 days post breeding. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of haemoglobin, packed eell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the day of breeding and also at the above gestation periods. Body weights were reeorded at the day of breeding and also at different gestation periods. In the present study, it was found that abdominal palpation was difficult m diagnosing pregnancy between 16 to 20 days of gestation. When palpation was done in between 21 to 24 and 25 to 30 days post breeding, the accuracy obtained was 50% and 70% respeetively. This study suggests that trans abdominal palpation was not useful in diagnosing early pregnancy. By ultrasound scanning, the percentage accuracy at 16 to 20 days was 50%, which improved to 80 percent and 100 percent at 21-24 and 25-30 days post breeding respeetively. Foetal heartbeat could be observed in all the positive cases from 24 days of gestation. Pseudo-pregnancy, pyometra and abortion could be easily identified by this method. The earliest positive result obtained for serum relaxin detection was obtained at 20" day post breeding and the percentage accuracy was 50% at this period, as against 100% at 21-30 days of gestation. In the present study, it was found that serum relaxin test was not influenced by pseudo-pregnancy and uterine pathological conditions like pyometra. There was significant variation in haemogram (P <0.01) at the day of breeding and at different gestational age. Haemoglobin concentration at 16-20, 21-24 and 25-30 days of gestation were 10.88+0.31, 10.24+0.22, 8.77+0.28g/dl, which was lower than the value 11.56+0.27 obtained prior to breeding. The packed cell volume values were 34.66+0.9, 30.77+0.94, 28.22+1.02 and 26±0.94 percent at day 0, 16-20, 21-24, 25-30 days post breeding. There was significant variation in the values before and after conception. There was significant variation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate between day zero and at different gestational age. The values obtained varied significantly and recorded as 4.6±0.33, 14.3±1.09, 17.8±1.28 and 21.76±1.47mm/hr at day 0, 16-20, 21-24 and 25-30 days of gestation respectively. The body weight of all the ten animals varied significantly (P<0.01). It was observed that the body weight had shown a steady and progressive increase as the pregnancy advanced. The study revealed that abdominal palpation was not very useful in diagnosing early pregnancy. By ultrasound scanning, uterus as well as foetus could be visualized after 23 days of gestation. Serum relaxin detection could be used as an early tool for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches from 20 days post breeding. Results of the present study suggest that the relaxin test was accurate in diagnosing early pregnancy and its advantage being that it could be conducted and interpreted easily by a dog breeder or a dog owner. It could be concluded that detection of serum relaxin is a quick, simple and accurate tool for diagnosing early pregnancy under field conditions
Open Access
Quality and shelf life of low fat restructured turkey meat loaf
(Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Naseera, A P; KAU; George, T Oommen
The health conscious consumers prefer low fat meat products and therefore, the present study was designed to develop a suitable formulary for low fat restructured turkey meat loaf and to assess its physico-chemical and cooking characteristics, sensory qualities, proximate and mineral composition, nutritional value, shelf life and cost of production. Four different formulations, viz., low fat control loaf without fat or fat replacer (LFC), added fat control loaf with 10 per cent sunflower oil added on meat weight basis (AFC), low fat loaf with 0.2 per cent carrageenan (CG) and low fat loaf with 4 per cent nonfat dry milk (NFDM) using skinless lean white and dark turkey meat (2:1), curing ingredients, spices and condiments were prepared. The baked loaves were sliced, packaged aerobically and under vacuum in high density polyethylene and polyamide-polyethylene pouches, respectively. The shelf life of the loaves at 0-4oC for 40 days and -20oC for 60 days were evaluated based on 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (TBARS), sensory qualities, moisture, protein and fat contents. The pH of the loaves with fat replacers was more (P< 0.05) than the uncooked loaf mix in the range of 5.8-6 and could be considered low acid food. NFDM had the highest (P< 0.05) percentages of 93.29 cooking yield, 65.82 moisture retention (MRP) and 108.7 fat retention (FRP). Carrageenan improved (P< 0.05) the cooking yield and MRP but not FRP. The fat replacers significantly reduced the shear force of the loaves. The percentage of moisture, protein, fat and ash in the mixture of skinless turkey white and dark meat were 75.08, 20.79, 2.11 and 0.95, respectively. The white meat is an excellent source of protein and minerals with the least amount of fat. As the percentage of fat in CG and NFDM were 1.53 and 1.57, respectively they can be labeled as ‘low fat’ as per regulations (<3). Moisture loss on baking was significantly lower for CG and NFDM. but it did not affect other components. The per cent contribution of protein in CG and NFDM to the RDA were 26.21 and 26.83, respectively. Addition of nonfat dry milk significantly increased the percentage of carbohydrate, ash, K, Ca and P and their contribution to RDA. The percentage RDA of calories from fat was 0.63 and 0.64 for CG and NFDM, respectively and below the recommended 30 per cent. The TBARS values of the low fat loaves were lesser than the acceptable range of 1mg malonaldehyde/kg loaf for oxidative rancidity, irrespective of packaging and period of storage. Carrageenan and nonfat dry milk had no significant influence on reducing lipid oxidation. The fat replacers increased the sliceability, flavour, juiciness and overall acceptability of the low fat loaves on day zero but it did not affect the texture, saltiness and mouth coating. NFDM was rated higher for colour, flavor and overall acceptability than CG. The packaging, addition of fat replacers and period of storage at 0-4oC and -20oC for 40 and 60 days, respectively did not affect the appearance, colour, texture and mouth coating. Even though the flavour, juiciness and overall acceptability of the packaged loaves with fat replacers reduced (P< 0.05) on storage, these were moderately acceptable up to 40 and 60 days at 0-4oC and -20oC, respectively. Carrageenan and vacuum packaging enabled in retaining flavour and juiciness on storage. Irrespective of the period of storage and packaging a significant reduction in the moisture and corresponding increase in protein and fat of all loaves was noticed on d 60 of storage at -20oC. The cost of production per kg of CG and NFDM were Rs.167/= and Rs.164/=, respectively. The recipes for a low fat (<2 per cent) restructured turkey loaf with 0.2 per cent carrageenan and 4 per cent nonfat dry milk were developed economically with good overall acceptability, cooking yield, nutritional value and shelf life up to 40 and 60 days at 0-4oC and -20oC, respectively under aerobic and vacuum packaging systems.
Open Access
Assessment of bacterial quality and shelf life pasteurized milk
(Department of Veterinery Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Asha, K; KAU; Nanu, E
In the present study raw and pasteurized milk samples were collected from two processing plants viz., DP1 and DP2 and pasteurized milk from retail shops. A total of 254 samples were analyzed for the bacterial quality by estimating various bacterial counts and also assessed the presence of certain bacteria of public health importance. The bacterial, physical and organoleptic qualities of pasteurized milk samples from two dairies stored under refrigeration (4 ± 1oC) were evaluated. Raw milk revealed an inferior bacterial quality with 50 per cent samples graded as fair (based on total viable count) and 85.7 per cent as poor quality (based on coliform count). The total viable count from both dairies was obtained at the level of 7 log10 cfu/ml but coliform count was high in the samples obtained from DP1 (3.34 ± 0.05 log10 cfu/ml). The psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count in the samples belonging to both sources were at the level of 7 and 3 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. Bacteria of public health significance like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas was detected from a few samples. Pasteurization reduced the level of total viable count, coliform count, psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count to a highly significant (P<0.01) level. Pasteurized milk under refrigeration (4 ± 1oC) showed an increase in total viable count and psychrotrophic count throughout the storage period with a difference of more than 3 log with that of fresh sample. However, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, and faecal streptococcal count of samples belonging to DP1 initially showed increasing tendency up to six days and thereafter the counts decreased. The increase in total viable count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, psychrotrophic count and faecal streptococcal count between zero and 10th day from DP2 was 4.8, 1.95, 2.08, 4.78 and 2.32 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The increase in the counts during storage may lead to the reduction in shelf life due to bacterial deterioration of milk. Isolates of Escherichia coli was obtained from DP1 on all days except eighth and 10th day. A total of six isolates were obtained from DP2. The isolates belonged to O116 (3), O22, O46, O65 (2), O95 and the rest were rough variety. Staphylococcus aureus was also isolated from two samples stored on sixth day and three from the samples stored on zero, second and fourth day, respectively (DP1). From DP2, three isolates were obtained from the samples stored on 10th day and one from fresh samples. A total of 22.62 and 20.24 per cent Pseudomonas were isolated from DP1 and DP2, respectively and the isolates were identified as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas flourescens. Sensory and physico-chemical (COB test) analyses of refrigerated milk samples showed an overall reduction in the score of colour and appearance, flavour, odour and body as the storage period increased. The mean total scores from DP1 revealed that the samples were of excellent quality for up to second day of storage. The sensory quality of the samples stored on fourth day was good and then the quality of milk remained fair till eighth day and on 10th day the quality became poor. In DP2 samples had excellent quality for upto second day of storage. The sensory quality of the sample stored up to sixth day was good and thereafter the quality of milk remained as fair till the end of storage period. COB test of samples from DP1 showed positive test on all samples stored on 10th day. However, one sample stored on day six was COB test positive. The samples belonging to DP2 showed that three samples stored on 10th day and one sample stored on eighth day was COB positive. The bacterial profile of the retail milk samples of the brands A, B, C, D, E and F was assessed and the samples belonging to the brand D had highest mean total viable count (5.94 ± 0.09 log10 cfu/ml), psychrotrophic count (5.09 ± 0.16 log10 cfu/ml) and faecal streptococcal count (2.87 ± 0.24 log10 cfu/ml). Highest coliform count was seen in the samples of brand A (2.40 ± 0.14 log10 cfu/ml) and Escherichia coli count (3.44 ± 0.72 log10 cfu/ml) in samples of the brand C. Low counts especially total viable count (4.89 ± 0.79 log10 cfu/ml) and coliform count (1.19 ± 0.42 log10 cfu/ml) were seen in the samples of the brand F. Escherichia coli were detected from 20.8 per cent samples and the isolates consisted of the serotypes O46, O65, O95, O116, O166 and O171. Out of 15 isolates obtained six showed a positive congo red reaction indicating their property of invasiveness. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only six samples (6.94 per cent). All retail milk samples were also tested for the isolation and identification of Pseudomonas and the organism was isolated from 16 (22.22 per cent) samples. The isolates were identified as Pseudomonas putida (7), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6) and Pseudomonas flourescens (3). Polymerase Chain reaction was employed to identify and confirm the Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the milk samples and a 366 bp product was obtained.
Open Access
Development and evaluation of outer membrane protein vaccine against duck pasteurellosis
(Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Ranjini, A R; KAU; Krishnan, Nair G
A research work was undertaken to prepare effective vaccines against P. multocida grown under different conditions and their immunopotency was assessed in one month old ducklings. The purity of the P. multocida A:l strain (DP1) was confirmed as per standard procedure. Pathogenicity of the isolate was assessed in six to eight weeks old mice. The isolate killed the mice with in 8 h intra peritoneally and within 24 h when injected subcutaneously. Whole cell protein of P. multocida (DP1) was extracted and they were subjected to discontinuous system of SDS- PAGE which revealed 20 to 26 visible protein bands of molecular weight ranging from 102 to 19 kDa. After growing P .multocida in iron sufficient and iron restricted medium its OMPs were extracted and they were analysed by SDS PAGE. In iron sufficient medium, 10 protein bands of MW which ranging from 91.84 to 19.02 kDa were revealed. In addition to the above a protein band with MW of 97.8 kDa were detected in iron restricted medium.The protein concentration was estimated by Modified Lowry method,and it was found to be 4mg/ml. The Median Lethal Dose (LDso) of P. multocida when determined in one, month old ducklings was found to be 10 -7.13 which contained 13 cells. Oil adjuvanted formalin inactivated vaccines were prepared from DPl grown under three different conditions viz., TSB, BHIB and BHIB supplemented with 100 u M 2,2' dipyridyl. Sterility, safety and potency test of the vaccines were done as per standard procedures. A total of 120 one month old ducklings were divided in to four groups with 30 birds in each group. The first three groups were vaccinated with ordinary bacterin, OMP vaccine prepared under iron sufficient condition and OMP vaccine prepared under iron restricted condition respectively and the fourth group served as control.The birds were vaccinated with 0.5millilitre of vaccine intramuscularly. The blood was collected from all the ducks on day 0,7, 14,21,28,45 and 60 day PV. Passive haemagglutination was done and the increase in antibody titre was observed from day 7 PV onwards for groups I,.Il and In. The highest antibody titre was obtained at 14th day PV and 21 st day PV for aMP vaccine prepared under iron restricted condition. All the vaccine groups had shown a significant difference from the control group at all stages of study. On homologous challenging OMP vaccine under iron restricted media on 42nd day PV afforded 60 per cent protection. On 60th day PV afforded 50 per cent protection. Though the aMP vaccine prepared under iron restricted condition was found to provide high antibody titre, the protection percentage afforded by it in comparison with ordinary bacterin and aMP vaccine prepared under iron sufficient media was low. Hence, the aMP vaccine prepared under iron restricted condition need to be subjected to further investigation.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of organic chromium in lactating cows
(Department of Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Hareesh, P S; KAU; Gangadevi, P
A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of organic chromium on the milk production and metabolic profile of the crossbred cows in early lactation. Twelve healthy crossbred cows having a peak yield of minimum eight litres in their previous lactation were divided into two groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age, milk yield and parity and were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments, T1 consisting of basal concentrate mixture and paddy straw/ grass as roughage and T2 consisting of basal concentrate mixture supplemented with organic chromium at 2 ppm level as chromium propionate and paddy straw / grass as roughage. All the experimental animals were fed as per ICAR standards (1985) and maintained on their respective feeding regime from the day of calving to 100 days of lactation. Average dry matter intake, body weight, milk yield, milk fat percentage, total solids, solids not fat, haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin, plasma urea nitrogen, serum cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, serum minerals, incidence of metabolic disorders and reproductive performance were the criteria employed for evaluation. Average body weight of animals revealed no significant difference for the both groups during all the fortnight studied. The average daily dry matter intake linearly increased as the lactation progressed in both the groups. Dry matter intake by the animals of T2 was comparatively better than the animals of T1 with a significant increase (P<0.05) during the sixth fortnight. Average daily milk yield increased significantly during the seventh fortnight and for 100 days of lactation in T2 (P<0.05). The animals in T2 maintained the peak yield for a longer duration compared to the T1. There was no significant difference in any of the milk composition parameters between the treatments. The haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma urea nitrogen, serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides estimated at the first, seventh and fourteenth week of lactation were not significantly affected by the two dietary treatments. The serum mineral concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus showed no significant difference while serum chromium levels showed a significant increase (P<0.05) between the two groups in the fourteenth week. The digestibility coefficients of the nutrients viz. dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre were not found to be influenced by the organic chromium supplementation. There was no incidence of metabolic disorders such as hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and ketosis in both groups of animals. The cows supplemented with organic chromium (T2) showed earlier postpartum heat signs which indicated that the postpartum reproductive performance was influenced by the supplementation. It could be concluded from the results obtained in the present study, that organic chromium supplementation at 2 ppm in the concentrate mixture improved the dry matter intake, total milk production and helped to maintain the peak yield as well as persistency of milk production in early lactating crossbred cows. The study also revealed that the postpartum reproductive performance has also been influenced favourably by the supplementation of organic chromium in crossbred cows
Open Access
Preservation of meat cutlet employing gamma radiation under different packaging systems
(Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Salke, Dinkar Babanrao; KAU; Kuttinarayanan, P (Guide)
Ready-to-fry beef cutlets were prepared in the Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Mannuthy. They were packaged under aerobic condition in HDPE packets and under vacuum in PA-PE packets. Half number of samples was subjected to irradiation employing gamma irradiation at 2.5 kGy. Samples were stored under room temperature (25-30oC) and in chiller (3-4oC). Samples were analysed for proximate composition on the day of preparation and for pH, TBARS, TV, microbiological and organoleptic qualities on day 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 70 of chiller storage. Shelf life of beef cutlet was assessed on the basis of physical signs of spoilage. The nonirradiated samples kept at room temperature were spoiled within 21 h, whereas irradiated sample had the keeping quality of 34-42 h (IRAP and IRVP). In chiller condition the NRAP sample spoiled within 12-15 days, whereas irradiated sample had a shelf life of 50-55 days. The shelf life was 19-22 and 66-71 days in NRVP and IRVP samples, respectively. The proximate composition, Ca and P content were not affected due to irradiation. The pH of the sample was not affected due to irradiation in different treatments, storage and packaging. TBARS and tyrosine value were unaffected by packaging and irradiation, whereas on storage the values were increased. Aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic plate count, yeast and mould count were significantly reduced due to irradiation, while packaging had not shown any significant effect. About 76 per cent reduction in aerobic plate count, 74 per cent reduction in psychrotrophic count and 70 per cent reduction in yeast and mould count was noticed. As storage period enhanced the counts were increased. Since the products are stored under chiller condition the survived bacteria might have been multiplied and count has gone up. The organoleptic qualities were assessed with help of 9 point Hedonic scale. The colour and flavour of the product were unaltered due to irradiation or packaging on the day of preparation. The juiciness and tenderness score had increased due to irradiation with the highest values of tenderness in IRVP samples. The overall acceptability was not affected due to irradiation or packaging on the day of preparation. A gradual decrease in overall acceptability and other score were observed due to storage with IRVP sample scoring the highest. The irradiation preservation of beef cutlet was beneficial for enhancing the keeping quality of beef cutlet under chiller conditions without affecting the qualities. Microbial count like aerobic plate count, psychrotrophic count, yeast and mould count were significantly (P<0.05) reduced due to irradiation at 2.5 kGy, the lowest limit prescribed by PFA. Vacuum packaging of the product combined with irradiation has shown about 25 per cent increase in keeping quality compare to ordinary packaging and 4 times increase compared to nonirradiated samples. Irradiation of the product combined with chiller storage requires less electrical energy for preservation of the product. Considering the extended shelf life, wholesomeness of the product, reduced microbial load and energy saving aspects vacuum packaging followed by irradiation can be advocated as a suitable method for preservation of meat and meat products.

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