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2013 - 20153
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Subject: Spices, Plantation and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants × Author: KAU × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2011 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation of “long pepper” {Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Maheswari R S Nair; KAU; Suma, B
    Long pepper (Piper longum L.) belonging to the family Piperaceae is one among the 14 medicinal plants which has high demand in indigenous drug industry and is also prioritized for cultivation and development by. National Medicinal Plant Board. Even though long pepper is well adapted for cultivation as an intercrop in coconut, arecanut and rubber plantations of Kerala, its cultivation is limited due to poor returns from the crop on account of high expenditure on harvesting due to staggered flowering and lack of high yielding varieties with high dry recovery. Germplasm collection of long pepper was initiated at the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices and was farther strengthened by^KSCSTE funded project and 60 types were assembled. After an initial evaluation, 42 types were selected including check variety ‘ViswanT for the present study. The present investigations on “Evaluation of “long pepper” (Piper longum L.) genotypes for growth, flowering and yield” was carried out in Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during December 2012 to May 2014. The objectives of the study were to catalogue the germplasm accessions of long pepper, to study the flowering behavior fruit set and quality and to identify superior long pepper genotypes with high yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design, comprised of 42 treatments and six replications. The accessions studied were collected from Western Ghat regions of Kerala and also entries from NBPGR which includes the collections from different regions of Karnataka and Tirunelveli. Characters studied include six qualitative and eighteen quantitative characters including biochemical attributes. Cataloguing of accessions for qualitative characters using IPGRI descriptor for Piper nigrum revealed wide variation among accessions in growth habit, runner shoot production, leaf shape (base, lamina, margin), spike shape and spike colour. Among the forty two accessions studied, it was noticed that thirty eight accessions were found to be female, three found to be male and one non-flowering type. Maximum inflorescence (more than 55 per cent) was produced during June, July and August and minimum (less than 5 per cent) during December and January. In PL 42, PL 53 and PL 57 flowering was extended during May to October. Coefficient of variation for year round flowering ranged from 7.34 per cent to 46.32 per cent. Among accessions, number of primary branches, spike bearing branches per primary branch and leaves per plant ranged from 1.00 to 8.00, 1.00 to 6.71 and 21.67 to 166.0, respectively. The plant height, petiole length, intemodal length of spike bearing branches and leaf area ranged from 39.67 cm to 88.33cm, 1.11 cm to 7.56 cm, 1.86 cm to 7.38 cm and 25.98 cm2 to 63.87 cm 2, respectively. The days from planting to emergence and emergence to maturity of spike in female types ranged from 77 to 146 days and 60 to 80 days whereas, male accessions took 135-141 days and 61-64 days, respectively. Number of spikes/spike bearing branch ranged from 1.00 to 3.21 and coefficient of variation observed were 54.81%. Spike length and girth varied from 0.90 cm to 3.10 cm and 3.75 mm to 8.86 mm in female accessions and male accessions from 8.10 cm to 8.18 cm, and 4mm to 4.03 mm respectively. Coefficient of variation for spike length and girth were 7.87 per cent and 6.83 per cent, respectively. Fresh weight per spike recorded highest in PL8 (1.06 g) and dry weight per spike recorded maximum in PL 12(0.20 g). Fresh and dry yield per plant was recorded highest in PL8 which was on par with PL9 along with check variety Viswam. Coefficient of variation observed for fresh and dry yield per plant as 122.45 per cent and 120.44 per cent, respectively. Spike set percent was shown maximum by PL 8 (97.42 per cent) and driage by PL 49 (20.66 per cent). Based on yield parameters, PL 5, PL 8, PL 9, PL 15, PL 23, PL 24 and PL 25 along with check variety were selected as superior accessions. For volatile oil,oleoresin and piperine content, accessions PL 5, PL 8, PL 12 and PL 50 were promising. Cluster analysis among 42 accessions based on qualitative characters and 20 accessions based on quantitative characters were done by using Multivariate Hierrarchial Cluster Analysis using NTSYS software. The dendrogram derived through qualitative characteristics showed degree of similarity varying from 26 to 100 and at 81 per cent similarity long pepper accessions were grouped into seven clusters. Based on quantitative data, the accessions showed only 14 per cent similarity. Since the accessions showed wide variability it can be utilized in future breeding programmes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterisation and evaluation of somaclones in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2013) Aswathy, Dev; KAU; Alice, Kurian
    The present study entitled “ Characterization and evaluation of somaclones in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)” was taken up at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during 2011-13 to characterize and evaluate twenty five somaclones derived through indirect methods of regeneration along with three parent cultivars (Z-0-78, Z-0-86 and Himachal Pradesh) and two check varieties (Karthika and Varada). The experiment was laid out in an RBD design with 30 treatments in two replications. Wide variability was observed among somaclones for 26 quantitative and four qualitative characters. Extent of variation was more in somaclones when compared to check varieties rather than parent cultivars. Somaclones exhibited superiority over parent cultivars in morphological characters such as leaf area, number of leaves, number of shoots, and girth of pseudostem. Cent per cent of somaclones showed increase over check varieties in plant height, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. Somaclones derived from Himachal Pradesh registered maximum increase in morphological characters. Among rhizome characters, number of quaternary fingers recorded maximum increase followed by internodal length of primary fingers and number of tertiary fingers in the somaclones. Cent per cent of somaclones showed increase over parent cultivars in length and inter-nodal length of primary fingers while cent per cent showed increase over check varieties for girth of rhizome. Somaclones derived from Z-0-86 recorded superiority in rhizome characters over those derived from Himachal Pradesh and Z-0-78. Ninety two per cent of somaclones showed higher yield over parent cultivars while eighty four per cent of somaclones showed higher rhizome yield over check varieties. Somaclones derived from Z-0-86 alone recorded higher driage and dry yield was also seen to be maximum. Somaclones in general recorded low crude fibre content registering its suitability for fresh ginger and value added products. Volatile oil content was found higher in somaclones, seventy per cent over parent cultivars and seventy four per cent over check varieties. Higher recovery of volatile oil and oil yield was noticed in somaclones of Z-0-86. Oleoresin recovery was high in somaclones derived from HP while oleoresin yield was found high in somaclones derived from Z-0-86. DUS characterization of somaclones based on 17 characters as per PPV & FR Act (2001) was done and this will be useful for plant variety protection. Assessment of variability in somaclones based on 30 characters indicated that number of quaternary fingers had the highest coefficient of variation followed by number of tertiary and primary fingers, number of shoots and number of leaves. Significant and positive correlation with yield was observed for fifteen characters out of the 30 characters studied. GCV was found very near to PCV for 13 characters indicating high effect of genotype on phenotypic expression. Visual characters such as leaf width and length, girth of pseudostem, number of primaries, length, thickness, internodal length of primary and secondary rhizomes and girth of rhizomes having high positive correlation with yield and having high heritability appear to be good selection indices in ginger. Clustering of 30 genotypes based on 26 qualitative characters and four qualitative characters resulted in 13 and five clusters respectively. The accessions belonging to a quantitative cluster fell in different clusters during qualitative clustering suggesting that the somaclones are more divergent in quality attributes. Screening of somaclones for reaction to rhizome rot and bacterial wilt through artificial inoculation could locate 13 somaclones tolerant to rhizome rot and six somaclones tolerant to bacterial wilt which was substantiated by sick plot screening and natural screening. Field tolerance to shoot borer and leaf spot incidence was not observed in the somaclones. Considering yield, quality and reaction to pests and diseases, six promising somaclones were selected (SE 86 81, SE 86 142, SE 86 40, SE 86 131, C 86 139 and C 86 124). The selected somaclones registered a yield increase of 28-85 per cent compared to released varieties and parent cultivars. The somaclone SE 86 40 is promising for high essential oil and oleoresin yield as well. The somaclones are especially suitable as fresh ginger and for value added products. The promising somaclones selected needs to be assessed over seasons and locations to study the stability under different environment. Metabolite profiling of the somaclones enables identification of novel chemotypes. Screening of the somaclones for value added products, taking advantage of low fibre profile of the rhizomes should take precedence as this will diversify the end product utilization and safe guard farmers against price crash of the only one primary product, dry rhizomes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Screening somaclones of ginger (Zingiber cfficinale rosc.) for value addition
    (College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2015) Anand, Kankanawadi; KAU; KAU; Alice, Kurian
    The present study entitled “Screening somaclones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) for value addition” was taken up at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2013-15 to evaluate forty somaclones for quality attributes and value addition. These forty somaclones were selected from a base population of 289 somaclones, developed through indirect organogenesis and indirect embryogenesis with and without mutagenesis from three cultivars (two induced polyploids Z-0-78, Z-0-86 and the diploid cultivar Himachal Pradesh) and maintained as a part of the DBT funded project at Dept. of Plantation Crops and Spices. Somaclones exhibited wide variability in rhizome yield and quality attributes. Somaclones derived from polyploid parent Z-0-86 recorded higher fresh and dry rhizome yield compared to somaclones derived from Z-0-78 and HP. Among forty somaclones, SE 86 81 recorded highest fresh rhizome yield (28.81t ha-1), followed by SE 86 131, SE 86 83 and SE 86 40. The somaclones C 86 23 showed highest dry rhizome yield (6.43 t ha-1), followed by somaclones SE 86 81 and SE 86 41. The quality attributes such as driage, volatile oil, oleoresin, starch and crude fibre contents varied significantly in the somaclones. Among forty somaclones, SE HP 8 recorded maximum driage (27.13%), followed by somaclones SE 86 41 and C 86 23. The somaclone SE 86 40 showed highest volatile oil content (2.40%), followed by CHP 99. Somaclones derived from Z-0-86 showed higher oleoresin content, with the highest value in C 86 124 (5.94%), followed by SE 86 41 and C 86 40. In general, the somaclones showed lower crude fibre content which is considered as a desirable quality attribute for fresh ginger and value added products. The starch content among the somaclones ranged from 40.59 to 52.56% and high starch yielding types were SE HP 8, C 86 139 and SE 78 26. Studies on changes in quality attributes of ginger somaclones with crop maturity indicated that essential oil and oleoresin 174 contents decreased with increase in crop duration, while starch and crude fibre contents increased with crop maturity, in all the somaclones. Chemoprofiling of volatile oil of 11 ginger somaclones revealed the presence of 44 aroma compounds. Among the different classes of compounds, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are quantitatively the major constituents. Among sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, zingiberene was predominant (23.28%) and the content was highest in the somaclone CHP 99 (29.64 %), followed by C 86 40 and SE 86 40. HPLC analysis of pungency principles revealed that 6- gingerol was the predominant one in all the ginger somaclones. The highest 6-gingerol was observed in the somaclone C 86 124 (2.44 %), followed by SE 78 26 and SE 86 81. The content of total gingerols was also high in these somaclones. The shogaols level ranged from 0.24 to 0.49 % and highest shogaols content (0.49 %) was in the somaclone C 86 40, followed by SE 86 81 and C 86 Screening of ginger somaclones for value added products such as paste and candy revealed that somaclones SE 86 40 and SE 86 131 were ideal for preparation of ginger candy and somaclones C 86 23 and SE 86 131, for ginger paste, because these somaclones recorded higher sensory scores than control and showed lower variation in physico- chemical parameters during storage. Studies on storage stability of the products revealed that parameters like moisture, colour, pH and sensory scores showed a decreasing trend, while TSS, titratable acidity, non enzymatic browning, polyphenol oxidase activity and microbial count showed slight increase in all somaclones and control. The study could identify promising ginger somaclones for different end uses such as fresh ginger, dry ginger, volatile oil, oleoresin extraction and gingerol extraction and preparation of paste and candy.