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Open Access
Performance of crosses of indigenous naked neck with white leghorn and new hampshire
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2000) Jomy John, KAU; Leo Joseph
An experiment was conducted at Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy, to evaluate and compare the production traits of Naked Neck x White Leghorn (NNWL) and Naked Neck x New Hampshire (NNNH) crosses under deep litter system of rearing from '20 to 40 weeks 'lge. Seventy five pullets of' each cross were housed in identical pens of 15 birds cach and production performance was evaluated for five 28- day periods from February to July 1999. Standard feeding and managemental practices were followed throughout the study . . The NNNH were heavier than NNWL at 20 weeks of age (1855.6 vs l496.lg) and at 40 weeks of age (2436.7 and 2004.1 g). The age at first egg of l46.8±1.48 days in NNNH was significantly earlier than 152±1.3days in NNWL. The age at 50 per cent production was similar in NNWL (162.4 ±1.92 days) and NNNH (164.6 ±1.7 days). The week-wise mean hen housed production in NNWL reached a peak of 80.57 per cent at 26th week of age, while NNNH attained a peak of 81.0 per cent at zs" week of age. The overall mean hen housed number up to 40 weeks of age was 86.39 in NNWL and 83.85 in NNNH. Hen day production remained the same as hen housed production up to 39th week of age and the overall trend was similar. The daily feed consumption from 21 to 40 weeks of age was 124.83g in NNWL and l2S.l4g in NNNH.,The feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs was 2.89 for NNWL and 3.01 for NNNH. Broodiness was shown by nine birds in NNWL for durations ranging from 9 to 63 days while eight birds in NNNH were broody for durations ranging from 22 to 69 days. The mean egg weight from 21 -- 40 weeks was 48.73g in NNWL and 48.44 g in NNNH. The shell thickness was 0.376 mm in NNWL and 0.373 in NNNH. The Haugh unit score was 84.78 in NNWL and 88.00 in NNNH. The plumage Colour in NNWL was off white, but a few birds showed brownish colour on wing feathers. 90 per cent of the NNNH birds had chestnut coloured plumage resembling New Hampshire birds while the rest were multi coloured resembling indigenous Naked Neck birds. Egg shell was tinted in NNWL while NNNH eggs were brown or shades of brown. The livability was 98.7 percent in NNWL, while it was 100 per cent in NNNH. The cost of feed consumed per egg was 202.12 paise for NNWL and 208.94 paise for NNNH [or the entire course of the study. Both NNWL and H cross had statistically comparable hen housed production, egg weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Both the crosses had excellent livability and good egg quality. However a significantly higher body weight both at 20 and 40 weeks of age, earlier average age at first egg, coloured plumage pattern, and brown shelled eggs in NNNH cross are much preferred by rural farmers, The results of the present study warrants further studies on Naked Neck x New Hampshire cross under field conditions.
Open Access
Influence of microbial phytase on nutrient utilization in broilers
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Balasubramanian, D; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
An eight week feeding trial using 180 day-old broiler chicks was conducted to study the influence of phytase supplementation (Natuphos''^-5000) on nutrient utilization and subsequent performance. Treatments involved a standard broiler diet, a low available phosphorus (LAP) diet and the low available phosphorus diet plus graded levels of phytase at the rate of 500, 750 and 1000 units / kg diet. The groups fed standard broiler diet and low available phosphorus diets supplemented with 750 and 1000 units phytase showed significantly (P<0.01) higher body weight and weight gain. The cumulative feed intake was statistically comparable among the experimental diets at sixth week, whereas, at eighth week it was significantly (P<0.05) lower in LAP diet without phytase than that of other diets. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.01) improved by the addition of phytase at 750 and 1000 units / kg in comparison to low available phosphorus diet. Graded levels of phytase addition linearly improved nitrogen retention while energy retention was significantly (P<0.01) higher in groups fed 750 and 1000 units of phytase / kg. The addition of 750 and 1000 units of phytase / kg diet significantly (P<0.01) increased the availability of calcium while phosphorus availability was improved by all levels of enzyme 500, 750 and 1000 units / kg. The excretion of phosphorus was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in enzyme supplemented groups. The availability of manganese and zinc was significantly more in enzyme supplemented groups. Tibial ash, serum calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus were significantly (P<0.01) increased by the addition of 750 and 1000 units of dietary phytase / kg both at sixth and eighth week of age. The serum alkaline phosphatase level was significantly (PO.Ol) decreased in the diets supplemented with phytase. Supplementation of phytase had no effect on per cent dressed yield and giblet yield. The per cent R-to-C yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed standard diet, LAP diet and 500 units phytase supplemented diet at sixth week. Whereas at eighth week it was significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed standard diet and 1000 units phytase added diet. The livability was not influenced by dietary phytase and available phosphorus levels. The net profit per kg live weight at eighth week was 29, 94 and 85 paise higher in groups fed 500, 750 and 1000 units of phytase, respectively in comparison to LAP diet. The results suggested that supplementation of 750 units of phytase per kg in low available phosphorus diets is advantageous for commercial broiler chicken production.
Open Access
Efficacy of certain litter materials on broiler performance
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Sini Thomas; KAU; Amritha Viswanath
An experiment was designed and conducted at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy to evaluate the efficacy of different litter materials on the performance of broilers under hot-humid conditions of Kerala. Two hundred and ten, one-day old straight-run commerical broiler chicks were reared for a period of eight weeks. The birds were allotted into five different litter treatment groups, viz., wood shavings (T,) which formed the control group, saw dust (T2), rice husk (T,), coir pith (TJ and paddy chaff (T5), each comprising of three replicates with fourteen birds each. Standard broiler starter and finisher rations were formulated as per BIS (1992) specifications for the broilers. The chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions upto eight weeks of age. Results of the study revealed that body weight and body weight gain were not influenced by different litter treatments throughout the experimental period. Eventhough feed consumption and feed efficiency were influenced by litter materials during the initial periods, there obsno impact for the rest of the experimental period. Processing yields and losses were not affected by different litter treatments. Litter quality parameters like weight of the litter at the beginning and end of the experiment, weekly moisture content, fortnightly ammonia-nitrogen content, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium content, litter pH and proximate composition of the litter at the beginning, at sixth week and eighth week were significantly different (P<0.01) between different treatment groups. It was observed that eventhough there was significant difference (P<0.05) between treatment groups for mortality by fourth week of age, no significant difference was obtained for all other periods. Cost-benefit analysis revealed that net profit per bird by sixth week and eighth week of age was more for litter materials, viz., saw dust, rice husk, coir pith and paddy chaff than wood shavings. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that different litter materials, viz., saw dust, rice husk, coir pith and paddy chaff are equally good for broiler raising as wood shavings during the month of January through March in Kerala.
Open Access
Characterisation and evaluation of indegenous ducks of Kerala
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Mahanta, J D; KAU; Ramakrishnan, A
A basic study was conducted to characterise the two distinct indigenous types of ducks, namely Chara and Chemballi of Kerala and to evaluate their production potential. Five hundred sexed day-old female and 100 male ducklings each from Chara and Chemballi type were brought from M/s Susan Roy Hatchery of Chennithala. The ducklings were reared on deep litter system of management under identical conditions till 8 weeks of age. Thereafter they were switched over to semi- intensive system. The ducklings were wing banded and weighed individually at day-old, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40 and 52 weeks of age. After 18 weeks of age, 300.females and 30 males from each type were selected for further studies. The females from each type were divided into three groups of 100 birds each. At 18 weeks of age, ducklings were wing badged and provided with individual laying nests to facilitate recording of individual performance. Drakes of each type were maintained separately to study the external morphology and growth traits. At 20 weeks of age, individual body measurements and plumage colour patterns of different body parts of both Chara and Chemballi were recorded. The age at first egg (AFE) of all individual ducks, the weight of first egg, egg weight at 30, 40 and 50 weeks of age, shape index and shell colour of eggs, age at 5, 10 and 50 per cent egg production, total egg production upto 52 weeks of age, per cent duck-day and duck-housed egg production at eight 28-day laying periods and at weekly mean basis of the flocks were calculated and recorded. Morphologically, Chara and Chemballi drakes were squat in posture and gait and they differed in the colour of plumage of the head region. It was lustrous greenish black in Chara and dull greenish black in Chemballi. The Chara females were usually blackish brown in the back, tail and wing. The Chemballi females in general were brownish black and brownish grey in the back, tail and wings. The average body weights and growth pattern of Chara and Chemballi males were almost similar upto 52 weeks of age, whereas the Chara females tended to be heavier in body weights at all ages except 4 and 12 weeks. Significantly higher body weights at day-old and 20 weeks of age was recorded in Chara females over the Chemballi. The average age at first egg (AFE) in Chara and Chemballi was 148.59 and 147.50 days respectively. The ages at 5, 10 and 50 per cent egg production were 144, 153 and 187 days in Chara, while those in Chemballi were 141, 148 and 184 day respectively. The average egg number per duck upto 50 weeks of age was 116.09 in Chara and 124.95 in Chemballi. The corresponding mean per cent duck-day production in Chara and Chemballi was 44.49 and 48.68 respectively. The mean per cent duck-housed egg production to 50 weeks of age in Chara and Chemballi was 41.78 and 42.91 respectively. The mean weekly per cent egg production of Chara and Chemballi upto 52 weeks of age widely fluctuated from week to week. It was also found that during the production period upto 52 weeks of age there were two peaks in per cent egg production in both Chara and Chemballi type. The overall mean egg weight of Chara (69.69 g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Chemballi (68.08 g) . In the laying periods of Chara and Chemballi there were no discernible clutch size/pause. Broodiness as a trait was almost absent in both the types.
Open Access
Production performance of Austra-white and Rhode-white layers on litter floor
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Sridharan, E; KAU; Peethambaran, P A
An experiment was conducted at Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production performance of Austra -white and Rhode -white hens on litter floor. The Australorp and Rhode Island Red formed the male lines and the 'F' strain of White Leghom formed the female line for the production of A W and RW progenies. One hundred and twenty (120) pullets each of Austra -white (A W) and Rhode -white (RW) at the age of 18 weeks were housed in identical pens in eight replicates each at the rate of 15 birds per replicate at random. Layer mash with BIS specifications was fed throughout the experimental period. Standard routine managemental practices were followed in the study. The production performance on deep litter for six periods of 28 days each were recorded during the period from December' 97 to June' 98. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the production performance of Austra-white and Rhode - white hens from 21 to 44 weeks of age under deep litter system of rearing. Body weight at 20 and 44 weeks of age in Austra-white and Rhode-white were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found to be 1181.50 and 1178.75 g at 20 weeks and 1477.45 and 1539.79 g at 44 weeks of age. The average age at first egg was 161.63 days in Austra-white and 159.75 days in Rhode-white hens. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were 166.25 and 179.13 days in Austra-white and 163 and 176.75 days in Rhode-white respectively. The mean egg production recorded was 82.98 with 49.39 per cent in Austra-white and 98.80 eggs with 58.81 per cent in Rhode-white on hen-housed basis and on hen-day basis 85.72 eggs with 51.02 per cent in Austra-white and 101.21 eggs with 60.24 per cent in Rhode-white. The highest production was obtained at 32 weeks in Austra-white and 31 weeks of age in Rhode-white birds on hen-housed and hen-day basis. The mean daily feed consumption was worked out to 113.22 g in AW and 113.66 gin RW. Feed efficiency on the basis of dozen eggs for Austra-white was 2.60 and 2.05 in Rhode-white hens. Egg weight at last three days in each period were individually recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 44 weeks of age was 48.02 g in Austra-white and 46.50 g in Rhode-white. The overall mean egg mass per day was 3.32 kg in A W and 3.56 kg in RW. The mean percentages of shell, albumen and yolk were 10.86,60.11 and 28.75 in Austra-white and 11.10, 59.39 and 29.47 in Rhode-white eggs respectively. The mean shell thickness were 0.42 mm in AW and 0.41 mm in RW eggs. The livability per cent from 21 to 44 weeks of age was 89.17 in Austra- white and 95.83 per cent in Rhode-white. The feed cost per egg was 15291 paise in AW and 130.95 paise in RW. Based on the above findings, it is evident that the body weight at 44 weeks of age, overall HHN, HDN and its percentages, per cent livability and per cent yolk in eggs were Significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Rhode -white birds. Whereas the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen were significantly higher in Austra - white eggs. The differences in body weight at 20 weeks, age at sexual maturity, overall feed consumption, per cent shell, shell thickness and egg mass per day were non- significant between Austra - white and Rhode - white. Therefore it was concluded that Austra-white birds have an edge over Rhode-white birds in the overall mean egg weight and per cent albumen. Rhode-white birds are superior to Austra-White birds in body weight at 44 weeks, egg production, feed efficiency, livability and per cent yolk in eggs under deep litter system of rearing. Further studies using A W and RW birds are warranted under backyard conditions for exploiting the above traits advantageously.
Open Access
Comparative performance of new hampshire and indigenous naked neck hens in cages
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Jayasree, K S; KAU; Peethambaran, P A
An experiment was carried out at the Kerala Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mannuthy in order to evaluate the production performance of New Hampshire and Naked Neck hens in cages. Sixty (60) pullets each of New Hampshire (NH) and Naked neck (NN) at the age of 18 weeks were housed at random in identical cages in four replicates each at the rate of 15 birds per replicate and three birds per cage. Layer mash with BIS specifications was fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Standard routine management practices were followed in the study. The production performance in cages for five periods of 28-days each were recorded during January to June 1999. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the production performance of New Hampshire and Naked Neck hens from 20 to 40 weeks of age in cages. Body weight at 20 and 40 weeks of age in New Hampshire and Naked Neck were recorded individually and the respective mean values were found to be 1675.10 g and 1682.30 g at 20 weeks and 2635.45 g and 2703.65 gat 40 weeks of age. The average age at first egg was 164.50 days in New Hampshire and 164.71 days in Naked Neck hens. The mean ages at 10 and 50 per cent production were 168. 15 and 175.5 days in New Hampshire and 170.35 and 176.55 days in Naked Neck respectively. • ii The mean egg production recorded was 4.15 with 59.28 per cent in New t: ) Hampshire and 4.51 eggs with 64.42 per cent in Naked Neck on hen housed basis " and on hen-day basis 4.16 eggs with 59.42 per cent in New Hampshire and 4.52 eggs with 64.57 per cent in Naked Neck. The highest production was obtained at 31 weeks of age in New Hampshire and Naked Neck birds on hen-housed and hen-day basis. The mean daily feed consumption worked out was 123.06 gin NH and 123.46 g in NN. Feed conversion ratio on the basis of dozen eggs for New Hampshire was 2.60 and it was 2.45 in Naked Neck hens. Egg weight at last three days in each period was individually recorded and the overall mean egg weight for 21 to 40 weeks of age was 50.44 g in New Hampshire and 53.36 g in Naked Neck. The overall mean egg mass per day was 1.60 kg in NH and 1.84 kg in NN. The mean percentages of shell, albumen and ,yolk were 10.17, 58.59 and 31.24 in New Hampshire and 9.41, 57.65 and 32.94 in Naked Neck eggs respectively. The mean shell thickness was 0.44 mm in NH and 0.48 mm in NN eggs. The mean i indices of shape, albumen and yolk were i.34, 0.09 and 0.36 in New Hampshire and 1.32,0.07 and 034 in Naked Neck. The mean yolk cholesterol was 14.54 mg per g of yolk in New Hampshire and 14.46 mg per g of yolk in Naked Neck eggs. The mean Haugh Unit Score was 87.16 in 'New Hampshire and 80.58 in Naked Neck hens. The livability per cent from 21 to 40 weeks of age was 91.66 in New Hampshire and 93.33 per cent in Naked Neck. The feed cost per egg was 226 paise in New Hampshire and 212 paise in Naked Neck hens. 111 Based on the above findings, it is evident that the overall egg weight, egg mass and shell thickness were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Naked Neck birds. The overall mean albumen index and yolk index were significantly higher (P<0.05) in New Hampshire birds. The differences in body weight at 20 and 40 weeks, age at sexual maturity, overall HlR'-J, HDN and its percentages, overall feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, per cent shell, per cent albumen and per cent yolk., shape index, yolk. cholesterol and Haugh Unit Score were non- significant between New Hampshire and Naked Neck. Therefore it was concluded that Naked Neck birds have an edge over new Hampshire birds in egg production, egg weight, egg mass and shell thickness. However, New Hampshire birds had better albumen and yolk percentage. New Hampshire and Naked Neck were similar in characters of body weight, age at sexual maturity, egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, per cent shell, per cent albumen, per cent yolk, yolk. cholesterol and Haugh Unit Score, when reared in cages. "
Open Access
Effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus utilization and performance in layer chicken
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Sukumar, D; KAU; Jalaludeen, A
The effect of three levels of phytase enzyme viz., 200, 300 and 400 units per kg in the low available phosphorus layer ration on phosphorus utilization and performance in egg type chicken was evaluated using one hundred and fifty White Leghorn strain cross pullets (ATHUL YA) of 21 weeks of age for a period of 20 weeks. The birds were divided into five dietary treatment groups viz., standard layer ration (T1), low available phosphorus layer ration (T2), low available phosphorus layer ration with 200, 300 and 400 units of phytase per kg feed (T3, T 4 and T5), respectively. Standard layer ration was formulated as per BIS specification for layer chicken. Initially, the ration with 0.3 per cent available phosphorus was formulated. By the addition of appropriate levels of dicalcium phosphate to this ration, diets with 0.5 per cent available phosphorus was formulated. A numerical improvement in per cent hen-day egg production was noticed among enzyme supplemented groups. However, the increase was not statistically significant. Daily feed intake per bird was significantly higher among birds fed with different levels of enzyme in low available phosphorus layer ration. Phytase supplementation did not have significant influence upon feed per dozen eggs. Body weight gain was not influenced by enzyme supplementation. Significantly higher egg weight was obtained for the groups fed low available phosphorus diets supplemented with varying levels of phytase. Phytase addition to low available phosphorus diets significantly improved egg specific gravity. Supplementation of phytase resulted in significant increase in egg shell weight. Mean shell thickness was significantly more among enzyme supplemented groups. Serum calcium levels of the enzyme supplemented groups registered significantly (p < 0.01) higher values whereas only numerical improvement could be noticed in serum inorganic phosphorus levels. Per cent tibial ash and phosphorus content were not influenced by phytase supplementation. Enzyme supplementation resulted In a numerical improvement In the bio-availability of calcium. Bio-availability of phosphorus was significantly more among enzyme supplemented groups as well as standard layer mash fed birds. Phosphorus excretion in the droppings (g/kg DM intake) was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in the enzyme supplemented groups. The per cent survivability of laying hens was not affected by phytase inclusion. Cost of the feed per kg was lower in all the enzyme supplemented groups than the standard layer ration of this study. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that by the inclusion of 200 units per kg of phytase enzyme in layer diet, the available phosphorus level in the feed can be reduced to 0.3 per cent without affecting the over all performance. This also facilitates to reduce phosphorus excretion which is an eco-friendly factor in commercial layer operations.
Open Access
Effect of supplementation of dried bovine spleen in the diet of broiler chicken
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Shibu, K V; KAU; Anitha, P
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of dried bovine spleen at different level supplementation viz., 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 per cent in standard starter and finisher rations on production performance and the economics of broiler chicken, using one hundred and ninety two commercial day-old broiler chicks for a period of eight weeks. The birds were divided into four dietary treatment groups viz., standard broiler ration (T 1), standard broiler ration with 0.1 per cent dried bovine spleen (T 2), standard broiler ration with 0.15 per cent dried bovine spleen (T}) and standard broiler ration with 0.2 per cent dried bovine spleen (T4)' Standard broiler ration was formulated as per BIS (1992) specification for broiler chicken feed. The observations monitored throughout the experimental period were body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein efficiency and livability. At the end of the experiment the blood parameters, dressed yield, ready-to-cook yield and organ weights of gizzard, heart, liver and spleen were also determined. The results showed that 0.1 per cent dried bovine spleen supplemented groups attained a higher body weight and 0.15 and 0.2 per cent dried bovine spleen supplemented groups attained a lower body weight than control but not significantly so. The feed intake was significantly higher for the standard diet fed group from fifth week onwards. A positive response was observed in feed efficiency by bovine spleen supplementation which was statistically significant. Upto six weeks the feed efficiency was best for the group fed diet supplemented with 0.1 per cent dried 11 bovine spleen, for the eight weeks period 0.2 per cent supplemented group had best feed efficiency. A significant improvement was noticed in protein efficiency due to bovine spleen supplementation. The blood values viz., Hb, PCV and ESR did not show any significant difference among treatments. The dressed yield, ready-to- cook yield and percentage organ weights were also not influenced by dietary treatments, but a numerical increase was noticed in ready-to-cook yield. Cost of. production of broilers in the bovine spleen supplemented groups was lower than control group and the lowest cost was in the group supplemented with 0.1 per cent bovine spleen. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that bovine spleen supplementation in low level of 0.1 per cent in standard diet is beneficial in broiler reanng.
Open Access
Effect of Sodium Sulphate supplementation in layer diet
(Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Vidhyadharan, P; KAU; Amritha, Viswanath
An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of sodium sulphate in White Leghorn layer diets devoid of animal protein sources. White Leghorn 'Ft strain pullets of 20 weeks of age were wing banded and randomly distributed to five different dietary treatment groups, each with eight replicates of four birds each. The dietary treatment consisted of control ration (T1) prepared using unsalted dried fish as animal protein source, all vegetable protein diet with the addition of 300 g DL-methionine (T2), all vegetable protein diet with the addition of anhydrous sodium sulphate at the levels of 200 g (T3), 300 g (T4) and 400 g (Ts) in every 100 kg of diet. All the rations were formulated as per BIS (1992) specification of nutrients for layer chicken. Soyabean cake, groundnut cake and gingelly oil cake were used as protein sources in vegetable protein diet. Body weight at 20 and 48 weeks of age, age at sexual maturity, egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg weight, livability and cost-benefit analysis were the major criteria considered for the evaluation. The data were recorded for seven, 28 day periods. There was significant difference in body weight at 48 weeks of age (Player ration (T1) and birds fed with 0.4 per cent sodium sulphate were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those birds fed with 0.3 per cent sodium supplemented diet. But body weight of birds fed with standard layer ration (T1) was comparable with body weight of birds fed with vegetable protein diet having 0.4 per cent sodium sulphate (Ts). Similar trend was followed in egg weight also, with significantly higher egg weight in treatment group fed with 0.4 per cent sodium sulphate (Ts). Egg weight of birds fed with standard layer ration (T1) was comparable with T, (Pand hen-housed egg production and feed efficiency were not affected by the supplementation of Sodium Sulphate. Feed intake showed significant (Ptreatments. The group fed with 0.3 per cent methionine (T2) had significantly lower feed intake in comparison with 0.2 per cent (T3) and 0.3 per cent sodium sulphate (T4) supplemented group. Feed intake of birds fed with control diet (T1) was statistically comparable with all treatment groups except those birds fed with vegetable protein diet with 0.4 per cent sodium sulphate (Ts). Mortality pattern showed no difference among the five dietary treatments tested. All vegetable protein ration prepared with the addition of either methionine or sodium sulphate had higher price when compared with standard layer ration. Based on this study it was surmised that sodium sulphate supplementation did not have any deleterious effect on production performance of White Leghorn layers. So methionine or sodium sulphate can be effectively utilized in formulation of all vegetable layer ration when scarcity of fish occurs.

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