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19993
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Subject: Animal Reproduction and Gynecology × End date: 1999 × Start date: 1999 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of bacterial load in chilled and frozen buck semen
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Liz Simon; KAU; Vijayakumaran, V
    With the object of assessing the 'bacterial load of buck semen during processing and preservation by freezing and chilling, a study was carried out at Artificial Insemination Centre, College of Veterinary And Animal Science, Mannuthy, Thrissur, using 72 ejaculates from six Malabari cross bred bucks. The average volume of semen from two pooled ejaculates was l.23 ± 0.03 millilitre. Semen samples with creamy colour, BB mass activity and DDDD density were only used for processing and preservation. The samples were diluted 10 fold in phosphate buffered .. saline before centrifuging twice and the pellet was reconstituted to the original volume with PBS. These were then split into two portions, one for chilling and other for freezing. The sample for chilling was diluted ten fold with Tris-citric acid- fructose egg yolk diluent and preserved under refrigerated conditions for 48 hours. The sample for freezing was diluted five fold in nonglycerolated fraction of Tris- citric acid-fructose-egg yolk-glycerol diluent, cooled to 50 centigrade, glycerolated, equilibrated for 4 hours, frozen in liquid nitrogen and preserved upto 30 days. The initial live sperm percentage was 94.69 ± 0.67 which dropped to 57.83 ± 0.90 after freezing and storage for 30 days. Similarly, the initial sperm motility of75.14 ± 1.42 after washing and reconstitution dropped significantly to 33.17 ± 1 . 14 during the same period. There was an increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities from 1.31 ± 0.67 to 7.42 ± 0.45 and that of acrosomal abnormalities from 0.70 ± 0.15 to 14.76 ± 0.77 during the same period. The bacterial load of neat semen was 1166.67 ± 348.64 organisms per millilitre which increased on washing and reconstitution to 3493.05 ± 734.90 organisms per millilitre. Further there was a significant increase on initial extension to 27272.22 ± 4012.70 organisms per millilitre. The declining trend started after glycerolisation with a reduction of bacterial load to '24466.67 ± 3682.40 organisms per millilitre. But on equilibration, reduction in the bacterial load was much more faster and significant and reduced to 2691.11' ± 664.81 organisms per millilitre. This further reduced significantly to 221.81 ± 129.77, 161.00 ± 19.94 and 162.78 ± 29.03 organisms per millilitre on storage at zero, 15 and 30 days of freeze preservation. With respect to preservation by chilling the live sperm percentage at zero, 24 and 48 hours were 88.24 ± 0.56, 80.82 ± 0.53 and 72.72 ± 1.70 respectively. The sperm motility also reduced from 73.47 ± 4.53 to 70.55 ± 0.17 and 62.50 ± 1.27 during the same period. There was a slight increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities from 2.97 ± 0.37 at zero hour to 3.68 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.48 respectively at 24 and 48 hours of preservation. The percentage of acrosomal abnormalities were 7.20 ± 0.58, 8.58 ± 0.60 and 9.31 ± 0.66 respectively at zero, 24 and 48 hours of preservation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Fertility management of early post- partum cows with gonadotrophin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2 alpha
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Jayakumar, C; KAU; Balakrishnan, P P
    With the object of evaluating the e f f i.ca cy of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) for induction of early postpartum oestrus and reduction of calving to conception interval, 30 crossbreds cows which had normal parturition, selected from Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazhamkunnu were allotted to three different treatment groups. Ten cows each in gro~p I, II and I I I were administered intramuscularly 5 ml Receptal, 5 ml Dinofertin and 5 ml Saline respectively on 14th day of calving. The time taken for regression of pregnancy corpus luteum averaged 14.5 ± 0.37, 14.9 ± 0.45 and 15.3 ± 0.87 days respectively in the three groups. Uterine involution was complete in 25.3 ± 0.47, 25.0 ± 0.77 and 34.6 ± 1.79 days respectively. Analysis of data revealed significant variation in the uterine involution between experimental and control groups. The interval from treatment to onset of oestrus was 18.1 ± 1.69, 19.5 ± 1.93 and ~0.7 ± 3.37 days respectively for the three groups and the interval from calving to first exhibited oestrus was 32.1 ± 1.69, 33.5 ± 1.93 and 46.11 ± 3.19 days respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant variation in the interval from calving to first oestrus and treatment to onset of oestrus between treatment and control groups. Percentage of cows that evinced oestrus within 45 d of calving were lOO, 90 and 50 respectively in the three groups. This variation between treatment and control groups was statistically significant. A higher proportion of cows from group I and 11 showed medium to high intensity of oestrum when compared to control. The ovulation rate in cows that exhibited oestrus upto 45 d of calving wa$ 90, 77.77 and 60 per cent respectively in group I, 11 and Ill. There was significantly higher progesterone level in the ovulated cows of the treatment groups than that of control. The interval from calving to first insemination in group I, 11 and III were 56 ± 1.99, 52 ± 1.24 and 65.77 ± 2.90 days respectively and the interval from calving to coneption were 69.77 ± 3.70, 75.87 ± 5.62 and 95.0 ± 6.04 days respectiyely. The variations in service period and calving to conception interval between treatment and control .groups was statistically significant. The first insemination conception and overall conception rate with three or more A.I. were 30 and 90 per cent for group I, 20 and 70 per cent for group 11 and 11.1 and 55.5 per cent for group Ill. The A.I. index was 1.7, 2.25 and 2.8 for the three groups respectively. Eventhough, there was no significant difference in the first insemination conception and A. I. index between the three groups, there was apparently better conception rate in the treatment groups with reduction in A.I. index. However, no '. significant variation in any of the reproductive parameters between the two treatment groups was noticed. The accuracy of prediction of pregnancy by progesterone assay on day 20 was only 70 per cent as against 100 per cent for non-pregnant animals. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by this method can be improved by a second assay on day 30, which will cover loss of pregnancy due to early embryonic death. It is concluded that GnRH er PGF2 alpha administered on the fourteenth day of calving will help early induction of oestrum and conception and is therefore cost-effective.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diagnosis of pregnancy in bitches by transabdominal palpation along with haematological studies
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Namsui, Thou; KAU; Athman, K V
    With the object of evolving a suitable and reliable method of early pregnancy diagnosis in bitch, a study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of transabdominal palpation and liaematological profile during various stages of pregnancy in bitches. Seventeen apparently normal healthy Alsatian and 7 Pomeranian bitches aged l5? to 6 years selected at random formed the material for the study. These bitches were subjected to abdominal palpation between 21 and 25, 30 and 35 and 45 and 50 days of mating. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total erythrocyte and leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, PCV, ESR and Hb concentration on the respective days. In addition, on the 45th and 50th day bitches were subjected to radiography. Body weights and diameter of the abdomen of bitches were recorded on all days of examination. Whelping of bitches confirmed pregnant were followed up for recording litter size, sex and weight of the pups. The data obtained were tabulated. Signs of physical and behavioural changes were not noticeable before 21 to 25 days of gestation but apparent at 30 to 35 days which continued upto 45 to 50 days. The mean body weights and diameter of the abdomen were significantly higher (P<0.01) in pregnant than in non-pregnant bitches. The earliest positive result obtained by palpation was 21 days after mating. Accuracy of palpation in Alsatian and Pomeranian bitches at 21 to 25 days was 66.7 per cent and 100 per cent respectively while at 30 to 35 days and 45 to 50 days it was 88.9 per cent and 100 per cent respectively. The mean total serum protein and globulin were higher in pregnant than that in non-pregnant bitches, however the mean serum albumin content did not differ. The mean erythrocyte count, PCV values and haemoglobin content were lower in pregnant when compared to that in non-pregnant bitches. The mean leucocyte count and ESR values in pregnant were higher than that in non-pregnant bitches. The percentage of neutrophil was slightly higher in non-pregnant than that in pregnant bitches, in contrast, the mean lymphocyte count was higher in pregnant than that in non-pregnant bitches. However, the mean monocyte and eosinophil count between pregnant and non-pregnant bitches did not differ. Radiographs obtained between 45 to 46 days after mating revealed faint fetal skeletal components in 4 bitches while 5 bitches when radiographed between 48 to 50 days showed a distinct fetal vertebrae and skull. The mean gestation length, body weights after whelping, litter size and birth weight of pups in Alsatian and Pomeranian were 62.43 days and 59.5 days, 28.929 ± 1.631 kgs and 9.25 ± 0.25 kgs, 4.429 ± 0.649 and 5 ± 1 and 523.871 ± 28.203 gms and 287 ± 7.311 gms respectively. To sum up', it could be said that diagnosis of pregnancy in bitches can be done by abdominal palpation and haematological studies after 4 weeks of mating. However, radiography can be recommended as an accurate method of pregnancy diagnosis in the last trimester. It, could, further be said that each method has its own advantages and limitation at various stages of gestation and hence informing these variables to the client is essential, until further studies with large number of animals in this line are undertaken.