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ThesisItem Open Access Impact of prominent KAU rice varities on the economic status of farmers in Kerala and Karnataka(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2016) Dhruthiraj, B S; KAU; Chitra ParayilThe present study entitled “Impact of prominent KAU rice varieties on the economic status of farmers in Kerala and Karnataka” was conducted with the objectives of working out the costs and returns of prominent rice varieties, Jyothi and Uma, released from KAU, to find out the relationship between varietal adoption and net farm income, to identify specific reasons for adoption of KAU varieties and to analyze profitability of the KAU varieties in the states of Kerala and Karnataka by comparing with with local non-KAU varieties cultivated by farmers. The survey was conducted by collecting both primary data and secondary data. The area of study were major rice growing districts of Kerala (Palakkad and Alappuzha) and Karnataka (Mysore and Mandya). These districts were selected on the basis of prominence in adoption of rice varieties released from KAU. The primary data were collected by means of pre-tested interview schedule. The farmers in the study area were categorized into two groups on the basis of variety grown as: KAU variety adopting farmers and local popular non KAU variety adopting farmers. Forty farmers each cultivating at least one acre and adopting KAU variety and 40 farmers cultivating a local popular non-KAU variety were randomly selected and surveyed in each state making a total sample size of 160. The cost-return structure was worked out both for KAU and non KAU variety production using cost concepts. The average cost of cultivation (Cost C2) of KAU varieties was found to be lesser in Palakkad (Rs.73,213 per hectare) compared to Karnataka (Rs.75,731 per hectare ) and Alappuzha (Rs. 81,915 per hectare) and in case of local non KAU varieties, the average cost of cultivation was Rs.83,981 per hectare, Rs.83,634 per hectare and Rs.94,526 per hectare in Karnataka, Palakkad and Alappuzha respectively. The net income obtained by cultivating KAU varieties was found to be higher in Palakkad (Rs.48, 143 per hectare), followed by Alappuzha (26,356 per hectare) and Karnataka (Rs.11, 746 per hectare. The benefit – cost ratio (BCR) at the C2 and explicit cost level was found to be positive for KAU varieties in both the states. This implies that cultivation of KAU varieties was profitable for farmers in both the states. Garrett ranking technique was used to determine the reasons for adoption of KAU varieties. The possible reasons for adoption of KAU varieties in Karnataka were identified as high market price, high yield potential, high tillering capacity and resistance to pests and diseases while in Kerala, Farmers highlighted high yield potential, high market price, high tillering capacity, suitability, to the location, consumption purpose, resistance to pests and diseases and short duration of the variety as major reasons for adoption. Probit model was used to find out the factors affecting adoption of KAU rice varieties. In Kerala, Organizational membership and gross income of the farmers while in Karnataka, education, organizational membership, area and gross income of the farmers were identified as the major factors affecting the adoption of KAU varieties. The average cost of cultivation (cost C2) for seed production of KAU varieties was found to be higher in Karnataka (Rs. 88,176 per hectare), compared to Kerala (Rs.86, 355 per hectare). The average gross income was found to be higher in Kerala (Rs.1, 56,223 per hectare) compared to Karnataka (Rs.1, 17,513 per hectare). The net income at cost C2 was found to be positive for both the states whereas the amount was found to be higher in Kerala was compared to Karnataka. The marketing channels identified Kerala were Channel 1: Farmer- Supplyco - Rice millers - Public distribution system (PDS) – Consumers, Channel 2: Farmer - Rice millers – Retailers- Consumers and Channel 3: Farmer- Middlemen- Rice milers - Retailers - Consumers. The marketing channels identified in Karnataka were Channel 1: Farmer – Rice milers- Kerala marketing channels identified in Karnataka were Channel 1: Farmer - Rice millers- Kerala rice market - Wholesaler/Local trader - Retailer -Consumer, Channel 2: Farmer - Local trader – Kerala rice market- Rice millers -Retailer - Consumer, Channel 3: Farmer - Kerala rice market - Wholesaler/Rice millers/Local agents – Retailers - Consumers, Channel 4: Farmer - APMC -middlemen -Kerala rice market - Wholesaler/Rice millers/Local agents - Retailers - Consumer. For both KAU and non KAU rice varieties, labour cost accounted for highest share in the cost A1 components in both the states; therefore, efforts have to be made for mechanizing paddy cultivation. Also initiatives have to be taken to attract the younger generation towards agriculture and more importantly paddy cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Groundwater irrigation: management, adaptation and economic costs under declining resource conditions(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Seenath Peedikakandi; KAU; Indira Devi, PGroundwater is the major source of domestic use and irrigation in Kerala, accounting for 39 per cent of net irrigated area. Irrigated agriculture in the state shows continuous increase over years. At the same time Kerala is reported as third among the states with highest depletion of groundwater. This situation poses challenges in agricultural production. The study ‘Groundwater irrigation: Management, adaptation and economic costs under declining resource conditions’ was undertaken, in this background. The objectives of the study were to analyse the extent of decline in groundwater resources and farmers’ understanding of the same, to analyse the extraction practices, management and economic efficiency of groundwater irrigation and coping (short term) and adaptation (long term) strategies towards management of groundwater decline and the economic cost of adaptation strategies. The study was conducted in Palakkad district of Kerala. Based on the stage of ground water development, three Block Panchayats viz., Chittur (over exploited), Malampuzha (critical) and Pattambi (semi-critical) were selected for the study. 50 Open Well (OW) irrigated and 50 Bore Well (BW) irrigated farms from each BP were randomly selected from the Grama Panchayats (GPs) where observational wells of the GWD (Ground Water Department- Kerala) are situated. Primary data was collected from the sample farms through field visits using pre-tested structured interview schedule and through direct observation. PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) was also conducted in each BP to draw the time line of changes in ground water status and social perceptions. Secondary data on monthly water levels of Groundwater Monitoring Wells (GMWs) maintained by GWD (Palakkad),rainfall data and published reports were used for the study. Statistical tools like descriptive analysis, regression and Stochastic Frontier Function were employed for analysis of the data. In most of the GMWs in the study area, the Water Level from Ground (WLG) has been declining over the years. The trend was more predominant during early summer (Dec.–Jan.) in Chittur and Malampuzha and in late summer in Pattambi BP. Regression analysis showed that WLG was significantly influenced by one year lagged rainfall in Chittur and current year rainfall in Malampuzha and Pattambi. The average well density was 205/km2 with highest in Pattambi. Density of defunct wells was highest (45/km2) and the average functional age of bore wells was lowest (7 years) in Chittur. The depth of well was highest in Chittur where bore well depth (136 mbgl- meters below ground level) was double than that of Pattambi. Coconut based cropping system was prevalent in most of the farms except in Malampuzha where paddy was the major crop. Flood, basin and sprinkler irrigations were found to be more common in Malampuzha and Pattambi BPs, while drip irrigation was prevalent in Chittur. Cost of irrigation in Chittur was about Rs. 29,000/ha/year which accounted for 37 per cent of cost of cultivation. Annual net return per ha. of farm was lowest (Rs. 17,640/-) in Chittur due to low cropping intensity. Stochastic Frontier Analysis indicated that mean economic efficiency was high (99.9%) in Chittur as most of the farms were functioning along the cost frontier. The variability among the farms in Chittur was low. Respondents opined that groundwater is declining over the years irrespective of the region. It has been so, for more than a decade in Chittur affecting socio-economic well-being of farmers. They attributed intensive extraction through bore wells and low rainfall as the major reasons for the decline. Farm level adaptations to water scarcity are classified under ‘supply management’ (methods that facilitated increase in quantity of water available for irrigation) and ‘demand management’ (methods that tried to use the water effectively through minimizing the use) strategies. The supply management strategies were mainly exploitative in nature which included digging new bore well (52-58%), improved draft technology with compressor pumps (58%), taking pits for water conservation (7%), coconut husk burial (12%), coconut leaf mulching (18%) and dependence on water markets (8%). Digging new bore well was the most common supply management strategy in Chittur which is highly capital intensive. The average cost amounted to Rs. 8,520/ha/year. Intensive extraction was done by excessive use of subsidized electricity. Adoption of drip irrigation (60%) was the most widely practiced demand management strategy which cost about Rs. 22,000/ha/year. Cropping pattern change from paddy and sugarcane to coconut was also observed. About 18 per cent of the land area in Chittur was kept fallow due to water scarcity. The study brings out results that suggest policy interventions in regulating bore well digging and revisiting the power subsidy system. In Chittur area, where the rainfall is scanty, extension of the Right Bank Canal of the Chittur River irrigation project is the most feasible solution. Taking up on-farm research trials in the area to suggest efficient farming systems and practices may also be done. Simultaneously water resource conservation strategies are to be popularized through awareness creation, capacity building programmes and subsidy support.ThesisItem Open Access Supply chain analysis of marine fish marketing system in Kerala(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Jeyanthi, P; KAU; Jesy Thomas, KFisheries is a major allied sector of agriculture contributing about 0.8 per cent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 5.15 per cent to agricultural GDP in India. Marine fisheries supports around 10 million people providing livelihood and employment directly or indirectly. Fish also provides more than one billion people living below the poverty line with most of their daily animal protein requirement globally. Kerala is a state known for its fish consumption which is more than four times the national average. However, the marine domestic fish marketing system faces several challenges in the process of distributing fish from the producer to the consumer. The study was conducted in Kerala state, which is the fourth largest fish producer in the country, and covered coastal and land locked (non-coastal) regions. The objectives of the study were to identify the supply chain of selected fish species, to assess the structure and performance of domestic fish markets, to examine the market integration and price transmission among the markets and to assess the consumer perception and suggest policy guidelines for improved fish marketing in Kerala. Two coastal districts viz., Ernakulam (E) and Kollam (K) and two land locked districts, Idukki (I) and Pathanamthitta (P) were selected and data was collected using simple random sampling from various marketing functionaries (producers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers). Since the species composition of marine fish landings is varied, the study focused on four high value (seer fish, shrimp, pomfret and tuna) and four low value but commonly consumed fish species (sardine, mackerel, anchovies, threadfin bream). Supply chain of the selected fish species was identified using the framework of Feller et al, 2006. Market performance of producers, wholesalers and retailers were assessed using Data Envelopment Analysis. The co-integration test was used to analyses the market integration of selected market pairs. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the attributes responsible for their fish purchasing behaviour. The constraints faced by the market functionaries were ranked using Rank Based Quotient. The generic supply chain of fish identified involved the auctioneer, wholesaler, retailers, secondary retailers, between the producer and the consumer. This is almost similar to the supply chain of other perishable like fruits, vegetables and flowers. The supply chain for sardine, tuna and thread fin bream also involved extra nodes in their supply chain due to industry specific demands like feed and other specialized products. The market structure of domestic fish markets was not efficient. The main reason being lack of infrastructure such as cold storage, well planned display and assemblage platforms, potable water and weighing balance. Market performance of producers was measured at the five landing centres in Ernakulam and Kollam and it was observed that only one market was efficient in each of the districts. It was revealed that the nature of inefficiency was due to scale rather than technology. In both Ernakulam and Kollam, only one wholesale market each was efficient and all other markets showed high technical efficiency i.e., above 0.80. In both wholesale and retail markets, the technical efficiency was relatively low in Idukki and Pathanamthitta with it being least in Idukki. It was revealed that the markets in the coastal regions showed relatively high technical efficiency than the land locked regions because of the higher volumes handled in the markets due to proximity with the landing centres, viz, the primary production centres, which is not so easily accessible to the land locked districts. Among wholesale markets, one market pair in Ernakulam, one in Idukki and one in Pathanamthitta showed co-integration and among retail one each in Ernkulam and Pathanamthitta showed co-integration. This indicates that in these markets there is a possibility of long run equilibrium in prices. The existence of low short run market integration (SRMI) at both wholesale as well as retail market levels was observed among the co-integrated market pairs. Consumer preference was for fresh fish in all the four districts studied in cleaned and cut form from retailers, wholesalers or wholesaler-cum-retailer. Sardine was the most preferred species in both coastal and landlocked regions of Kerala with more than 75 and 72 per cent of respondents, respectively, consuming it daily. The relative importance of attributes that consumer in Ernakulam and Kollam looked at while purchasing fish was fish species in fresh form and income. In Idukki and Pathanamthitta, availability and income were the relatively important attributes. Based on the pooled response of market functionaries in the selected districts the domination of middlemen was the major constraint for producers, wholesalers and retailers. Safety and quality of fish was the major constraint of consumers. The studies on efficiency of fish supply chain in line with the changing consumer preference are the future line of work towards sustainable fisheries development.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of rice milling industry in central Kerala(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Athira, B; KAU; Chitra ParayilRice milling is the oldest and the largest agro processing industry of the country. At present it has a turnover of more than Rs. 25,500/- crore per annum. It processes about 85 million tonnes of paddy per year and provides staple food grain and other valuable products required by over 60 per cent of the population. As demand for food grain increases with the growth of population, the need for efficient paddy processing units is felt in the country. Main challenges encountered by the rice processors are to find appropriate solutions for quality rice processing and meeting the demand of current population growth rate. This work provides the basic information about the economics of rice mills in Kerala, factors affecting the milling efficiency and also will study the stakeholder responses (farmers, traders, and millers) on the rice milling industry. The study was based on both Primary and secondary data. The primary was collected from stakeholders in milling industry in Palakkad and Ernakulam districts of Kerala. This includes millers, farmers and traders of Palakkad and Ernakulum districts. Data was collected from 40 mills (20 from each district), farmers and traders. The year 2016-17 is considered as the year of reference. Capital investment pattern of rice mills in Palakkad and Ernakulam districts were calculated and analysed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2017 investment on rice mills had increased from Rs. 30 lakh to 300 lakh. Capitallabour ratio of 40 rice mills were also calculated and showed an inverse relation between the ratio and capacity of rice mills. Low capital- labour ratio indicated a higher profitability and employment generation in rice mills. Response of the rice millers to the processing industry was analyzed. Millers purchase paddy from farmers in weekly, monthly seasonally and irregular time intervals. Major varieties preferred by the rice millers were Uma, Jaya, Jyothi and TK-9. They mainly procure the paddy varieties from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka farmers compared to the farmers in Palakkad and Alappuzha districts due to the low price. Milling, polishing, supply to the exporters, local trading and by product trading are the major processing activities in rice mills. Major buyers of rice from the rice mills were Traders, consumers, restaurants and public agencies with varying number. Efficiency analysis of rice mills was done using three tools such as percentage analysis, financial ratio and Data Envelopment Technique. Capacity utilization of rice mills were calculated using percentage analysis and found to be higher for large capacity rice mills followed by medium and small capacity rice mills. Financial ratios used were B:C ratio, Gross margin and Operating expense ratio and proved that all the rice mills in Palakkad and Ernakulam were running on a profitable basis. Data envelopment analysis showed the efficiency of rice mills with a mean technical efficiency of 0.95 in Palakkad and 0.96 in Ernakulam. Mean scale efficiency value of 0.91 and 0.93 was obtained from Palakkad and Ernakulam districts respectively. Peer count and input targets of both districts were also obtained from DEA analysis. Major constraints in the rice milling industry were identified using Garret ranking technique. Maintenance cost, labour shortage and irregularity in paddy supply were the main three hindrances to the smooth functioning of rice mills. With the increase in demand for processed rice in India and Kerala there is great need to improve the quality of rice and installed capacity of processingThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of production, marketing and prices of arecanut in Kasargod district of Kerala(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Janeesa, K P; KAU; Anil KuruvilaArecanut is an important plantation crop grown in India, mainly by the small and marginal farmers. India is one among the leading producers of arecanut with an area of 4.55 lakh hectares and a production of 7.25 lakh tonnes in 2016-17. The study entitled “Economic analysis of production, marketing and prices of arecanut in Kasaragod district of Kerala” was conducted with the objectives of analysing the time series properties and formation of prices, estimating the economics and efficiency of arecanut production, identifying the marketing channels and the price spread in different channels and finding out the major constraints in production and marketing of arecanut in Kasaragod district of Kerala. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in Kasaragod district, which has the largest area under arecanut cultivation in Kerala. Primary data was collected from 100 farmers, randomly selected from two blocks in the district. The data was also collected from 20 market intermediaries including wholesalers, retailers and Central Arecanut Marketing and Processing Co-operative Society (CAMPCO). Trend analysis revealed that area, production and productivity of arecanut in India exhibited increasing trend during the period from 1980-81 to 2015-16. Time series data on area, production and productivity of arecanut in Kerala over the years from 1980-81 to 2015-16 showed an increasing trend with regular ups and downs. Export and import of arecanut have also shown an increasing trend, both in quantity and value terms. The price behavior of ripe and dry arecanut in major markets of Kerala viz., Nedumangad, Telicherry, Kanhangad and Kozhikode were analyzed by decomposing the monthly prices into four components viz., trend, seasonal, cyclical and irregular variations, assuming a multiplicative model of time series. The prices of arecanut showed increasing trend in these markets. While analysing the seasonal variation, it was noticed that arecanut prices showed considerable seasonality. The increasing phase for ripe arecanut prices was observed from March to May, while for dry arecanut, the highest price was observed during April, May and November in Nedumangad, Calicut and Kanhangad markets respectively. Co-integration analysis of arecanut prices in the above markets revealed that the markets were cointegrated. Since arecanut is a perennial crop, its yielding phase was assumed to be 50 years, with a non-bearing phase of five years. The costs and returns were estimated by accounting the establishment and maintenance costs separately. The establishment cost was found to be ₹3,43,386 per hectare and the annual maintenance costs were ₹ 2,13,075, ₹ 2,06,925 and ₹1,58,608 per hectare in yield increasing, yield stabilising and yield declining phases respectively. The cost of cultivation per hectare of the crop was estimated as ₹ 2.67 lakh, while the net return was ₹ 1.30 lakh. It was found that human labour contributed 75 per cent of the total cost of cultivation. The average cost of production in the yielding phase was estimated as ₹ 150 per kg. To evaluate the resource use efficiency in arecanut cultivation, Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted. Plant protection chemicals and human labour were found to be significantly contributing towards the yield. The elastic coefficient for women labour charges was -0.13 indicating that the increase in expenditure on labour by one percent from the mean level. Moreover, a decreasing returns to scale in arecanut production was observed in the study area. The most common marketing channel identified in the study area was channel I (Producer- village trader- wholesaler- retailer- consumers). Even though marketing efficiency was highest in channel III (Producer- CAMPCO- retailers - consumers), farmers preferred channel I over channel III because of the immediate payment. Marketing costs were found to be ₹ 33.9, ₹ 29.44 and ₹ 28.44 per kg in channel I, II and channel III respectively. The highest price spread of ₹ 58.9 per kg was estimated in channel I, while it was lowest (44.94 per kg) in Channel III. Various constraints in production and marketing of arecanut were identified and ranked using Garret’s ranking technique. Among the various constraints faced by farmers in production, scarcity of skilled labour for harvesting and spraying, water scarcity, occurrence of pests and diseases were the major ones. Price fluctuation was the foremost constraint faced in marketing of arecanut. In order to tackle these constraints, mechanization of operations, value addition through product diversification, promoting the use of warehousing facilities and warehouse receipts as negotiable instruments for getting credit and strengthening market intelligence were recommended for ensuring better and stable prices for farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment and management of risk at farmer's level in rice and banana cultivation(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Anjana Vijayan; KAU; Indira Devi, PAgriculture and allied sectors provide livelihood to nearly 40 per cent of the rural population in the state. But, the household income from agriculture is very low and is reported to be fluctuating. The study entitled “Assessment and management of risk at farmer’s level in rice and banana cultivation” was conducted with the objectives of analyzing the spatial and temporal dimensions of risk in agricultural income realization in Kerala and studying the economic cost of risk management strategies adopted by the farmers and the factors influencing it. The study was conducted based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from rice and banana farmers in Thrissur district following Multistage Random Sampling method. Puzhakkal and Anthikkad were the two selected BPs under paddy and Kodakara and Chalakudy were the two selected BPs under banana. Ten farmers each were randomly selected from two GPs of each BP making a total sample size of 80 (40 each rice and banana farmers).The secondary data on agricultural income in Kerala was gathered for a period of 15 years (1999-00 to 2015-16) and was analyzed to assess the instability. Agricultural income was 9.94 per cent of the GDP of the state (2015-16) and it showed an increasing trend at current prices recording a growth rate of 10.6 per cent (1999-00 to 2015-16). However the real income showed declining trend recording a negative growth rate of 0.82 reflecting the welfare loss to farm households. The agricultural income being a function of prices and output, an attempt to analyse the price trend of agricultural commodities was made by looking at the index of prices received and price paid by the farmers. The prices paid by them were at a higher level than price received and the gap was observed to be getting widened though they were both showing an increasing trend. The index of agricultural production of prominent crops of Kerala including food crops and non-food crops (1999-00 to 2015-16) halved from 107.85 (1999-00) to 49.30 over these years, highlighting the severe set-back in agricultural production. To quantify the changes in agricultural income during the period, and to understand the performance of districts, the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) was estimated at the state level and district level. The growth rate of the state income was estimated as 10.6 per cent at current prices and -0.8 per cent at constant prices during the year 1999-00 to 2015-16. The growth rate in current prices was obviously high due to the price factors and its inflationary trends. All the districts in Kerala showed positive growth in agricultural income at current prices but it recorded a negative growth at constant prices except in the case of a few districts. Highest positive growth rate was observed in Palakkad (12.6 per cent) followed by Idukki (11.7 per cent) and Kasargod (11.6 per cent). At constant prices, majority of the districts showed negative growth rate except Palakkad, Kasargod and Kottayam, in that order. The level of agricultural risk was measured through the estimation of instability index which was found to be 0.086 at current prices and 0.067 at constant prices. Alappuzha (0.225), Wayanad (0.210) and Kasargod (0.288) were the high risk districts and Thiruvanathapuram (0.068) and Ernakulam (0.082) were in the low risk ones. Palakkad, Idukki and Kottayam are the agriculturally most important districts in terms of contribution to state agricultural income (2015-16) while Idukki, Kottayam and Malappuram in that order were the ones that showed consistent high share over a span of 15 years. Sample based field studies showed that rice farmers are facing a number of constraints, viz., production, finance, marketing and institutional factors. The production ranged from 5719kg/ha to 4181kg/ha and price Rs.22.50 to Rs.7/kg. Most of them depended on institutional sources of credit. Institutional risk on account of delayed procurement/payment of produce and the problems associated with DBT system were also highlighted. Statistical analysis identified expenditure on machines and fertilizers and age of the farmer as favouring the production while higher expenditure on fertilizers and plant protection chemicals increased the risk. Higher levels of labour involvement and larger holdings are found to be less risky. Generally, aged and experienced farmers were found to be opting for crop insurance protection. More cultivated area also influenced rice farmer’s decision to subscribe to crop insurance On analyzing the risk in banana cultivation, the production ranged between 22330kg/ha to 14342kg/ha and price Rs.50/kg to Rs.15/kg. Majority of the respondents depended on borrowed capital source from institutional agencies. Statistical analysis identified size of land holding, human labour involvement and expenditure on manures as the factors that favoured banana production while higher human labour involvement and better education of the farmer reduced the risk. Education, years of experience and land holding size are the factors that influenced the banana farmers decision to adopt crop insurance as a risk management tool. The findings highlight the need for a microlevel analytical study to identify the reasons for unstable income in the agriculturally important regions of the state. There should be special risk management tools designed for the risky regions. The constraints with respect to payment for the procured produce and the subsidy delivery needs to focused and efforts to address the same needs to be initiated. The study underlines the need for regulating the use of chemical inputs as it increases the risk, though adds to the rice output. The production and price risk factors in banana cultivation are to be properly addressed through the activities of institutions like VFPCK. There is a need for sensitizing the young farmers on crop insurance.ThesisItem Open Access Performance analysis of kisan credit card scheme in Thiruvananthapuram district(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Kshama, A V; KAU; Santha, A MThe research entitled ‘Performance analysis of Kisan Credit Card in Thiruvananathapuram district’ was conducted with the objectives of examining the progress and performance of Kisan Credit Card at macro and micro level and to identify the constraints faced by beneficiaries. The secondary data were collected regarding the number of cards issued and the amount sanctioned at all India level and Kerala state level from various government institutions and banking publications for a period of 10 years. Primary data were collected from Parassala panchayat of Neyyattinkara taluk. The information was collected from 30 KCC beneficiaries and 30 non-beneficiaries randomly selected from the major commercial and co-operative banks of the locality. Thus the total sample size was 60. For the number of cards issued, Kerala recorded a lower Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) than all India which was 3.03 and 13.74 per cent per annum respectively. Whereas for the amount sanctioned the performance of Kerala state was better (22 per cent per annum) compared to all India (18 per cent per annum). The amount per card sanctioned by the banking sector showed a growth rate at of 19 per cent and 4 per cent per annum for Kerala and India state respectively which indicates a tendency of credit deepening in Kerala rather than credit widening. Binary logit regression was done to know the socio economic variables influencing the respondents of the scheme. Analysis showed that cropping pattern and eductaion of the respondents were found to have positive influence indicating, a respondent who is following a particular cropping pattern is 1.3 times more likely to join KCC when compared to the once who are not following any cropping pattern. Similarly in case of education, education the odds ratio was found to be 1.61 indicating that as the education level of the respondents increases then they are 1.61 times more likely to join the scheme rather than the respondents who have not done any formal schooling. The total cost of cultivation was estimated using ABC Cost concept, considering both fixed and variable costs. The most profitable crop was banana, followed by yard long bean, cucumber, tapioca and amaranthus and the B:C ratios were 1.10, 1.06, 1.03, 1.03 and 1.02 respectively at Cost C. From the results of regression analysis it was evident that the coefficient of determination had values ranging from 0.68-0.80 indicating 68-80 per cent of the variation in the gross returns was due to the independent variables under consideration. It was found that 50 per cent of the respondents joined the scheme during 2009-13 and 40 per cent joined during 2006-09. About 50 per cent of respondents obtained information from Krishi Bhavan followed by 33 per cent from banks as a source and 13 per cent from Horticorp. The average amount applied for the loan was ₹60,666.66 and it was more in case of beneficiaries of SBI (₹69,333) than co-operative bank (₹52,000). The average number of renewal of the accounts was found to be 5.73 times. While considering repayment, 73 and 86 per cent of the beneficiaries of SBI and Co-operatives respectively were able to repay the loan amount completely. The average amount of loan sanctioned was more for beneficiaries of SBI but the repayment was better for the loanees of co-operative bank. Scale of finance was compared with Cost A2 and Cost C for the various crops. Invariably for all crops the credit was adequate while considering paid out costs (Cost A2). At Cost C, credit was found adequate for all crops except tapioca. The total cost of credit was found to be higher for beneficiaries of Co-operative bank (7.4 per cent) compared to beneficiaries of SBI (7.2 per cent). It was evident from the ordinary least square estimates that cost of cultivation and loan requirement for non-farming operations were influencing the credit requirement of the respondents positively. The major constraints as perceived by the beneficiaries were with respect to procedural formalities which include time delay and formalities for obtaining the land records from village office and multiple visits to the bank for the sanction. Moreover the credit limit under the scheme was not considering the consumption needs and also respondents found difficulty in annual renewal of the KCC account. The amount per card issued in Kerala state was low when compared to all India level eventhough the growth rate was more which warrants for expansion of credit for agricultural development. The beneficiaries of KCC were able to purchase better quantity and quality of inputs thereby leading to higher profitability from various crops. The inputs were found to be over utilized, which shows that the respondents can increase their income by rational use of inputs. In the opinion of respondents, the consumption needs are more prominent than production credit and if family size is considered as criteria for fixing consumption credit limit the KCC scheme would be more attractive. The linking of KCC with storage and warehousing facility and marketing agencies would avoid indebtedness of farming community.ThesisItem Open Access Economic impact of subicsha on SHG members of Kozhikode district(Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Abhinav, M C; KAU; Paul Lazarus, TThe research entitled "Economic impact of SUBICSHA on SHG members of Kozhikode district" was conducted in Perambra block of Kozhikode district. SUBICSHA means Special project for Sustainable Business Development of Innovative Coconut Based Micro-Enterprises for Holistic Growth and Poverty Alleviation. The objective of the study was to analyze the economics and marketing of major coconut products produced by SUBICSHA, to assess the economic impact of SUBICSHA on SHG members and to study the constraints faced by SUBICSHA and SHG members. Both primary and secondary data were used for the analysis of this study. Secondary data regarding SUBICSHA were collected from the SUBICSHA headquarters located at Nochad in Kozhikode district. Data on production and price of coconut based products and data on capital investment, fund distribution, machinery and details of cost incurred in the production and establishment of the firm were collected for the period 2003-2017. Primary data were collected from 120 SHG members associated with SUBICSHA. The respondents were classified into Group I (SHG generating more than 4 lakh per annum), Group II (SHG generating 2- 4 lakh per annum) and Group III (SHG generating less than 2 lakh per annum). Financial analysis were done to understand the profitability of four major products by SUBICSHA viz; 1) coconut oil 2) virgin coconut oil 3) chutney powder 4) sandal soap. Marketing channels of SUBICSHA were identified and cost of production of four major products was computed. Percentage analysis and paired ttest were done to identify the economic impact of SUBICSHA on SHG members. Garret's ranking technique was used to rank the constraints faced by SHG members associated with SUBICSHA and constraints faced by SUBICSHA were listed out. Compound annual growth rate was calculated for the quantity produced and average unit prices over the years (2003-17) to know the growth trend. Among the 59 products developed by SUBICSHA, 25 products were exclusively from coconut. All the products analyzed were found to have positive growth trend for price and quantity produced over the years. Among 4 major products virgin coconut oil showed the maximum growth of 5.04 per cent per annum for quantity produced. The annual turnover of SUBICSHA from all the products produced in 2016-17 was 5.47 Cr. Out of this 83.4 ( 4,56,40,496) and 8.57 ( 47,07,576) per cent were contributed respectively by coconut products and by products. In the year 2016-2017 SUBICHA producer company received an annual net profit of 8,51,035. SUBICSHA was initiated with the supporting and revolving fund from Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) of GOI, 1999. SGSY scheme endured 66.5 per cent of the total establishment and developmental cost of the project. The cost incurred for the production of 1 kg of coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, chutney powder and sandal soap were 202.72, 303, 167 and 264 respectively. Firm sells coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, chutney powder and sandal soap with an average price of 220, 560, 245 and 270 per kg. The net returns obtained from four major products of SUBICSHA per year was 15,10,850 with a B-C ratio of 1.02. From financial analysis, it was found that the net present value of coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, chutney powder and sandal soap were 85,25,413, 9,64,523, 1,21,009 and 2,81,754 respectively and benefit cost ratios of these products were respectively 1.50, 1.10, 1.24 and 1.12. The estimated internal rate of return of coconut oil, virgin coconut oil, chutney powder and sandal soap were 44.70, 16.61, 26.27 and 20.39 per cent respectively. SUBICSHA had only two channels for marketing all its products. More than 90 per cent of the SUBICSHA products were sold through SUBICSHA outlets itself. Less than 10 per cent of the quantity sold through other retailer shops. SUBICSHA had a high marketing efficiency due to its direct selling pattern in the market. Economic impact of SUBICSHA on SHG members was analysed based on before and after status using paired t-test. It was found that the income levels, overall expenditure pattern, saving habit, borrowing power and asset creation of SHG members were significantly improved after joining SUBICSHA. Garrett ranking technique was used to rank the major constraints faced by the SHG members associated with SUBICSHA. In constraints related to participation in SHGs, weak financial status of the SHGs was the prominent constraint faced by Group I and III while lack of stability and unity among members were ranked as first constraint by Group II. In constraints related to participation in SUBICSHA, inadequate technical training was ranked as first by Group I (high income generating SHGs) members while wage problem was ranked first by Group II (middle income generating SHGs) and Group III(low income generating SHGs) members. Regarding socio economic constraints, benefit sharing problem was given as first rank by Group I member while low returns was given as first rank by Group II and Group III members. Among the constraints faced by SUBICSHA, coordination of more than 522 SHG groups, inefficient handling of the technology, unavailability of raw material (coconut) were the prominent constraints in formation, developmental and nurturing stages respectively. Summing up, it can be concluded that SUBICSHA as a women empowerment and poverty alleviation programme was successfully implemented in Kozhikode district and SUBICSHA had significant economic impact on SHG members associated with it. Hence such initiatives may be replicated and promoted in the other districts of Kerala.ThesisItem Open Access Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district(Department of Agricultural Economics, Vellayani, 2017) Salma Muslim; KAU; Santha, A MThe research entitled ‘Economic assessment of the use of microbial inoculants in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Idukki district. The objectives of the study were to quantify the extent of use of microbial inoculants (MI) used in black pepper, assess the economics of microbial inoculants (MI) application and identify the constraints of microbial inoculants adoption in pepper cultivation. At the first stage two blocks namely Kattappana and Nedumkandam were selected purposively and Irattayar and Nedumkandam panchayat were selected respectively from the 2 development blocks. The required information was collected from 30 MI using farmers and 30 non-MI farmers of black pepper by simple random sampling from the two panchayats. Thus the total sample size was 60. Percentage analysis was done to analyze socio economic variables and extent of adoption of MI. Cost ABC concept was used to calculate the cost of cultivation of MI using farmers and non-MI farmers separately. Resource use efficiency was calculated using Cobb Douglas production function and constraints were ranked by Garret’s ranking technique. Black pepper occupied about 45 per cent of cropped area and 30 per cent area occupied by cardamom. Plantation crops like cocoa, coffee, spices like nutmeg clove, vanilla and annuals like banana and vegetables were also cultivated in this area. Major varieties of black pepper cultivated were Panniyur I, Panniyur 4, local varieties like Karimunda, Neelamundi, Vellamundi, Kottanadan, Kuthiravaly, Kalluvallyand major standards for trailing pepper were Murukku, Silver Oak and Kilinjil. Average size of land holding was 1.85 ha for MI using farmers and 2.10 ha for non-MI farmers. Seventy three per cent of MI using farmers and 56 per cent of non-MI farmers had holdings ranging from 0.4-1.2 ha under pepper. Forty percent of high income farmers were following non-MI pepper farming. Analysis of extent of use of microbial inoculants revealed that only 33 per cent were following the recommended rate of MI whereas 46.6 per cent of farmers used in excess.Total cost of cultivation of black pepper per hectare was more for non-MI farmers when compared to MI using farmers. Cost A1 of MI adopted farmers was Rs. 133797.24 ha-1 and that for non-MI was Rs. 155720.64 ha-1. Cost C was calculated as Rs. 295050.13 ha-1 and Rs. 439399.87 ha-1 for MI using famers and non-MI respectively. Major share of cost A1 was contributed by cost of hired labourfor both categories followed by cost of manures, fertilizers and soil ameliorants. Yield of black pepper did not show much difference, but the farmers using MI were mostly following organic farming, fetches a higher price of Rs.700 per kg against the price ofRs.680 per kg for the non-MI famers. Net returns at cost C for MI using farmers was Rs. 135749.75 which was higher than that of non-MI farmers. BC ratios were 1.8 and 1.23 for MI adopters and non-MI farmers respectively at cost C. The Cobb Douglas production function analysis showed that number of bearing pepper vines had a positive and significant impact on yield in both the cases. In case of MI using farmers along with number of bearing vines, quantity of manures had positive and significant impact on yield. Quantity of MI showed positive coefficient but was non-significant. For the non-MI pepper farmers, number of hired labour and quantity of manures showed positive and significant impact in addition to number of bearing pepper vines. Difficulty in proper identification of pests and diseases in the study area, less availability of microbial inoculants other than Pseudomonas and Trichoderma, Lack of knowledge about recommended method, dose and time of application of MI and climate change were the major constraints observed. Present research revealed that by using MI, farmers could reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides; thereby they could reduce the cost of cultivation and increase profitability. Excess adoption of MI was prominent among the users and proper guidance is required to the farmers on the application of recommended dose of microbial inoculants along with adequate availability of all microbial inoculants.
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