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2010 - 20152
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Subject: Agricultural Business Management × Author: KAU × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Indebtedness of farmers in mullankolly panchayath of Wayanad district
    (Department of Rural Banking and Finance managementCollege of Co-operation,Banking &Management, Vellanikkara, 2010) Nataraja Subramanian, S; KAU; Padmini, E.V.K
    The study entitled “Indebtedness of Farmers in Mullankolly Panchayat of Wayanad District” was conducted with the following objectives: (1).To assess the extent and magnitude of indebtedness of farmers in Mullankolly Panchayat of Wayanad district. (2).To identify the reasons for the indebtedness of the farmers. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data was collected from 90 farmers of Mullankolly Panchayat through conducting a survey by administering a pre-structured schedule. Farmers were classified into small, medium and large. The list of farmers was collected from three banks (i.e. Canara Bank, Co-operative Bank and North Malabara Gramin Bank) of the Panchayat. The sample size included 90 respondents i.e., 30 borrowers from each bank at random, of which 20 were defaulters and five were non-defaulters or prompt payers. Twenty officials (including secretaries and BoDs) from each bank were also interviewed to collect information on the effectiveness of the loan recovery system of the banks. Secondary data on selected performance indicators of the banks which were collected from books and accounts and annual reports of the above three banks were also used for the study. Statistical tools like Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR), simple averages, percentages, simple growth rate, chi-square test, efficiency index, priority index and bi-variate tables were used for the analysis. The analysis of the overdue amount of the selected banks revealed that during the reference period, Co-operative Bank of Mullankolly Panchayat (Co.BMP) had the highest amount of overdues. Profits of all banks eroded due to provisioning for accumulated overdues. Ca.BMP has shown the best performance in terms of lower overdues and higher profits when compared to the other banks. There has been an increase in the demand for agricultural loans as well as non-agricultural loans in all the banks, especially the scheme loans and non-farm loans respectively. Along with the increase in demand, the contribution of the overdues of non-agricultural loans to the overdues was also increasing tremendously in the case of Co.BMP and NMGBMP, whereas the contribution of the overdues of agricultural loans to the overdues was in creasing tremendously in the case of Ca.BMP. The overdues above four years were growing tremendously over the years for Co.BMP and NMGBMP whereas Ca.BMP has the highest amount of overdues in the age group of indebtedness of 1 to 2 years. The study found that in non defaulters’ case majority of the borrowers belong to monthly income group of more than Rs.10000 category (56.7%). In low, medium and high defaulters case, majority of the farmers belong to income group of below Rs.5000 i.e. 50 percent, 57.1 percent and 60 percent respectively. This may be due to the reason that majority of the farmer defaulters belong to farming community. Their major source of income is agriculture and agriculture has become a loss making proposition in the area year by year because of the price fluctuations in the market for their produce. The reasons for growing volume of indebtedness were multifarious in nature. The defaulters were of the view that inadequate income, fixation of unrealistic dues, lack of access to consumption loans, diversion of income, misutilisation of loans, ill health of borrowers and family members, faith in loan waiver policy and defective loan policies resulted in non-repayment of the loan amount. Since the loan repayment mechanism of these banks were not linked to the salary deduction scheme, it led to greater chances of willful default. Those borrowers who received adequate income had a tendency for conspicuous consumption which added to the magnitude of willful default. Misutilisation of loan amount was least in Ca.BMP, which indicates the presence of effective supervision and monitoring mechanism in the bank. From the inter-bank comparison on the effectiveness of the present loan recovery management system, it was found that Ca.BMP showed an outstanding performance in this regard, whereas NMGBMP revealed to be the least efficient bank. According to the officials and employees of three banks, the reasons for poor recovery included poor member relations, lack of modern management techniques and absence of Management Information System, lack of staff training programme, lack of infrastructural facilities, inadequate quality of work environment and ineffective legal machinery for recovering dues from the borrowers. As a remedial measure to minimise overdues, legal machinery has to be made effective and legal action should be imposed on defaulters promptly. The suggestion shows that the analysing credit worthiness of the borrowers is the important thing from bankers’ point of view. They were of the opinion that coercive action against willful defaulters would be an essential element for a better recovery system. Formation of special recovery cell has also been emphasised. Identification of the beneficiaries by the bank field level functionaries, incentives for prompt repayment, formation of special recovery cell using the existing staff and Board of Directors are the other suggestions suggested by the three bank officials. The banks must therefore perceive that prolonged existence of this disease is not beneficial to the organisation and a strong mechanism to check this menace has to be created.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Rapid multiplication of kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.) through minisett technique and nursery management
    (College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Aswathy, T S; KAU; Jessykutty, P C
    The study entitled “Rapid multiplication of kasthuri turmeric (Curcuma aromatica Salisb.) through minisett technique and nursery management” was carried out with an objective to standardize minisett method of macro propagation and nursery techniques for rapid mass multiplication of kasthuri turmeric. The investigation was taken up as different experiments to find out the best pre-sprouting treatment for the minisetts, best media for the pro-tray seedlings and finally the optimum age at transplanting of these seedlings and their field evaluation. In the 1st experiment, rhizome bits with two node (S1 - approximate weight 5g) and three node (S2- approximate weight 7g) was prepared and it was subjected to different pretreatments with chemicals/growth regulators such as Benzyl adenine (BA – 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm for 24 hrs. ), Ethrel (125 ppm for 30 mts and 250 ppm for 15 mts) , Potassium nitrate( KNO3 - 0.2 % for 30 mts) and Urea (5g L-1 for 30 mts) with an absolute control (no pre-soaking treatment) to find out the best sprouting treatment. It was observed that better sprouting (72.50 %) was noticed in 3 node rhizome bits than in 2 node bits (64.13 %). Among the pre-treatments, soaking rhizome bits in benzyl adenine 100 ppm for 24 hrs. recorded the highest sprouting (95.60 %). The pre-treatment using 0.2% KNO3 (45.80 %) gave the lowest sprouting which was on par with control (54.00 %) In the 2nd experiment, the best media combinations for pro-tray seedlings as well as the optimum age at transplanting were assessed. The results revealed that out of the three nursery mixture combinations, growth parameters such as rooting percent, plant height, number of leaves, number of roots, and root length were significantly superior in M2 (Vermicompost + Coirpith + Trichoderma) compared to M1(Cowdung + Coirpith + Trichoderma) media. In M3 (Coirpith + Neemcake + Trichoderma) decaying of the sprouted bits were noticed. To find out the optimum age at transplanting ,the field experiment was laid out in split plot design with 3 different sowing dates (D1 -30th, D2 -45th and D3 -60th DAS) of both 2 node (S1) and three node (S2) seedlings from M1 and M2 media combination (S1M1, S1M2. S2M1 and S2M2 ) with five replication. Plants raised by conventional method i.e., planting of rhizome with 15 g size was the control. The results revealed that minisett seedlings established better in the field and their morphological characters, physiological parameters and ultimately yield were higher than that of conventional method of rhizome planting. The seedlings of 3 node rhizome bits planted in M2 (Vermicompost + Coir pith + Trichoderma) media transplanted 60 DAS (s2m2d3) recorded significantly superior performance with regard to plant height, number of leaves, number and length of roots, physiological parameters viz., Net assimilation rate, Crop growth rate, Leaf area index and biochemical characters such as oleoresin and non-volatile ether extract content than seedlings transplanted 30 DAS. Regarding fresh rhizome yield, 3 node rhizome bits planted in M2 (Vermicompost + Coir pith + Trichoderma) media transplanted 60 DAS (s2m2d3) recorded the highest value (15.98 t ha -1) which was higher than control (15.33 t ha -1). In the cost benefit analysis, 3 node rhizome bits planted in M2 (Vermicompost + Coir pith + Trichoderma) media transplanted 60 (d3s2m2) (3.29) and 45 (d2s2m2) (3.23) DAS recorded higher B:C ratio compared to control (2.98). Findings from the present study reveal that pre-sprouting treatments with benzyl adenine 100 ppm enhances sprouting of two node and three node rhizome bits of kasthuri turmeric thereby reducing the quantity of the costly seed rhizome. Thus raising of pro-tray seedlings using three node bits in vermicompost and Trichoderma enriched coir pith mixture has good potential for obtaining sturdy, uniform and healthy seedlings. Maintaining such seedlings in the nursery for a period of not less than 30 days and transplanting such seedlings at 45-60 DAS in the main field ultimately leads to higher yield and 50% saving of seed material.