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ThesisItem Open Access SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT BY PHACOEMULSIFICATION AND INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION IN DOGS 2936(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) HARSHITH B. H.; S. H. TALEKARThe present clinical study was conducted on 12 dogs suffering from cataract presented to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the study period. The present clinical work was carried out to study management of cataracts by phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs. Cataracts are the most common cause of treatable visual deficits and blindness in dogs. Phacoemulsification has become an art of surgical procedure for the management of cataract surgery. Out of the 12 dogs, 6 were implanted with acrylic, the foldable intra ocular lens of power +41 D followed by phacoemulsification and another 6 cases were left aphakic after phacoemulsification. Out of 12 selected cases, a higher incidence of cataract was observed in Spitz (42 %) followed by German shepherds (25 %), Mongrels (17 %), and Labrador retriever (8 %) and Cocker spaniel (8 %). Incidence of cataract was found equal in both males (50 %) and females (50 %). High incidence cataract was seen age group > 7 years in eight cases (67 %), 1 - 7 years three cases (25 %), and less than one case (8 %) out of 12 dogs. On the basis of maturation of cataract, four cases of immature (33 %), five cases of mature (42 %) and three cases of hypermature (25 %) cataracts were observed, and senility was found as the major cause of cataract (75 %). Prior to the surgery, all dogs were subjected to detailed ophthalmic examination and routine clinical, hematological and serum biochemical analysis and found parameters were in the normal range indicating animals were tolerable to anesthetic and surgical stress. Intra-operative complications observed in 8 out of 12 cases in which three cases showed prolonged phaco-time due to the hard nucleus, two cases showed intra operative miosis, one case showed hemorrhage from the iris, one case miosis along with hemorrhages from iris, one case showed thermal injury by phaco-hand piece and one case showed idiopathic chemosis. A post-operative evaluation was done on day 15 and day 30. On the day 15, transient corneal edema observed in four cases, corneal opacity in two cases and each one case of transient corneal edema along with ecchymosis of bulbar conjunctiva and lens dislocation with corneal edema observed. Tear production and random blood glucose were within the normal range but intra-ocular pressure decreased in five cases indicating uveitis, whereas no corneal ulcerations were seen in any of the cases. On day 30, lens dislocation was seen in one case and persistent corneal opacity in one case in Group- I (Phacoemulsification & IOL implantation), while residual lens material and posterior capsular opacification observed in Group- II (Phacoemulsification & Aphakia). In all the 12 cases, intra-ocular pressure and random blood glucose were found within normal range and no cases of uveitis or glaucoma were encountered. On day 30, surgical outcome was observed good in three cases (50 %), fair in one case (17 %) and failure in one case (33 %) out of six cases in Group- I and while in group- II, surgical outcome was observed good in three case (50 %), fair in two case (33 %) and failure in one case (17 %) out of six cases. Visual outcome was observed good in three cases (50 %), fair in one case (17 %) and failure in two cases (33 %) out of six cases in Group- I and while in group- II visual outcome was observed fair in five cases (83 %) and failure in one case (17 %) out of six cases. There was no significant difference found in intra-ocular pressure, Schirmer’s tear test and random blood glucose within the group on day 0, day 15 and day 30 and between the groups on the same day.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDIES ON MINIMALLY INVASIVE PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS AND OPEN PLATING TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR OF LONG BONE FRACTURE IN DOGS 2925(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) MARVANIA NIRALI TULSIBHAI; P. H. TANKThe aim of this study was to compare open plating and minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for repair to long bone fracture in dogs. The present clinical study was undertaken in twelve dogs having radius-ulna or tibia-fibula fracture. Four cases of radius-ulna fractures and eight cases of tibia-fibula fractures were equally divided into two groups (Group I- Open plating and Group II- MIPO) depending upon merits of the cases. Both the groups included cases with three transverse, two oblique and a comminuted fractures. Pre and post-operative assessment of animals were done on the basis of critical clinical examination and radiographic evaluation. Blood samples were collected from animals prior to surgery and post-operatively for hemato biochemical analysis. Standard medications, anesthetic protocols and surgical procedures were followed to minimize animal sufferings. The hematological parameters were found within the normal range before and after the surgery probably due to supportive therapy and absence of post-operative infection. A non-significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine kinase and alkaline phosphatase between the groups suggested similar tissue damage and healing in open plating and MIPO technique. Intra-operative evaluation of reduction and alignment of fracture fragments and proper positioning of contoured plate to the bone was technically easier to perform under C-arm guidance in MIPO technique. Radiographic evaluation, lameness grading and functional outcome revealed that both the surgical procedure provided adequate reduction and alignment of fracture ends depended on factors like type of fractures and duration of fractures. However, MIPO technique provided earlier weight bearing but also required additional skill as compared to open plating.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIORRHAPHY IN JAFFARABADI BUFFALOES 2895(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) PATEL GREESHMABEN RAJENDRABHAI; S.H.TALEKARThe present study was conducted on 10 Jaffarabadi buffaloes positive for diaphragmatic hernia presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Junagadh, Gujarat. All selected animals were undergo by ultrasonographic examination with real time B-mode using 3.5 - 5 MHz convex transducer at 5th intercostal space, motile reticulm was observed as a half moon shaped hyperechoic structure. The reticulum contracted regularly in biphasic manner in all the buffaloes under screening. On 5th post-operative day ultrasonographic examination reticulum was observed at normal anatomical position and in 5th intercostals space normal heart position. Radiographic examination revealed different types of reticular foreign bodies (metallic and non metallic) in 7 out of 10 buffaloes. Metallic foreign bodies includes binding wires, bolts, nails pieces of metal and non-metallic foreign bodies includes pieces of marbles, stones, leather balls, plastic material etc. In present study, 7 buffaloes, lateral radiograph of reticulum showing clearly remarkable diaphragmatic line and presence of potential and non potential metallic and non metallic densities were found cranial to diaphragm. Whereas, In 3 buffaloes remarkable reticular density without any other density was observed cranial to diaphragm. On 5th post-operative day radiographic examination reticulum was observed at normal anatomical position and normal heart position. For correction of diaphragmatic hernia two stages surgery was performed first stage including rumenotomy by standard technique and second stage diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy through post-xiphoid trans-abdominal approach by restraining the animal in dorsal recumbency under sedation with Xylazine hydrochloride @ 0.04 mg/kg body weight intravenously with local infiltration with 2 % Lignocaine HCLwere used in all selected animals for herniorrhaphy without intermittent positive pressure ventilation and found 70 per cent success rate in unilateral diaphragmatic hernia cases. Buffaloes in the age group between 2 to 13 years were diagnosed positive for DH. Out of 10 buffaloes, 7 buffaloes (70 %) were reared under free range grazing system which accounted the vulnerability of ingestion of metallic foreign bodies by these animals. The duration of illness ranged from 15 to 45 days and clinical symptoms were inappetence or anorexia, recurrent tympany, regurgitation, cachexia, depressed condition and sudden drop in milk production. Clinical, Haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated at pre operatively (0 day), post-operatively 7th and 15th days. Mean rectal temperature and respiratory rate values significantly decreased on 7th and 15th post-operatively days, while mean values of heart rates significant increased on 7th and 15th post- operatively days. In haematological examination, mean values of PCV, TLC and neutrophils significantly decreased on 7th and 15th post-operative day compared with mean values of pre-operative (0 day). In biochemical examination, mean values of AST, ALT and CPK significantly decreased while mean values of albumin significantly increased on 7 th and 15th post-operative respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON FEEDING PRACTICES AND MINERAL STATUS OF LACTATING JAFFRABADI BUFFALO IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT OF GUJARAT 2830(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) NALIYAPARA HARDIKKUMAR BHUPATBHAI; H. H. SAVSANIThe present study was conducted to study on feeding practices and minerals status of lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes of Junagadh district of Gujrat. Jaffrabadi buffalo is one of the heaviest buffalo breed in the world. Home tract of the breed is Gir forest in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Conventional feeding practices followed by the majority of farmers and these are based on available green fodder, dry fodder and concentrate that is why per animal productivity is low India. The deficiency of certain minerals may not affect crop yields but their availability from such forages may be inadequate for the requirement of livestock. It is, therefore, necessary to generate information on mineral status, zone wise to identify deficiencies and toxicity. Aim of the present study is to survey feeding practices followed by lactating Jaffrabadi buffalo owners in Junagadh district, to assess proximate constituents of feeds and fodder, to assess the mineral status of soil, feeds/fodder and lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes and to study the soil-plant-animal relationship in with the mineral status of the area. For the present study, 05 talukas of Junagadh district of Gujarat were selected randomly, 04 villages from each taluka and 3 respondents from each selected village. Total 20 villages were selected randomly for the study and 60 Jaffrabadi buffalo owners were interviewed to generate knowledge on feeding practices adopted for their lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Samples of soil, feeds and blood collected and analyses as pre standard procedure to know the status of the minerals in the study area. The study showed that a majority of respondents 60 % and 75 % having small to medium size land holding and small hard size (<5 buffaloes). The survey work revealed that most of the respondents reared the animals on stall feeding and supplementation of green maize, marvel grass, jowar hay, groundnut haulms and cottonseed cake. Generally, 18.23±1.70 kg available green fodders, 11.72±0.43 kg available dry fodders and 7.29±0.23 kg concentrate were fed daily to lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Average DMI of lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes are 20.04±0.28 kg/day.The concentrate was fed twice in a day at a time of milking and the majority of respondents (95%) used readymade concentrate mixture. Soaking of concentrate was practiced by the majority (65%) of respondents. Majority of respondents were not practicing mineral supplementation (88.33%), salt supplementation (81.67%) and deworming (51.67%) to their buffaloes. Among the soil minerals, Ca (0.98±0.04%), Mg (0.24±0.02%), Cu (2.28±0.13 ppm) and Fe (3.71±0.46 ppm) were found above the critical level while, P (0.0024±0.00015%) and Zn (1.19±0.13ppm) were found below the critical level. The average Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn content in green fodders, dry fodders and concentrate were, 0.32±0.03%, 0.95±0.06% and 0.33±0.08%, 0.14±0.01, 0.13±0.02 and 0.40±0.02, 0.25±0.02, 0.54±0.02 and 0.31±0.02, 22.92±6.40, 21.34±4.61 and 20.80±2.42, 467.90±71.16, 1310.27±116.08 and 241.78±22.92 and 32.49±1.65, 22.63±1.12 and 46.07±2.12, respectively. The Ca was found deficient in maize (0.23%), sorghum (0.18%), gajraj grass (0.24%), cottonseed cake (0.16%), cottonseed (0.12%), sugarcane (0.06%) and maize cake (0.25%). Whereas marvel grass (0.40%), bajra (1.02%), groundnut haulms (0.95%) and conc. mix (0.36%) were adequate in calcium. The P was found deficient in maize (0.15%), sorghum (0.17%), marvel grass (0.12%), gajraj grass (0.16%), sugarcane (0.07%) and groundnut haulms (0.12%). Whereas, cottonseed cake (0.40%), cottonseed (0.34%) and conc. mix (0.38%) were adequate in phosphorus. Most of the feedstuff was found adequate in magnesium except, green jowar (0.18%), sugarcane (0.05%) and maize cake (0.10%). Most of the feedstuff was found adequate in copper except, sugarcane (5.90ppm) and maize cake (5.09ppm). All the feedstuff was found adequate in iron. The Zn was found deficient in marvel grass (28.72ppm), sugarcane (12.03 ppm) and groundnut haulms (20.73 ppm). Whereas, maize (33.95 ppm), sorghum (30.57 ppm), gajraj grass (70.47 ppm), cottonseed cake (45.85 ppm), cottonseed (43.67 ppm) and maize cake (37.97 ppm), conc. mix (74.10 ppm) was adequate in zinc. Among the blood plasma minerals of lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes, Ca (12.58±0.41mg/dL), P (6.37±0.16mg/dL), Mg (5.61±0.21mg/dL), Cu (1.11±0.13 ppm), Fe (4.15±0.23ppm) and Zn (3.30±0.39ppm) were found in normal level. Soil calcium having a significant positive relation with that of blood and dry fodder calcium. Blood magnesium having a significant positive relation with dry fodder magnesium. Soil iron having a significant positive relation with blood iron and highly significant positive relation with green fodder iron.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT AND DOUBLE OVSYNCH PROTOCOL FOR ESTRUS INDUCTION, SYNCHRONIZATION AND PREGNANCY RATE IN ANESTRUS JAFFRABADI BUFFALOES 2855(jau,junagdh, 2019-06) Raval Rupeshkumar J.; Dr. F.S. KavaniThe effect of nutritional supplementation on estrus induction and fertility/pregnancy rate; and efficacy of double Ovsynch protocol for induction and synchronization of estrus/ovulation and fertility/pregnancy rate were assessed in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Fourty eight buffaloes equally divided into 4 groups were utilized for this study. Group I included pubertal heifers (mean age 30±2 months) supplemented with fixed quantity of chelated mineral mixture, bypass fat and protein over the routine farm feeding practices; and body weight gain, ovarian dynamics, blood biochemical and endocrine profiles during six months were recorded at month interval. Group II consisted of post-pubertal acyclic heifers (age 42±2 months), Group III comprised of post-pubertal acyclic heifers (age 48±2 months) and Group IV covered post-partum acyclic buffaloes. Animals of all the four groups were randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups (treatment and control) of 6 each. Animals of treatment subgroup of group II, III and IV were treated with established double Ovsynch protocol followed by fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) on day 26 and 27 using Jaffrabadi bull semen. Animals were monitored for ovarian changes by trans-rectal ultrasonography, biochemical and hormonal profiles on the day of injections and day 27 (FTAI), and on day 12, 21 and 35 post-FTAI; and at weekly interval up to five weeks in control subgroups. Ultrasonography and per-rectal examination in inseminated animals were used to confirm the pregnancy on day 35 and 70, respectively. Data collected were compared between and within treatment and control subgroups of II, III and IV groups. In group I animals, the overall difference in plasma total protein level and plasma total cholesterol concentration was significant (p<0.05) between subgroups. Ovarian dynamics revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in ovarian follicles especially in right ovary in treatment subgroup as compared to control. FSH and LH levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in animals of treatment subgroup as compared to control from 3rd to 6th month and at 4th month, respectively. Insulin level in treatment subgroup was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to control. None of these animals exhibited behavioural signs of estrus. However, monthly per-rectal palpation and ultrasonography revealed establishment of cyclicity with the presence ii of developed follicles/corpus luteum during the last three months of study period. Therefore, none of these animals was bred or used for further study. In animals of treatment subgroup II and III a significant (p<0.05) increase in numbers of small follicles was observed on day 26. Number of large sized follicles was significantly (p<0.05) higher on day 26 in comparison to day 0 and 7 in group IV animals. Total number of follicles in both ovaries of group II animals was significantly (p<0.01) higher on day 26. Large and subordinate follicular diameter on ovaries of group II, III and IV animals increased gradually, but the differences between periods were significant (p<0.001) only in group IV with highest recorded diameter of large follicle on day 17 ; and of subordinate follicle on day 26. The right ovary was found relatively more active as compared to left ovary. Overall total number of follicles, diameters of large and subordinate follicles were significantly (p<0.05) higher in control as compared to treatment subgroup of group II animals. The conception rates at FTAI in group II, III and IV was 66.66, 83.33 and 16.66 %, respectively; whereas the corresponding values in control sub-groups were 0.00, 16.66 and 16.66 %, respectively. The differences in conception rate in treated and control heifers were significant (p<0.05), however, benefit of double Ovsynch treatment over control group in multiparous buffaloes was not observed. Plasma FSH concentration values differed significantly (p<0.001) among different groups at all-time intervals. Plasma FSH concentration obtained in control subgroup of group IV was significantly (p<0.001) higher than group II and III. Plasma LH concentration values differed significantly (p<0.001) among groups at various time periods. Plasma LH concentrations in group II and IV differed significantly (p<0.001). Plasma estrogen concentration obtained in animals of group III was significantly (p<0.05) higher than group IV. Plasma estrogen concentration obtained in control subgroups II and III were significantly (p<0.01) higher than control subgroup IV. Plasma insulin value obtained on all days for group IV animals were significantly (p<0.01) lower than group II and III animals. In group II, there was significantly (p<0.001) increased level of plasma FSH in treatment subgroup as compared to control subgroup; whereas, LH level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control subgroup as compared to treatment subgroup. In group III, plasma FSH and LH levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in treatment subgroup as compared to control subgroup. In group IV, there was significantly (p<0.01) increased level of FSH in treatment subgroup as compared to control; whereas, plasma LH level was significantly higher (p<0.05) in control subgroup as compared to treatment subgroup. The period-wise mean estrogen and insulin levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment subgroup as compared to control subgroup. Blood glucose level was significantly (p<0.001) higher in group II on day 17 as compared to group III and IV. Plasma total cholesterol values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment subgroup IV as compared to subgroup II and III. Plasma total protein values were significantly (p<0.001) lower in group II heifers than in post-partum buffaloes of group IV, and group III heifers being intermediate. In group III, blood glucose level was significantly (p<0.05) lower in treatment subgroup as compared to control subgroup. On the basis of ovarian dynamics and results, it is concluded that double Ovsynch protocol could be better choice for improving conception rate in post-pubertal acyclic Jaffrabadi buffalo heifers as compared to multiparous acyclicThesisItem Open Access “GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATORENAL PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF QUERCETIN AND CURCUMIN AGAINST CADMIUM INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS” 2827(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) SHREESHA RAO S; U. D. PatelThe present experiment was carried out to evaluate the gastrointestinal and hepatorenal protective effect of quercetin and curcumin alone as well as in combination against cadmium-induced toxicity in rats. The study was performed on 36 male rats which were randomly divided into six groups based on their body weights at the age of 8-9 weeks. Rats of group C1 were kept as normal control. Rats of toxic control group (C2), vehicle group (C3), quercetin treatment group (T1), curcumin treatment group (T2) and quercetin and curcumin in combination treatment group (T3) were administered with cadmium in drinking water (100 ppm) for 28 days. Rats of vehicle group (C3) were administered with corn oil (vehicle). Rats of group T1, T2 and T3 were orally administered with quercetin (50 mg/kg, P.O.), curcumin (100 mg/kg, P.O.) and both quercetin and curcumin in combination, respectively for 28 days. Noticeable signs of toxicity were not observed in rats of any groups except hair fall and diarrhea in toxicity control and vehicle groups, which were less in treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3). Cadmium exposure in rats did not affect the feed consumption. Body weight of rats of all groups were also not altered during the experimental period. Cadmium treatment resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in kidney weight and kidney body weight ratio. The weight of kidney and kidney body weight ratio was partially improved by curcumin treatment (T2). Cadmium exposure to rats for 28 days did not produce significant effect on hematological parameters. However, significantly (P<0.05) higher level of ALT, AST and ALP in the serum of cadmium exposed rats were observed suggesting of Cd related injury to the liver. Rats treated with quercetin and curcumin alone as well as in combination of both significantly (P<0.05) lowered the levels of AST and ALP as compared to cadmium-exposed and vehicle-treated group (C1 and C2). The total bilirubin level was significantly (P<0.05) increased in cadmium-exposed and vehicle treated group (C2 and C3) as compared to that of control group (C1). Quercetin treated group (T1), curcumin-treated group (T2) and the group treated with quercetin and curcumin in combination (T3) significantly (P<0.05) decreased total bilirubin level as compared to that of animals of toxic control group (C2). The blood glucose level was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cadmium-exposed group (C2) as compared to that of control group (C1) and it was lowered in quercetin treated group and group treated with combination of quercetin and curcumin. Exposure to cadmium caused significant increase in MDA and non-significant decrease in SOD, catalase and GSH in blood of rats. Quercetin and curcumin in combination non-significantly increased SOD activity, catalase activity and GSH level. GSH level was well improved in quercetin treatment group (T1). All treatments (T1, T2 and T3) significantly decreased the cadmium induced lipid peroxidation indicating low level of MDA. In intestine, MDA level and SOD enzyme activity were significantly (P<0.05) increased upon cadmium treatment due to lipid peroxidation. Non-significant decrease in catalase activity and GSH level were observed upon cadmium exposure in intestine tissue. Quercetin and curcumin alone as well as in combination resulted in reduction of SOD activity, lipid peroxidation and improvement in the catalase activity and GSH level in intestine. However, significantly (P<0.05) higher level of GSH was observed in curcumin-treated group (T2) as compared to that of animals of toxicity control group (C2). In liver, significant increase in MDA level, non-significant increase in SOD activity and decrease in catalase activity caused the lipid peroxidation and damage to the hepatocytes. The quercetin treatment (T1) reduced the increased MDA level and SOD activity in liver, simultaneously increased catalase and GSH activity. Curcumin treatment (T2) significantly decreased the SOD activity, MDA level and significantly increased the GSH level and partially improved the catalase activity However, quercetin when administered along with curcumin was able to reduce the MDA level significantly by stimulating the GSH level and higher catalase activity as compared to that of toxicity control group (C2). In kidney, cadmium exposure resulted in increase in lipid peroxidation as indicated by increased MDA level. Non-significant increase in SOD activity, significant decrease in catalase activity with no significant effect on GSH level was observed upon cadmium exposure. Quercetin and curcumin alone as well as in combination non-significantly reduced the SOD activity and improved the catalase activity and also stimulated the GSH level which reduced the lipid peroxidation. Sub-acute cadmium exposure at 100 ppm level altered normal architecture of stomach, intestine, liver and kidney in rats. Administration of quercetin and curcumin alone as well as in combination partially protected the stomach, intestine and liver from cadmium-induced oxidative damage. However, quercetin has more protective effect against cadmium-induced histopathological changes in kidney as compared to curcumin. As compared to individual treatment of quercetin and curcumin alone, the combination of both agents significantly prevented the histopathological changes caused by cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Quercetin and curcumin alone as well in combination may be useful for prevention of oxidative stress caused by continuous exposure to low level of xenobiotics. However, further study is needed to confirm the efficacy and the pathways of action of quercetin and curcumin against oxidative stress caused by different environmental toxicants.ThesisItem Open Access “AMELIORATING POTENTIAL OF PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA AND TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS” 2825(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) LADUMOR VIPULKUMAR CHANABHAI; C. M. MODIThe present study was carried out to evaluate the ameliorating potential of Phyllanthus emblica and Tribulus terrestris against mercuric chloride induced toxicity in rats. In this study, forty-two male SD rats were divided into seven different groups, namely normal control group (C1), toxic control group (C2), vehicle control group (C3), positive control group (C4), Phyllanthus emblica extract group (T1), Tribulus terrestris extract group (T2) and bi-herbal mixture group (T3). Rats of group C2 was treated with mercuric chloride at the dose rate of 2 mg/kg, PO for 28 days. In this study, vitamin E was taken as standard drug and given at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg, PO for 28 days to C4 group along with mercuric chloride in rats. Rats of T1 and T2 groups were treated with flavonoid rich fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of P. emblica and saponin rich fraction of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of T. terrestris, respectively at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg, PO for 28 days along with mercuric chloride. Rats of T3 group was treated with bi-herbal mixture (100 mg/kg, PO for 28 days). The efficacy of treatment was assessed based on clinical signs, body weight, hematological, biochemical alteration, oxidative stress parameters, gross and histopathological examination of major functional organs. Rats of T1, T2, T3 and C4 groups given mercuric chloride along with P. emblica, T. terrestris, bi-herbal mixture and vitamin E, respectively did not show any clinical signs. The clinical signs observed in toxic rats (C2) were inappetance, hair loss, sluggish movement, depression and diarrhea throughout the period of the experiment. However, there was observed no mortality in all treatment groups. Phytochemical analysis of flavonoid rich extract of P. emblica and saponin rich extract of T. terrestris were showed presence of various phytoconstituents like flavonoid, saponin, tannin etc. TLC finger print of extracts revealed the presence of the gallic acid, quercetin and rutin in the P. emblica and protodioscin in the T. terrestris. The combination of P. emblica and T. terrestris extract shown 55.24 per cent maximum inhibition of free radical scavenging activity at 9 µg/mL concentration. The saponin rich fraction of T. terrestris showed maximum inhibition of albumin denaturation at the dose of 600 µg/ml which possess strong anti inflammatory activity. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were found highest in P. emblica extract followed by T. terrestris extract.The average feed consumed (g/day/rat) by the rats of all the treatment groups did not show significant difference during the experiment. The mean body weight (g) in rats of all the treatment groups increased steady throughout the experimental period. The sub-acute toxicity effect of mercury on hematological parameter was characterized by significant (p<0.05) decrease in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocytes count and total leukocyte count. The elevation of those parameter values restored to normal level when mercuric treated rats with P. emblica, T. terrestris and their combination treatment. Non-significant change were observed in mean values of MCHC and MCH in all the treatment groups throughout the experimental period A significant (p<0.05) higher in serum AST, ALP, BUN and creatinine were recorded in mercury treated groups, On the other way there were significantly decreased serum total protein, albumin. The treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were restored the biochemical parameter alterations induced by mercury. he exposure of rats to mercuric chloride induced oxidative damage caused significant a decrease in GSH level, CAT and SOD activities, significant an increase in MDA level of the different tissues, which were restored near to normal in rats treated with treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3). The mercuric chloride intoxicated rats showed significant decrease in AChE activity when compared to normal control group. The rats treated with treatment T3 was significantly increased in brain tissues AChE activity when compared to toxicity group. Upon gross examination of all major organ (liver, intestine, stomach and brain), no gross pathological lesions in all treatment groups have been observed while stomach of the rats of C2 group showed congested and ulcerated as compared to normal control group. Histopathological findings revealed alterations in different organs (liver, kidney, intestine and brain) of toxicity group (C2), which was markedly improved by treatment of P. emblica and T. terrestris and their combination extract. In conclusion, the administration of P. emblica, T. terrestris and their combination are effective in preventing hematological, biochemical alterations and oxidative stress caused by mercuric chloride in rats. Therefore, mercuric chloride induced toxicity is reduced by the extract of P. emblica, T. terrestris and their combination. Ameliorating effect of fruit extract of the P. emblica, T. terrestris might be due to the presence of the active constituents, which possess strong antioxidant activity and provoke free radical scavenging enzyme system. The administration of P. emblica, T. terrestris and their combination extract proved to be beneficial in ameliorating the mercuric chloride-induced toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON MAJOR RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN AND AROUND JUNAGADH” 2824(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) CHHATROLA MAYUR HARJIVANBHAI; D. T. FefarThe present research work was carried out to determine the etiological agents responsible for respiratory distress with special reference to presence of LPAI (H9N2), IB virus, ND virus and E. coli infection in broiler birds. The study comprised of epidemiological information in relation to farm wise mortality and age wise mortality, gross and histopathological examination of involved respiratory organs especially trachea, bronchi, lung and air sacs, detection of LPAI (H9N2) virus, IB virus and ND virus by RT-PCR, detection of avian pathogenic E. coli by PCR and also isolation as well as antibiogram against E.coli from the birds affected with respiratory distress. Studies on the farm incidence and age wise mortality among twenty five broiler flocks having total population of 75,800 birds of second to fifth week of age showed an average mortality rate of 3.25 percent ranging between 1.33 to 8.00 percent. The week wise mortality was found highest during third week of age followed by second, fourth and fifth weeks of age. Gross pathological lesions were predominantly found in organs of respiratory system i.e. in trachea, bronchi, lungs and air sacs. The tracheal lesions observed were severe congestion, excessive mucous exudate, presence of fibrino necrotic or caseous cast in the tracheal bifurcation and extending in the bronchi and were pathognomonic of respiratory distress. The lung lesions were mild to marked oedema and congestion. In some of flocks affected during early age air sacs revealed thickening with fibrin deposition. The liver and spleen in early infected flock showed congestion, mild petechial haemorrhages and necrotic foci as well as pale and swollen kidneys. Microscopic changes were most consistently seen in the trachea and bronchi and variable from mild to severe in nature. In many cases trachea and bronchi showed congestion along with infiltration of mononuclear cells in the mucosa and submucosa and presence of fibrino necrotic masses in the lumen. The tracheal lesions were mainly confined to mucosal glands and epithelial lining. Loss of cilia and hypertrophy of mucous gland were noticed in early stages of the disease followed by degeneration and desquamation of epithelium with infiltration of mononuclear cells leading to thickening of tracheal mucosa. The microscopic lesions observed in bronchi were fibrino necrotic masses in the bronchial lumen which were occluding the air passage. The microscopic lesions observed in lungs were vascular engorgement and haemorrhages, smooth muscle hypertrophy and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the parabronchi. Air sac lesions were marked by presence of fibrinous exudate and mononuclear cells infiltration. Molecular studies were carried out for detection of LPAI (H9N2), IB virus, ND virus and avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) from pooled tissue samples of bronchi and trachea containing caseous plug of the twenty five broiler flocks. All the twenty five flocks (100%) were found positive for LPAI (H9N2) virus as well as for pathogenic E.coli, whereas IB virus, ND virus were detected in 4 (16%) and 8 (32%) farms respectively. In addition to above it was also seen that out of twenty-five broiler flocks, all the twenty five (100 percent) were positive for LPAI + APEC, three flocks (12 per cent) were positive LPAI + APEC + IBV; seven flocks (28 per cent) positive for LPAI + APEC + NDV; one flocks (4 per cent) positive for LPAI + APEC + IBV + NDV. To analyze the risk of secondary E. coli infection in case of respiratory distress, isolation, identification and characterization of E. coli from pooled tissue samples of caseous bronchial plugs from each flock was undertaken. Out of twenty-five tissue samples processed for bacterial isolation, all the samples (100%) were found positive for secondary E.coli infection. The antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out from all the isolates obtained from affected flock. The isolates were found highly sensitive to antibiotic disc colistin (Methane sulphonate) (100%) and meropenem (100%) followed by levofloxacin (76.67%), ceftriaxone (64%), gentamicin (60%), amikacin (60%), co-trimoxazole (40%), amoxycilin-clavunic acid (08%) and imepenem (08%). Molecular characterization of E. coli was carried out for detection of presence of four virulence genes i. e. iss, papC, tsh and vat. DNA was extracted from tissue samples (caseous plugs) and subjected to PCR with gene specific primer pairs. Out of twenty-five tissue samples, the iss gene, vat gene, tsh and papC gene found in 22 (88%), 13 (52%) , 15 (60%) and 8 (32%) in respiratory affected farm, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access “AMELIORATION OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN BRAIN, TESTES AND HEART OF RATS BY QUERCETIN AND CURCUMIN” 2822(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) MAKWANA CHANDRASINH NARANBHAI; U. D. PatelThe present experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of quercetin and curcumin against cadmium induced oxidative damage in brain, testes and heart of rats. The study was conducted on 36 male rats which were randomly divided into six groups based on their body weights at the age of 8-9 weeks. Rats of group C1 were kept as normal control. Rats of toxic control group (C2), vehicle group (C3), quercetin treatment group (T1), curcumin treatment group (T2) and, quercetin and curcumin in combination treatment group were administered with cadmium in drinking water (100 ppm) for 28 days. Rats of vehicle group (C3) were administered with corn oil (vehicle). Rats of group T1, T2 and T3 were orally administered with quercetin (50 mg/kg, P.O.), curcumin (100 mg/kg, P.O.) and both quercetin and curcumin in combination, respectively for 28 days. The symptoms of toxicity, feed consumption, body weight gain, oxidative stress parameters, AChE activity in the brain cortex, plasma nitric oxide level, epididymal sperm parameters and gross and histopathological changes in brain, testes and heart were studied. Noticeable signs of toxicity were not observed in rats of any groups except hair fall which was less in other treatment groups. Cadmium exposure in rats had no significant (P>0.05) effect on feed consumption. The body weight gain was reduced during 4th week only which was prevented by the treatment of quercetin and curcumin in combination. In brain cortex, the SOD and CAT activity in brain cortex was slightly lowered with significant increased level of MDA in rats of cadmium-exposed and vehicle-treated groups. Quercetin treatment slightly improved SOD and catalase activity (non-significantly) with significant higher level of GSH in brain cortex which resulted in lower value of MDA level of brain cortex. Curcumin treatment also significantly improved SOD activity and GSH level of brain cortex. Animals treated with quercetin and curcumin in combination increased SOD and catalase activity along with improved GSH level in brain cortex which resulted in significantly lowered level of MDA. Quercetin in combination of curcumin showed more prevention to lipid peroxidation in brain cortex. In testes, cadmium exposure to animals caused slight increase in SOD activity, unaltered catalase activity and level of GSH as compared to normal control animals. The lipid peroxidation in testes was higher. Quercetin treatment was able to increase CAT activity which resulted in low level of MDA. Curcumin treatment did not improve oxidative stress parameters. Combined treatment of quercetin and curcumin resulted nearly normal activity of SOD, higher activity of CAT with lowest level of MDA amongst all groups. Improved SOD activity in heart with lower level of plasma nitric oxide by quercetin alone treatment might be responsible for reduction of MDA level (non significant) in the heart of rats. Curcumin treatment could not be able to alter the cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation in heart of rats. However, quercetin when administered along with curcumin were able to manage higher activity of SOD and CAT (non-significant) along with significant GSH stimulating effect resulted in decrease in MDA level (less lipid peroxidation) in the heart of rats (T3). Activity of AChE in the brain cortex was non-significantly (P>0.05) decreased in cadmium-exposed control groups. Group treated with quercetin (T1), curcumin (T2) and quercetin and curcumin in combination (T3) showed slight higher AChE activity (non-significant, P>0.05) as compared to that of animals of cadmium-exposed and vehicle-treated groups (C2 and C3). Plasma nitric oxide level was significantly (P<0.05) increased in cadmium-exposed and vehicle-treated groups (C2 and C3). Nitric oxide levels in plasma of rats treated curcumin alone (T2) as well as quercetin and curcumin (T3) were significantly higher. The oxidative damage following sub acute cadmium exposure at 100 ppm level through oral route was mainly due to increased level of nitric oxide in rats. In epididymis, mean values of total epididymal sperm count, epididymal sperm motility, total epididymal live sperm count were significantly altered in cadmium-exposed rats which were reversed by the treatment of quercetin, curcumin alone as well as in combination. Sperm deformities in rats of different groups were non-significantly differ from each other. Cadmium exposure for 28 days at 100 ppm caused histopathological alterations in brain cortex, testes and heart of rats under study. The quercetin and curcumin when given alone as well as in combination partially prevented the alterations caused by cadmium-induced oxidative stress. As compare to individual treatment of quercetin and curcumin alone, the combination of both agents produced more ameliorating effect against cadmium-induced histopathological changes.
