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Open Access
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF VARIOUS FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY ONION (Allium cepa L.) 2955
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) RISHI RAJ; K. B. Asodariya
A field experiment entitled “Effect of foliar application of various fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by onion (Allium cepa L.)” was carried out during rabi season of 2017-18 on calcareous clayey soil at Junagadh. The experiment comprising ten treatments was laid out in randomised block design with three replications. The experimental results revealed that significantly higher values of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaves, yield attribute viz., bulb polar diameter, bulb equatorial diameter, average weight of bulb (g), grade of bulb, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield at harvest; quality parameter viz., TSS, bolters and doubles, soil and plant chemical analysis N, P, K and S content and uptake and their in soil after harvest were recorded under the treatment 75 % RDF + WSF, Grade 4 and Banana pseudo @ 1 % foliar spray at 45 and 60 DAT. The highest net return ( 279203 ha-1 ) and B: C ratio (5.32) was realized with the application of 75 % RDF + WSF, Grade 4 and Banana pseudo @ 1 % foliar spray at 45 and 60 DAT. Based on one year experimental results, it seems quite logical to conclude that higher production and net returns from rabi Onion (GJWO-3) can be obtained with application of 75 % RDF + WSF, Grade 4 and Banana pseudo @ 1 % foliar spray at 45 and 60 DAT on medium black calcareous clayey soil under South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone.
Open Access
INDUCED MUTAGENESIS THROUGH GAMMA RAYS AND EMS IN COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] 2954
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) PATEL HETAL VASANTBHAI; Lata J. Raval
The present investigation entitled “Induced mutagenesis through gamma rays and EMS in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]” was under taken to find out the amount and types of variability developed and their impact on association between different characters. The seeds of GC-5 were exposed to 100, 200, 225, 250 275 300 and 400Gy of gamma rays at Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai and another lot of seeds treated with 0.25% EMS. Treated seeds were considered as M1 generation for laboratory and field condition. Field studies was carried out for M1 and M2 generation in Randomized Block Design and Complete Family Block Design, respectively with two replications at Pulses Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during summer 2018 and kharif 2018, respectively . In M1 generation (Laboratory) observations were recorded for germination per cent, radical length (cm), plumule length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, seed vigour index (mass) and seed vigour index (length). Field study of M1 generation carried out in all mutagen treatments for the study of germination per cent, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. All characters were significant except germination per cent in M1 generation field condition. For raising M2 generation, seeds of 20 superior plants were taken from M1 generation. In M2 generation, observations were recorded for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and test weight.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the mutagenic family for all characters except number of primary branches per plant. Significant existence of variation was observed for progenies within family in M2 generation, for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and test weight. PCV and GCV high for number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant, while all other characters had moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation except days to flowering, days to maturity and test weight. High heritability and high genetic advance found in plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for this trait, which may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and selection pressure could profitably be applied. The seed yield per plant showed positive and highly significant correlation with number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant, plant height at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The seed yield per plant had negative and non significant correlation with days to flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant and test weight. Positive and significant correlation found between seed yield per plant and pods per plant in mutagen treatments 0.25% EMS and 0.25% EMS + 225Gy gamma rays. It is concluded from present investigation that induction of genetic variability through mutagenic treatments is possible in cowpea and as supplement to conventional breeding methods. Mutagenic treatments increase the genetic variability which can be utilized for selection and improvement of cowpea. In M2 generation significant and positive as well as significant and negative shift of mean performance were observed in most of characters except days to flowering and days to maturity as compared to control treatments. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant, while moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and pod length. Highest range for seed yield per plant was observed for treatment T2 (200Gy gamma rays) and T9 (0.25% EMS + 100Gy gamma rays) where in T9 exhibited highest GCV, heritability coupled with genetic advance and so, progenies of T9 should given more weightage during selection to identify high yielding varients.
Open Access
EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF NITROGEN, POTASSIUM & NPK ON WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) IN WATER STRESS CONDITION 2949
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PANDYA YASH SANATKUMAR; C. K. Singh
A field experiment was conducted at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agicultural University, Junagadh to evaluate the “Effect of foliar spray of nitrogen, potassium & NPK on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in water stress condition” during the rabi season of 2017-18. The effect of foliar spray of fertilizer of N, K and NPK under water stress condition on morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield and yield attributing characters was recorded at anthesis and grain filling stage. Application of treatments showed significant effects on morphological growth attributes such as, the highest value of plant height (91.76 cm, 93.89 cm) was found in T5, leaf area (146.74 cm2 , 147.82 cm2 ) in T5 and leaf area index (4.22, 4.25) in T5 at anthesis stage and grain filing stage respectively. Regarding to the CGR and RGR, the highest CGR (2.93 g m -2 day-1 ) was found in the T5 and highest RGR (1.298 g g-1 day-1 ) was found in the T3. The morphological growth attributes were increased due to increases in cell division and cell elongation in leaf tissue and higher biomass and more photosynthetic activity in plant. The data regarding physiological attributes such as RWC and osmotic potential were significant at both the stages. The highest RWC (50.97 %, 28.67 %) was found in T4 and osmotic potential (-0.265 Mpa, -0.248 Mpa) in T1 at anthesis stage and grain filing stage respectively because potassium improves physiological processes by the regulation of turgor pressure and photosynthesis. ABSTRACTSignificantly the highest reducing sugar (1.493 mg g -1 , 1.683 mg g-1 ) was found in the T5, free amino acid (0.894 mg g-1 , 1.263 mg g-1 ) in T2, MDA (51.20 mg g-1 , 58.17 mg g-1 ) content in T2, chlorophyll a content (3.600 mg g-1 , 3.482 mg g-1 ) in T3, chlorophyll b content (2.187 mg g-1 , 1.982 mg g-1 ) in T3, total chlorophyll T3 (3.667 mg g-1 ) and T3 (2.520 mg g-1 ), CSI (25.73%, 22.98 %) in T5 and proline content (0.658 mg g-1 , 0.698 mg g-1 ) T2 respectively at anthesis stage and grain filing stage. Reducing sugar was increases as compare to drought condition because it stimulated the rate of photosynthesis leading to higher rate of production of photosynthates in the leaves. Due to spray of NPK, proline content and free amino acid content was reduced due to decrease in osmolytes. Also NPK spray improves cell membrane stability and water deficit adjustment ability there by decrease MDA content. Foliar spray of nitrogen improved many physiological growth processes and delayed plant leaves senescence which increases the chlorophyll content. Foliar spray of water soluble fertilizer under water stress condition affects significantly on yield and yield attributing characters, in which highest value of spike length (9.41 cm) was found in T5, number of grains/spike (46.63) in T5, number of effective tillers (8.00) in T5, total biomass (2.98 kg/plot) in T5, grain yield (1.28 kg/plot) in T5, straw yield (1.79 kg/plot) in T3, 1000 grain weight (45.33) in T5 and harvest index (43.56%) in T5. Water stress affects crop growth and productivity in many ways. Most of the responses have a negative effect on production. All the attributes are decreased under the water stress condition. But when foliar treatment of NPK was applied, spike length was increase due to cell divison, cell elongation and increase in vegetative growth. Thousand grain weight was increase due to more accumulation of dry matter in grains by application of foliar spray and harvest index was increased due to increased number of grains/ spike. The grain yield was increase mainly due to increase in grain number with no significant change in mean grain weight. Total biomass increased due to more number of tillers each of which bears more spikes. The increase of straw yield was attributed to increased number of tiller. Water shortage at any critical crop growth phase rigorously controlled the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat. Foliar feeding of N, K and NPK at all critical phases enhanced all the morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield attributing character.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (PSB) ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) 2941
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) BAVALIYA ANKITABEN HAMIRBHAI; B. B. Kunjadia
A field experiment entitled “Effect of phosphorus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh on clayey texture soils during rabi season of 2017-18 having low available N and medium of available P, K and S and alkaline in reaction (pH 7.98). The experiment comprised of 16 treatment combination having 4 levels of P (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and 4 level of PSB (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 L PSB ha-1 ) carried out in factorial randomized block design replication at thrice. The experimental results revealed that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 promoted growth parameters viz., plant height at 30 DAS (32.69 cm), 60 DAS (75.93 cm), 90 DAS (88.13 cm) and at harvest (89.75 cm), number of total tillers meter-1 row length (82.93), number of effective tillers meter-1 row length (60.00), spikelets per spike (15.39), length of spike (8.93 cm) at harvest of wheat. Dry matter at 30 DAS (3.38 g plant-1 ), 60 DAS (9.96 g plant-1 ), 90 DAS (19.03 g plant-1 ) and at harvest (28.62 g plant-1 ), and crop growth rate (CGR) at 30 DAS- 60 DAS (0.220 g plant-1 day-1 ) and 60 DAS-90 DAS (0.302 g plant-1 day-1 ) except 90 DAS - harvest (0.268 g plant-1 day-1 ) it was at found in P2 (45 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) . Similarly significantly higher grain yield (4519 kg ha-1 ) and straw yield (5340 kg ha-1 ) as well as, quality parameters viz., test weight (57.99 g) and protein yield (553.30 kg ha-1 ) were registered at 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 . Chemical parameters viz. plant analysis included grain P content (0.302%) and straw P content at 30 DAS (0.255%), 60 DAS (0.181%), 90 DAS (0.161%) and at harvest (0.143%). Uptake of N by grain (88.59 kg ha-1 ) and straw (31.83 kg ha-1 ), uptake of K by grain (31.97 kg ha-1 ) and straw (62.78 kg ha-1 ) and P of uptake by grain (13.80 kg ha-1 ) while in straw P uptake at 30 DAS (8.62 mg plant-1 ), 60 DAS (18.23 mg plant-1 ), 90 DAS (30.94 mg plant-1 ) and at harvest (41,47 mg plant-1 ). Soil analysis included soil available P at initial (41.20 kg ha-1 ) and 30 DAS (41.07 kg ha-1 ), 60 DAS (38.05 kg ha-1 ), 90 DAS (34.49 kg ha-1 ) and at harvest (29.56 kg ha-1 ). The experimental results show at that the application of PSB 1 L ha-1 promoted growth parameters viz., plant height at 30 DAS (31.47 cm), 60 DAS (74.81 cm), 90 DAS (88.06 cm) and at harvest (89.82 cm), number of total tiller meter-1 row length (79.25), number of effective tiller meter-1 row length (58.91), spikelet per spike (14.59), length of spike (8.29 cm) at harvest of wheat. Dry matter at 30 DAS (2.78 g plant-1 ), 60 DAS (9.38 g plant-1 ), 90 DAS (17.58 g plant-1 ) and at harvest (27.02 g plant-1 ), and crop growth rate (CGR) by P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) 30 DAS- 60 DAS (0.219 g plant-1 day-1 ), 60 DAS-90 DAS (0.274 g plant-1 day-1 ) and 90 DAS - harvest (0.236 g plant-1 day-1 ). Higher grain yield (4540 kg ha-1 ) and straw yield (5248 kg ha 1 ) over the control, also enhanced quality parameters viz., test weight (58.18 g) and protein yield (561.26 kg ha-1 ) with application of PSB at 1 L ha-1 . Chemical parameters viz. (i) plant analysis included grain P content (0.292%) and straw P content at 30 DAS (0.257%), 60 DAS (0.191%), 90 DAS (0.160%) and at harvest (0.157%). Uptake of N by grain (89.80 kg ha-1 ) and straw (30.85 kg ha-1 ), uptake of K by grain (32.00 kg ha-1 ) and straw (61.49 kg ha-1 ) and uptake of P by grain (13.40 kg ha-1 ) while in straw P uptake at 30 DAS (7.59 mg plant-1 ), 60 DAS (18.18 mg plant-1 ), 90 DAS (28.60 mg plant-1 ) and at harvest (43.03 mg plant-1 ). (ii) Soil analysis included soil available P at 30 DAS (41.22 kg ha-1 ), 60 DAS (37.82 kg ha-1 ), 90 DAS (33.83 kg ha-1 ) and at harvest (28.97 kg ha -1 ) and microbial parameters of soil viz., PSB periodical count(1× 106 cfu g-1 soil) at 30 DAS (2.37), 60 DAS (3.60), 90 DAS (6.05) and at harvest (7.63) expect of application of 1.5 L PSB ha-1 . The combined effect of phosphorus and PSB found significant in respect of grain yield, no. of effective tiller meter-1 row length, P content in straw at 30 DAS and 60 DAS and P uptake by grain and 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest in straw with phosphorus P3 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and PSB2 (1 L PSB ha-1 ). Over all, the application of phosphorus at 60 kg ha-1 along with PSB at 1 L ha 1 plays a crucial role in improving yield and quality of wheat and maintain the phosphorus status.
Open Access
HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY IN OKRA [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] 2937
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PITHIYA DIVYESH JAGMALBHAI; A. S. Jethava
The present investigation entitled “heterosis and combining ability in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]” was undertaken at the Vegetable Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during summer 2018. The experimental material comprised of 6 lines viz., GO-2, VRO-6, JOL-2K-19, HRB-55, HRB-108-2 and AOL-08-5; five testers namely; AOL-13-133, AOL-13-73, Kashi Kranti, EC-169513 and IC-90107; their 30 hybrids derived from line x tester mating and one check variety, GJOH-4. These 42 genotypes were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, fruit girth, fruit length, internodal length, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant. Analysis of variance revealed significant variations among the genotypes, parents and hybrids for all the ten traits. The mean squares due to parents vs. hybrid were significant for all the characters under investigation except days to 50% flowering and fruit girth. The magnitude of standard heterosis in the positive direction was high for plant height and number of branches; medium for number of fruits per plant and yield per plant and low for number of nodes per plant and fruit length. Similarly, the magnitude of standard heterosis in the negative direction was high for days to 50% flowering and medium for internodal length and low for days to first picking and fruit girth. The three crosses viz., JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 and GO-2 x EC-169513 manifested significant and desirable heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that mean squares due to lines x testers were found highly significant for all the traits under study except fruit girth, it was significant. Whereas, variance due to lines and testers were found also significant for all the traits (except the line for fruit girth and tester for days to first picking, number of nodes per plant and fruit length). The magnitude of SCA variance was higher than GCA variance for all the traits indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action in the expression of yield and yield attributing traits except plant height.Abstract The results on gca effects of the parents indicated that none of the parents was found to be good general combiner simultaneously for all the characters. The estimates of gca effects of parents revealed that IC-90107 and HRB-55 for days to 50% flowering, HRB-55 and EC-169513 for days to first picking, GO-2, EC-169513 and AOL-08-5 for plant height, GO-2, JOL-2K-19, AOL-08-5, AOL-13-133 and AOL-13-73 for number of branches per plant, AOL-08-5 and IC-90107 for number of nodes per plant, HRB-108-2, AOL-08-5 and EC-169513 for internodal length, JOL-2K-19, AOL-08-5 and EC-169513 for number of fruits per plant, GO-2 and VRO-6 for fruit length, JOL-09-07, AOL-13-73 for fruit girth, EC-169513, GO-2 and JOL-2K-19 for fruit yield per plant were found good general combiners for respective traits. As regard to specific combining ability effects, the best cross combination were JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-133 for days to 50% flowering; HRB-108-2 x AOL-13-133 for days to picking; HRB-55 x AOL-13-133 for plant height; VRO-6 x EC-169513 for number of branches per plant; JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 for number of nodes per plant and number of fruit per plant; AOL-08-5 x AOL-13-73 for internodal length; AOL-08-5 x Kashi Kranti for fruit length, JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 for fruit yield per plant and no one cross significant and best for fruit girth. On the basis of per se performance and heterosis over standard check, JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 and GO-2 x EC-169513 were found to be the best cross combinations for fruit yield and some yield attributing traits. The crosses JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 involved good x average general combiner, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 good x good and cross, GO-2 x EC-169513 good x good general combiner. This was also true for some yield components. Such crosses appeared to be suitable for exploitation in practical plant breeding. From the present findings, it can be concluded that sufficient variability was present in the materials studied for yield and its components. The non-additive gene action was observed in the inheritance of fruit yield and other yield associated traits except plant height. This suggested that heterosis breeding would be more suitable for the improvement of these traits in okra.
Open Access
PRODUCTION DYNAMICS AND SUPPLY RESPONSE OF MAJOR SEED SPICES IN GUJARAT: IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2933
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) VIKASH KUMAR PARMAR; B. SWAMINATHAN
India is the ‘spice bowl of the world’ and is also called as the ‘land of spices’ and such is the importance of spices in the country’s economy that if there could be any correlation between the foreign invasions right from Mughals to the Europeans with India’s spice production then the correlation coefficient would certainly turn out to be highly and positively significant. The study was conducted for major seed spice crops of Gujarat state viz. cumin, coriander, fennel and fenugreek for the study period of 1994-95 to 2017-18. To capture the impact of National Horticultural Mission on seed spice sector in the state, the study period was again be classified into: Pre-NHM Period (1994-95 to 2004-05) and Post-NHM Period (2005- 06 to 2017-18) and Overall Period (1994-95 to 2017-18). The study area comprised of the top four seed spice producing districts in Gujarat. The districts were selected on the criterion that they should together account for at least 50 per cent of the TE gross cropped area of the individual selected crop in the state. The secondary data on area, production and yield of seed spices from Gujarat were collected for 24 years from the year 1994-95 to 2017-2018. It was analyzed using Compound growth rate, Coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Additive decomposition model, Linear Nerlovian supply-response model and Log linear Nerlovian lagged adjustment model.Growth rate analysis revealed either lower or similar growth trends in the study crops during Pre-NHM and Post-NHM period. In most cases, the growth rates of area were found to be more than that of yield component. Further, instability indices (CDV) were found to be ranging from 9.43 % to 105.56 % in cumin; 4.07 % to 90.89 % in coriander; 6.01 % to 113.56 % in fennel; and 10.74 % to 85.68 % in fenugreek. Growth-Instability analysis also revealed the presence of ‘not desirable’ (low growth-high instability) and ‘least desirable’ (low growth-low instability) in both area and yield components. Decomposition analysis showed higher contribution of yield (%) to output growth ranging from 44.23 % to 255.06 % in cumin; and 61.47 % to 142.90 % in coriander. In case of fennel and fenugreek the share (%) of area and area-yield interaction was observed to be higher in terms of output growth. Supply response model showed lagged prices of the study crops as the most important determinant of acreage; followed by lagged acreage; time period and rainfall in all the study crops. The influence of NHM dummy was at best negligible revealing that the estimated growth changes have arrived over the time period alone and not due to any specific intervention like that of NHM. Higher coefficient of adjustment at the aggregate levels in cumin (0.851); coriander (0.793); fennel (0.701) and fenugreek (0.625) indicated that the farmers took less time period in making adjustments in allocating area under the crop. Further, a comparative closeness of long-run elasticities (LRE) to that of short run elasticities (SRE) in the supply-response model revealed a greater degree of acreage adjustment among farmers in response to the changes in the price and non price influencing factors. Overall, it was found that on an average the farmers required 1.57 to 3.05 years to adjust their acreage under seed spices to the desired level in order to realize 95 % of the price effect while considering Gujarat state as a whole. Except for Banaskantha (18.71 years) in fennel and Surendranagar (17.78 years) in fenugreek, the speed of adjustment across the districts for seed spices was also found to be in tandem with the adjustment effect of the state. The study recommends the need of putting in place a bundle of technical, technological and market-led support mechanisms on a continuous basis so as to keep the acreage of seed spices under desired level.
Open Access
BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF OKRA SHOOT AND FRUIT BORER, Earias vittella (FABRICIUS) 2932
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) SOJITRA KOMALBAHEN SURESHBHAI; M. F. Acharya
Investigations were carried out on biology, population dynamics and management of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fabricius), at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2018. In GO-2 variety of okra, egg, total larval, pre-pupal, pupal, male and female adult periods, fecundity and sex ratio (Male: Female) of E. vittella (Fabicius) ranged from 2 to 5 days, 7 to 12 days, 1 to 2 days, 8 to 11 days, 6 to 12 days and 7 to 12 days, 29 to 37 number of eggs, 1: 1.25 to 1: 1.67 with an average of 3.36 ± 0.75 eggs, 9.16 ± 1.84 days, 1.44 ± 0.50 days, 8.92 ± 0.86 days, 8.48 ± 1.58 days and 9.88 ± 1.66 days, 33.1 ± 2.28 eggs and 1:1.45 ± 0.16 sex ratio respectively. Total life cycle of male and female of E. vittella on GO-2 variety ranged from 36 to 48 days and 37 to 48 days with an average 41.68 ± 3.43 days and 43.08 ±3.39 days, respectively. Pre oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of E. vittella on GO-2 varied from 1 to 3 days, 4 to 8 days and 1 to 7 days with an average 1.56 ± 0.71 days, 5.96 ± 1.45 days and 4.24 ± 1.87 days, respectively. The length and width of egg on GO-2 varied from 0.48 to 0.56 mm and 0.47 to 0.56 mm with an average of 0.51 ± 0.02 mm in length and 0.53 ± 0.03 mm in width respectively. The average length of first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were 1.93 ± 0.16 mm, 2.70 ± 1.94 mm, 6.73 ± 0.42 mm and 14.13 ± 1.18 mm, respectively, while width were 0.32 ± 0.03 mm, 0.40 ±0.06 mm, 1.18 ± 0.04 mm and 3.36 ± 0.60 mm, respectively. The length and width of pupa on GO-2 varied from 9.36 ± 0.75 mm, 3.32 ± 0.18 mm, respectively. The length and width of male shoot and fruit borer on GO-2 varied from 8.88 to 10.94 mm and 20.16 to 22.67 mm with an average 10.08 ± 0.54 mm and 21.58 ± 0.93 mm, respectively. The average length and width of female shoot and fruit borer on GO-2 varied from 9.36 to 13.02 mm and 20.64 to 23.66 mm with an average of 11.92 ± 1.09 mm and 22.27 ± 1.19 mm, respectively.The E. vittella population on okra crop occurred during second week of August with a mean density of shoot infestation (0.66% in 32nd SMW) and fruit infestation (3.32% in 34th SMW). The number of shoot and fruit borer steadily increased till fourth week of September with a mean density of shoot and fruit infestation to the tune of 28.00 and 39.20 percent, respectively. The correlation between the population and the physical factors revealed that number of larva of E. vittella per plant had highly significant positive correlation with bright sunshine hours (r = 0.795) but maximum temperature (r = 0.539) and evaporation (r = 0.559) had significant positively correlation while, minimum temperature (r = -0.596) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.616) had significant negative correlation, while, wind speed (r = -0.865) had highly significant negative correlation with number of larva of E. vittella per plant.. Morning relative humidity(r = -0.477) and rainfall (r = -0.184) had negative non-significant correlation. In shoot infestation, maximum temperature (r = 0.561) and evaporation (r =0.620) had positive significant correlation, while bright sunshine hours (r = 0.838) had positive highly significant correlation. Evening relative humidity had highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.651), while minimum temperature had negative significant correlation (r = -0.579), morning relative humidity (r = -0.511) and rainfall (r = -0.295) had negative non-significant correlation, Wind speed (r = -0.838) had highly significant negative correlation. In fruit infestation, maximum temperature (r = 0.616) had positive significant correlation, while evaporation (r = 0.717) and bright sunshine hours (r = 0.858) had positive highly significant correlation, Evening relative humidity (r = -0.696) had negative highly significant correlation. Minimum temperature (r = -0.545) and morning relative humidity (r = -0.556) had significant negative correlation, while rainfall (r = -0.413) had negative non -significant correlation, Wind speed (r = -0.788) had highly significant negative correlation with fruit infestation. Investigations on bio-efficacy of insecticides against E. vittella on okra under field condition indicated that emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent, thiodicarb 0.15 per cent, flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent and profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent gave very good control of E. vittella in okra and prove to be the most effective treatments. However, significantly highest fruit yield was obtained from the crop treated with emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent followed by thiodicarb 0.15 per cent, flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent and profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent. Economics of different insecticidal treatments showed that, the highest net realization was observed in the treatment emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent followed by thiodicarb 0.15 per cent and flubendiamide 0.0144 per cent. The highest ICBR (1: 29.0) was obtained with the treatment profenofos + cypermethrin 0.044 per cent followed by chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin 0.055 per cent and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.006 per cent. The terminal residues of emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent were below the BDL at time of harvest i.e. 3 day and 5 days after last application of insecticides. Application of emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent do not pose any residue problem if fruit are harvested on or after the 3 rd and 5th day after the application.Emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent were persisted for fourteen days and exhibited 5.82 per cent mortality and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent and quinalphos 0.0500 per cent were persisted for twelve days and exhibited 14.36 per cent, 7.73 per cent and 3.59 per cent mortality were persisted, respectively. The E. vittella mortality recorded at different intervals after the application, clearly indicated that there was continuous decline in effectiveness of various insecticides as the exposure of the insecticides was prolonged. Considering the RPT values, it can be seen that emamectin benzoate 0.004 per cent (1.995) and thiodicarb 0.15 per cent (1.822) were comparatively more effective in controlling the E. vittella population than other insecticides under test, both in respect of mortality as well as their prolonged persistances. Taking the RPT values into consideration, they can be arranged in descending order as follows: emamectin benzoate ˃ thiodicarb ˃ flubendiamide ˃ profenophos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorantraniliprole ˃ chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin ˃ chlorfenapyr ˃ lambda cyhalothrin > quinalphos.
Open Access
EFFECT OF GA3 AND GROWING MEDIA ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF JAMUN (Syzygium cumini L.) cv. LOCAL 2930
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PRADIP PARMAR; K. M. Karetha
The present investigation entitled “Effect of GA3 and growing media on germination and seedling growth of jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) cv. Local” was conducted at Fruit Research Station Lalbaug, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh. The treatments comprised of different concentrations of GA3 (G1: Water soaked, G2: GA3 300 ppm, G3: GA3 400 ppm and G4: GA3 500 ppm) and different growing media [M1: Soil+ Cocopeat+ FYM (1:1:1), M2: Soil+ Cocopeat+ FYM (2:1:1), M3: Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1), M4: Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (2:1:1)]. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with sixteen treatments combinations and three repetitions each. The treatment GA3 500 ppm (G4) had significant influence on different traits like minimum days required for seed germination (9.25) and maximum germination percentage (91.98%) of jamun. Among the different concentration of GA3, treatment GA3 500 ppm (G4) had significant influence on different traits like maximum number of leaves (5.55, 9.00, 10.23, 11.65 and 12.30), stem length of seedling (13.40 cm, 18.15 cm, 22.18 cm, 28.19 cm, and 35.43 cm) and stem girth of seedlings (1.90 mm, 2.09 mm, 2.41 mm, 2.81 mm and 3.31 mm) at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAS respectively. Treatment GA3 500 ppm (G4) recorded the maximum root length (11.95 cm), seedling height (67.79 cm), fresh weight of shoot (15.76 g), dry weight of shoot (4.56 g), fresh weight of root (5.53 g), dry weight of root (2.55 g), root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.59), root-shoot dry weight ratio (0.55), leaf area (13.20 cm 2 ) and maximum survival percentage (78.66%) of jamun. The media consisting of M3 i.e., Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1) had significant influence on different traits like minimum days required to seed germination (13.17 days) and it was at par with the treatment M4 (13.33) and maximum germination percentage (78.41%) of in the specific cultivar of jamun. The media M3 [Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1)] had significantly positive influence on different traits like number of leaves (5.28, 8.50, 9.44, 10.52 and 11.73), stem length (12.03 cm, 16.79 cm, 20.70 cm, 26.72 cm and 33.73 cm) and maximum stem girth of seedlings (1.78 mm, 2.05 mm, 2.37 mm, 2.76 mm and 3.26) at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAS respectively of seedling. The M3 [Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1)] also recorded the maximum root length (30.57 cm), seedling height (64.30 cm), fresh weight of shoot (13.32 g), dry weight of shoot (3.85 g), fresh weight of root (4.47 g), dry weight of root (1.83 g), root-shoot fresh weight ratio (0.64), root-shoot dry weight ratio (0.47), leaf area (13.15 cm 2 ) and maximum survival percentage (75.99%) of jamun seedling. Among the interaction effect of GA3 concentrations and medias, treatment combination of GA3 500 ppm with Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1) was found to be better with respect to minimum days required to germination (7.67) and the maximum germination percentage which was observed in G4M3 (93.90%). This treatment also recorded the maximum number of leaves (6.33, 9.41, 11.35, 12.58 and 13.58), stem length of (14.39 cm, 19.39 cm, 23.42 cm, 29.47 cm and 36.54 cm) and maximum stem girth of (2.02 mm, 2.26 mm, 2.66 mm, 3.06 mm and 3.56 mm) at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 DAS respectively in seedling. Similarly, maximum seedling height (70.09 cm), fresh weight of shoot (16.26 g), dry weight of shoot (5.04 g), fresh weight of root (6.04 g), dry weight of root (3.05 g), root-shoot dry weight ratio (0.60), leaf area (13.59 cm2 ) and maximum survival percentage (84.44%) of jamun cv. Local was recorded in the treatment combination of G4M3. Hence from the research concluded for enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of jamun cv. Local, GA3 (500 ppm) and Soil+ Cocopeat+ Vermicompost (1:1:1) alone or in combination could be advised
Open Access
EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF PGR AND CHEMICALS ON FRUIT SET, YIELD, QUALITY AND SHELF-LIFE OF CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) CV. SINDHAN 2929
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) SOLANKI RUTUBEN DHIRUBHAI; M. V. Ramdevputra
The present investigation entitled “Effect of application of PGR and chemicals on fruit set, yield, quality and shelf-life of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) cv. Sindhan” was carried out at Madhdi Baug Farm, Department of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during the year 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept (FRBD) consisting three factors viz., GA3 spray (G1 50 ppm GA3, G2 100 ppm GA3 and G3 150 ppm GA3), CaCl2 spray (C1 1 % CaCl2, C2 1.5 % CaCl2 and C3 2 % CaCl2), boron spray (B1 0.2 % boron and B2 0.4 % boron) was considered as treatment and replicated thrice. The maximum no. of fruit/tree (96.33), fruit yield (16.98 kg/tree), pulp weight (70.81 g). Maximum, fruit length (8.00, 7.99, 7.97 and 7.94 cm), fruit diameter (8.08, 8.13, 8.15 and 8.12 cm), fruit volume (133.33, 130.67, 121.67 and 116.77 cm3 ), fruit weight (182.67, 178.07, 168.96 and 160.83 g), total sugar (7.43, 23.78, 24.34 and 24.17 %), reducing sugar (4.47, 18.83, 19.11 and 19.00 %), non reducing sugar (2.96, 4.95, 5.23 and 5.17 %) ascorbic acid (37.67, 34.00, 23.67 and 23.33 mg/100g pulp) at harvest, 2 nd, 4th and 6th day interval, respectively. Maximum total soluble solid (24.33, 27.36 and 26.67 ˚Brix) and minimum physiological loss in weight (2.52, 7.51 and 11.96 %) at 2 nd, 4th and 6th day interval, respectively minimum spoilage (20.00 and 33.33 %) maximum marketable fruit (80.00 and 66.67 %) 4 th and 6th day interval, respectively shelf life (6.67 days), appearance (8.00), flavour (8.42), taste (8.57) were recorded under the application of GA3 @ 50 ppm, CaCl2 @ 2 % and boron @ 0.2 % G1C3B1.While, maximum fruit set (17.33 %) noted under GA3 @ 50 ppm, CaCl2 @ 2 % and boron @ 0.4 % G1C3B2 and GA3 @ 100 ppm, CaCl2 @ 2 % and boron @ 0.2 % G2C3B1 application recorded minimum fruit drop (11.50 %). Here it can be concluded that among different PGR and chemicals pre harvest spray at the time of flowering, 30 days after first spray and 60 days after first spray of gibberellic acid 50 ppm, calcium chloride 2 % and boron 0.2 % found to be most effective for getting higher yield with superior quality fruits.

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