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Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE CLOSED CANOPY CHAMBER FOR EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT 2967
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) DESAI DHARMIK RAMESHCHANDRA; H. D. Rank
The attempt was to develop a portable closed canopy chamber for the measurement of crop evapotranspiration, using transparent acrylic sheet of 4 mm thickness. The length, width and height of the chamber are 0.85 m, 0.85 m and 1.10 m respectively. Two small fans were mounted on the inner side of the chamber for proper mixing of air and water vapour inside the canopy chamber. Between the fans, a temperature and humidity sensor was suspended above the plant canopy for the measurement of instantaneous temperature and RH of vapour-air mixture. The calibration and validation of the developed closed canopy chamber were made using micro lysimeters having a size of 0.2 m × 0.2 m × 0.2 m by growing shallow rooted spinach crop in it. The irrigation applications to the spinach was made as per the crop water consumption. The sensor sensed and recorded the instantaneous temperature and relative humidity at 1 second interval during the 2 min closing time of each cycle of first 15 minutes of 12 period of 2h duration during a day. Between the measurements, the chamber over the micro-lysimeters was removed for a minimum of 2 min to obtain a micro-climate similar to the open atmosphere. Two sample t-tests were applied to compare the data pairs of crop evapotranspiration obtained by the micro-lysimeters inside the canopy chamber with that of outside the canopy chamber to ascertain whether there is any effects of the change in micro climate for a short period of 2 min on the crop growth physiological processes. Also, the data pair of crop evapotranspiration measured by the micro lysimeter and canopy chamber using the sensor data of temperature-humidity were compared and statistically analyzed through t-test. The calibration factor of the closed canopy chamber was found to be 1.3532. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in the crop evapotranspiration measured by the micro-lysimeters inside and outside the canopy chamber, indicating that there are no effects of the change in micro climate for a short period of 2 minutes in the chamber, on the plant physiological processes. The crop evapotranspiration measured by the canopy chamber and micro-lysimeter were compared separately for the winter and summer seasons. The ETc rate increases as sun rises and reaches the peak at 14:00 hrs and then continuously decreases with the time. The ETc rates were found to be very low and constant during the night time, indicating the major contribution is from the soil evaporation component. There were no significant difference between the crop evapotranspiration measured by the canopy chamber and the micro-lysimeter at 95 percent confidence level. The average crop coefficients for the initial stage, mid stage and harvest stage were found as 0.968, 1.187 and 1.07 respectively during the winter season. The developed canopy chamber is portable as well as more comfortable and cost effective compared to the lysimeter for the measurement of the actual crop evapotranspiration and the crop coefficient.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF TIME BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR DRIP 2957
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) KAPUPARA PARTH JAYANTILA; H. R. Vadar
India has been traditionally an agriculture-based economy and agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Hence, efficient irrigation system is the need of the present era to avoid wastage of water. Drip is the most efficient irrigation system in which water can only be saved if it is operated properly based on need of the crop. Human error can be neglected by adopting automation in drip system. The present study is emphasized to develop low cost automatic irrigation system which can be easily operated remotely using web based mobile application. Web based mobile application computes the time of operation for drip system based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and controller controls the whole drip system to irrigate the field for the calculated time. Crop coefficient (Kc) values of eggplant and tomato crop was stored in web based mobile application which is used to calculate crop evapotranspiration. Arduino Mega 2560 was used as controller of the automatic system and ESP8266 Node MCU Wi-Fi module was used to connect controller with internet. To validate the developed system, time of operation calculated by web based application (Tapp) and actual time of operation require to irrigating the field (Treq) was computed by simulating eggplant and tomato crop setup. The developed system tested in the field, the difference between Tapp and Treq was found statistically non-significant when applying two sample t-test. Nash Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (ME) of 0.9906 and 0.9932 was found for Tapp and Treq of eggplant and tomato set up respectively which indicates the good match between Tapp and Treq. Hence, automatic irrigation system can be considered as best for irrigation of field. The estimated cost of smart irrigation controller is ₹ 2650. Payback period of automatic drip irrigation system is four months. Hydraulic performance of 8 lph emitter was also carried out at different operating pressure to test the system in the field condition. The uniformity coefficient, coefficient of manufacturing variation and emission uniformity were falls in categories of excellent and very good in the test as per the ASABE standard and better results were at 1.00 kg/cm2 operating pressure.
Open Access
CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) YIELD RESPONSE TO PLASTIC MULCH, IRRIGATION METHODS AND LEVELS 2906
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-05) PRIYANKA PRIYADARSHINI; R. M. Satasiya
A field experiment was conducted in order to study the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield response to plastic mulch, irrigation methods and levels during summer 2018 at the farm of Renewable Energy Engineering Department, Junagadh. The effect of three irrigation levels viz.; 1.0 ETc (I1), 0.8 ETc (I2) and 0.6 ETc (I3) in combination with four cultivation practices; silver black plastic mulch (M1), no mulch (M2), flat bed with drip irrigation (M3) and border irrigation (M4) were studied on crop growth and yield response. The experiment was laid out in large plot technique taking twelve treatment combinations replicated thrice with irrigation levels as the main plot factor and cultivation practices as the subplot factor. The influence of these factors on summer cucumber was analysed in terms of weed intensity, dry weight of weed per m2 , no. of days for germination, germination percentage, vine length, no. of nodes per plant, no. of fruits per plant, weight of fruits per plant, dimensions of fruit (length and diameter), crop yield per hectare, water use efficiency, water footprint and economics. Results revealed that irrigation levels and cultivation practices significantly influenced weed intensity, dry weight of weed, vine length, no. of nodes per plant, no. of fruits per plant, fruit diameter and yield per hectare. The effect of irrigation levels and cultivation practices on germination days, germination percentage and fruit length were found non-significant. Weed intensity and dry weight of weed were recorded lowest in 0.6 ETc with silver black plastic mulch. The treatment combination of 0.8 ETc with silver black plastic mulch resulted in maximum vine length (195.33 cm), nodes per plant (59.33 nos), fruits per plant (26.33 nos), weight of fruits per plant (286.93 g), length of fruit (326.70 mm), diameter of fruit (46.67 mm), crop yield (22543.33 kg/ha), water use efficiency (78.62 kg/ha-mm), benefit cost ratio (3.55) and minimum water footprint (127.19 l/kg). Overall it could be concluded that 0.8 ETc irrigation level along with silver black plastic mulch was found most economical and obtained highest crop yield of summer cucumber with best water use efficiency.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM BASED ON CROP WATER REQUIREMENT 2892
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) SADATIYA YAGNESH RAVAJI; R. J. Patel
Efficient water utilization is the dire need of the present era. Now a day, micro irrigation system is operated manually which causes lesser efficiency than optimum due to human error. The actual crop water requirement is judged by automatic or smart irrigation system and irrigates the field accordingly with optimum efficiency so the human error can be minimized. Therefore, present study is emphasized to develop the low cost user friendly smart irrigation controller which can be easily operated worldwide using web based mobile application and evaluate the developed system for cotton and groundnut crop. The smart irrigation controller was developed using Arduino Mega 2560 as a controller, NodeMcu for internet connection, digital flow meter for water flow measurement, relay for ON/OFF solenoid valve and motor and LCD for display real time irrigation status. To control and monitor the system remotely web based mobile application was developed which calculate the crop water requirement automatically. The correction factor of flow meter was obtained as 0.598 during validation for field condition. Another thing is performance of emitters play a major role in uniform distribution of water. The hydraulic performance of 8 lph emitters was tested at operating pressure of 0.75 to 2.00 kg/cm2 . Value of CU, CVm, EU and DU were obtained as 98.75 %, 0.0149, 97.43 % and 98.06 %, respectively which falls under excellent and very good category for emitters as per the ASABE standard at 1.00 kg/cm2 operating pressure. Performance evaluation of the developed smart irrigation controller was carried out for cotton and groundnut crops with four different crop growth stages, the results of t-Test for smart irrigation controller were found non-significant which indicates no difference between calculated and measured water volume. Hence, developed smart irrigation system can be considered as best for irrigation. The developed controller is very easy to use, eco-friendly and user friendly as well as the estimated cost of smart irrigation controller was ₹ 2650.00 which is very less as compared to other controller available in the market having less features than the developed controller.
Open Access
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING, 3007
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-10) ANDHALE ANIL NANASAHEB; H. V. Parmar
Water is one of the most vital natural resources for life on the Earth. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use. Irrigation is the largest user of freshwater. The efficient irrigation water management requires monitoring of soil moisture and estimation of irrigation water requirement. The measurement of soil moisture for large area with the remote sensing provide various advantages. Remote sensing systems, provide a repetitive and consistent view of the earth that is invaluable to monitoring the earth system and the effect of human activities on the earth. The remote sensing based bio-physical variable maps were used to estimate the soil moisture in Uben river catchment and command area of Gujarat state, India. Multi date satellite images of Landsat-8 for Rabi season, year 2018-19 were used in the ArcGIS 10.3 software to derive remote sensing based bio-physical variable maps like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST). Other soil moisture indices like Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Soil Moisture Index (SMI), Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), Moisture Index (MI), Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI) were used to estimate the soil moisture content. The remote sensing based soil moisture and land surface temperature (LST) was validated with ground measurement. The relationship between vegetation indices and soil moisture indices, LST and soil moisture indices, LST and vegetation indices, In-situ soil moisture and LST, In-situ soil moisture and vegetation indices and In-situ soil moisture and soil moisture indices were also developed. The irrigation water requirement was calculated based on soil moisture at the time of satellite overpass. The average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values ranged from -0.132 to 0.368 for wheat crop and 0.092 to 0.294 for coriander crop. The average NDVI value for wheat and coriander crop was increased from Initial stage to Mid-crop growth stage and then decreased during End season stage. The cotton crop shows higher NDVI value in December i.e. 0.204 then decreased due to harvesting of cotton. The average NDVI values in waste land was less as compared to agricultural land with crop and forest area due to no vegetation and exposed soil. The remote sensing based average value of LST was observed lower during December i.e. 23.33℃ and higher during March i.e. 38.69℃. The LST value was lower in agricultural land with crop in comparison to waste land. The remote sensing based soil moisture indices showed higher soil moisture in area near the river, canal command and Girnar forest. The maximum area under less soil moisture was observed in March. The strongest relationship of vegetation indices was observed with Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) as compare to other soil moisture indices with average coefficient of determination (R2 ) of 0.950. It was also found that strongest relationship of LST was observed with TCI and TVDI as compare to other soil moisture indices (R2=0.824 for cotton crop). In-situ soil moisture with NDWI or LSWI give higher R2 i.e. 0.650 as compared to other soil moisture indices. The maximum irrigation water requirement for wheat crop as per the time of satellite overpasses during Rabi 2018-19 was 47.84 mm for sandy loam type soil and 72.02 mm for clay loam soil based on remote sensing study.
Open Access
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) RESPONSE TO DRIP LATERAL GEOMETRY, IRRIGATION REGIMES AND FREQUENCY 3006
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-10) AGRAVAT HARSHABEN VISHNUBHAI; G. V. Prajapati
Water demand has been growing rapidly due to population growth and increasing living standards and as a result, water shortage has become serious problem which have made it necessary to improve water management in an effective way. Several possible approaches such as irrigation technologies and efficient irrigation scheduling may be adapted for more effective uses of limited water supplies. The great challenge of the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, which can be achieved by increasing crop water productivity. Irrigation scheduling is the process which determines the timing and quantity of water to be applied to the crop. To avoid over or under watering, it is important to know how much water is available to the plant, and how efficiently the plant can use it. Since drip irrigation has the potential for improving water use efficiency and yields, it is increasingly being used in this region. Proper scheduling of drip irrigation is critical for efficient water management in crop production. Realizing the necessity, an experiment was conducted at Research cum demonstration farm, Research Testing and Training Centre, Junagadh Agricultural University during year 2018-19, to study effect of drip lateral geometry (3 rows per lateral, 4 rows per lateral and 6 rows per lateral), irrigation regimes (0.8 ETc and 1.0 ETc) and irrigation frequency (2 days, 3 days and 5 days) on wheat. Each treatment was replicated twice. Results revealed that higher yield attributes, highest grain yield (4825 kg/ha), water use efficiency (12.82 kg/ha-mm), water productivity (293.2 ₹/m 3 of water), benefit cost ratio (2.42), Internal rate of return (92.46%) and total net income (₹175922.77/ha) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ETc and 2 days irrigation frequency. Lowest water use efficiency (3.95 kg/ha-mm), water productivity (92.36 ₹/ m 3 of water), benefit cost ratio (0.85) and total net income (₹55413.80/ha) was found for lateral geometry of 6 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ETc and 5 days irrigation frequency. Results also revealed that higher heat use efficiency (2.43 kg/ha °C day) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at irrigation regimes 0.8 ETc irrigated at 2 days irrigation frequency and lower heat use efficiency (0.75 kg/ha °C day) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 6 rows per lateral scheduled at 0.8 ETc and irrigated at 5 days frequency. The most precise equation based on powered relationships between accumulations of crop evapotranspiration (AETc) and accumulation of growing degree-days (AGDD) for wheat crop was generated with R2 = 0.9792, which will be the most precise equation of estimating the amount of crop evapotranspiration.
Open Access
WEEKLY RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR CROP PLANNING IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT OF GUJARAT 3005
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-10) PAPPU KUMAR PASWAN; G. R. Sharma
The historical rainfall data for the period of 37 years (1981-2017) of Junagadh district in Gujarat were analyzed for selection of most appropriate probability distribution of rainfall. From the analysis, it was found that one single probability distribution has not been found appropriate to represent all the data sets though Gamma distributions, Gumbel max. distribution and Generalized extreme value distribution were found promising for most of the data sets. The best-fit distribution has been employed for obtaining the assured quantum of rainfall pertaining to 23-42 Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMW) at various probability levels. The minimum assured rainfall of 20 mm and more are expected from SMW 27 onwards at 70% probability. This indicated that the sowing of kharif crops has to be done during the 27 SMW for maximum utilization of rain water. Weekly rainfall was analyzed using Markov chain model and initial and conditional probabilities were estimated for 10 mm and 20 mm rainfall amount. The initial probability of getting 10 mm rainfall during 24th to 38th SMW is more than 50% except 25th and 26th SMW. Conditional probabilities of wet week preceded by another wet week of getting 10 mm rainfall during 23th to 40th SMW were 40% and more. Initial probabilities of getting 20 mm rainfall during 24th to 34th SMW are more than 40% except 26th SMW. Conditional probability of wet preceded by another wet week of getting 20 mm rainfall during 24th to 39th SMW are more than 50% except 25th, 34th, and 35th SMW. Consecutive dry and wet week revealed that chances of occurrence of 10 mm and 20 mm, 2 consecutive dry and wet weeks are 10.26-38.46% ,12.82-48.72% and 17.95% to 66.67%, 12.82-53.85% from 23 to 38 SMW. 3 consecutive dry and wet weeks are 1.28-17.09%, 5.92-36.01% and 7.69-49.46% and 4.72- 39.89% from 23 to 37 SMW. Onset and withdrawal of monsoon in most of the year is observed in 23 SMW and 47 SMW respectively. Weekly reference evapotranspiration values were estimated by the Penmen Monteith method.Water balance study by Thornthwaite and Mather. Revealed that water deficit was found to be 51.40 mm in driest year and maximum water surplus was 42.80 mm. Crop water requirement of groundnut (bunch and spreading), cotton and wheat are 338.63 mm, 414.08 mm, 818.42 mm and 581.28 mm respectively. Based on the analysis, crop planning in Junagadh district of Gujarat is suggested.
Open Access
ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE USING REMOTE SENSING 3007
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-10) H. V. Parmar; H. V. Parmar
Water is one of the most vital natural resources for life on the Earth. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use. Irrigation is the largest user of freshwater. The efficient irrigation water management requires monitoring of soil moisture and estimation of irrigation water requirement. The measurement of soil moisture for large area with the remote sensing provide various advantages. Remote sensing systems, provide a repetitive and consistent view of the earth that is invaluable to monitoring the earth system and the effect of human activities on the earth. The remote sensing based bio-physical variable maps were used to estimate the soil moisture in Uben river catchment and command area of Gujarat state, India. Multi date satellite images of Landsat-8 for Rabi season, year 2018-19 were used in the ArcGIS 10.3 software to derive remote sensing based bio-physical variable maps like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST). Other soil moisture indices like Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Soil Moisture Index (SMI), Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), Moisture Index (MI), Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI) were used to estimate the soil moisture content. The remote sensing based soil moisture and land surface temperature (LST) was validated with ground measurement. The relationship between vegetation indices and soil moisture indices, LST and soil moisture indices, LST and vegetation indices, In-situ soil moisture and LST, In-situ soil moisture and vegetation indices and In-situ soil moisture and soil moisture indices were also developed. The irrigation water requirement was calculated based on soil moisture at the time of satellite overpass. The average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values ranged from -0.132 to 0.368 for wheat crop and 0.092 to 0.294 for coriander crop. The average NDVI value for wheat and coriander crop was increased from Initial stage to Mid-crop growth stage and then decreased during End season stage. The cotton crop shows higher NDVI value in December i.e. 0.204 then decreased due to harvesting of cotton. The average NDVI values in waste land was less as compared to agricultural land with crop and forest area due to no vegetation and exposed soil. The remote sensing based average value of LST was observed lower during December i.e. 23.33℃ and higher during March i.e. 38.69℃. The LST value was lower in agricultural land with crop in comparison to waste land. The remote sensing based soil moisture indices showed higher soil moisture in area near the river, canal command and Girnar forest. The maximum area under less soil moisture was observed in March. The strongest relationship of vegetation indices was observed with Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) as compare to other soil moisture indices with average coefficient of determination (R2 ) of 0.950. It was also found that strongest relationship of LST was observed with TCI and TVDI as compare to other soil moisture indices (R2=0.824 for cotton crop). In-situ soil moisture with NDWI or LSWI give higher R2 i.e. 0.650 as compared to other soil moisture indices. The maximum irrigation water requirement for wheat crop as per the time of satellite overpasses during Rabi 2018-19 was 47.84 mm for sandy loam type soil and 72.02 mm for clay loam soil based on remote sensing study.
Open Access
WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) RESPONSE TO DRIP LATERAL GEOMETRY, IRRIGATION REGIMES AND FREQUENCY 3006
(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-10) AGRAVAT HARSHABEN VISHNUBHAI; AGRAVAT HARSHABEN VISHNUBHAI
Water demand has been growing rapidly due to population growth and increasing living standards and as a result, water shortage has become serious problem which have made it necessary to improve water management in an effective way. Several possible approaches such as irrigation technologies and efficient irrigation scheduling may be adapted for more effective uses of limited water supplies. The great challenge of the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, which can be achieved by increasing crop water productivity. Irrigation scheduling is the process which determines the timing and quantity of water to be applied to the crop. To avoid over or under watering, it is important to know how much water is available to the plant, and how efficiently the plant can use it. Since drip irrigation has the potential for improving water use efficiency and yields, it is increasingly being used in this region. Proper scheduling of drip irrigation is critical for efficient water management in crop production. Realizing the necessity, an experiment was conducted at Research cum demonstration farm, Research Testing and Training Centre, Junagadh Agricultural University during year 2018-19, to study effect of drip lateral geometry (3 rows per lateral, 4 rows per lateral and 6 rows per lateral), irrigation regimes (0.8 ETc and 1.0 ETc) and irrigation frequency (2 days, 3 days and 5 days) on wheat. Each treatment was replicated twice. Results revealed that higher yield attributes, highest grain yield (4825 kg/ha), water use efficiency (12.82 kg/ha-mm), water productivity (293.2 ₹/m 3 of water), benefit cost ratio (2.42), Internal rate of return (92.46%) and total net income (₹175922.77/ha) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ETc and 2 days irrigation frequency. Lowest water use efficiency (3.95 kg/ha-mm), water productivity (92.36 ₹/ m 3 of water), benefit cost ratio (0.85) and total net income (₹55413.80/ha) was found for lateral geometry of 6 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ETc and 5 days irrigation frequency. Results also revealed that higher heat use efficiency (2.43 kg/ha °C day) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at irrigation regimes 0.8 ETc irrigated at 2 days irrigation frequency and lower heat use efficiency (0.75 kg/ha °C day) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 6 rows per lateral scheduled at 0.8 ETc and irrigated at 5 days frequency. The most precise equation based on powered relationships between accumulations of crop evapotranspiration (AETc) and accumulation of growing degree-days (AGDD) for wheat crop was generated with R2 = 0.9792, which will be the most precise equation of estimating the amount of crop evapotranspiration.

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