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ThesisItem Open Access INDUCED MUTAGENESIS THROUGH GAMMA RAYS AND EMS IN COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] 2954(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) PATEL HETAL VASANTBHAI; Lata J. RavalThe present investigation entitled “Induced mutagenesis through gamma rays and EMS in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]” was under taken to find out the amount and types of variability developed and their impact on association between different characters. The seeds of GC-5 were exposed to 100, 200, 225, 250 275 300 and 400Gy of gamma rays at Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai and another lot of seeds treated with 0.25% EMS. Treated seeds were considered as M1 generation for laboratory and field condition. Field studies was carried out for M1 and M2 generation in Randomized Block Design and Complete Family Block Design, respectively with two replications at Pulses Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during summer 2018 and kharif 2018, respectively . In M1 generation (Laboratory) observations were recorded for germination per cent, radical length (cm), plumule length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, seed vigour index (mass) and seed vigour index (length). Field study of M1 generation carried out in all mutagen treatments for the study of germination per cent, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. All characters were significant except germination per cent in M1 generation field condition. For raising M2 generation, seeds of 20 superior plants were taken from M1 generation. In M2 generation, observations were recorded for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and test weight.Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the mutagenic family for all characters except number of primary branches per plant. Significant existence of variation was observed for progenies within family in M2 generation, for days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and test weight. PCV and GCV high for number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant, while all other characters had moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation except days to flowering, days to maturity and test weight. High heritability and high genetic advance found in plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for this trait, which may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and selection pressure could profitably be applied. The seed yield per plant showed positive and highly significant correlation with number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant, plant height at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The seed yield per plant had negative and non significant correlation with days to flowering, days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant and test weight. Positive and significant correlation found between seed yield per plant and pods per plant in mutagen treatments 0.25% EMS and 0.25% EMS + 225Gy gamma rays. It is concluded from present investigation that induction of genetic variability through mutagenic treatments is possible in cowpea and as supplement to conventional breeding methods. Mutagenic treatments increase the genetic variability which can be utilized for selection and improvement of cowpea. In M2 generation significant and positive as well as significant and negative shift of mean performance were observed in most of characters except days to flowering and days to maturity as compared to control treatments. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant, while moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and pod length. Highest range for seed yield per plant was observed for treatment T2 (200Gy gamma rays) and T9 (0.25% EMS + 100Gy gamma rays) where in T9 exhibited highest GCV, heritability coupled with genetic advance and so, progenies of T9 should given more weightage during selection to identify high yielding varients.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT CHARACTERS IN F1 AND F2 GENERATIONS OF CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) 2951(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) BARAD HITESH R.; K. L. DOBARIYAThe experimental material, consisting of 101 entries including 10 parents, 45 crosses, 45 F2s and one check hybrid (GCH 7) was raised in a Randomized Block Design with three replications at the Main Oilseeds Research Station, JAU, Junagadh during kharif 2016-17. The objectives of this investigation were to study the nature and magnitude of heterosis and inbreeding depression, general combining ability effect of parents, specific combining ability effect of hybrids, nature and magnitude of gene action involved and genetic components of variation for seed yield per plant and its attributing characters. The results revealed that the mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters. The mean squares due to parents, hybrids and F2s were highly significant for all the characters except for number of nodes up to primary raceme in parents. The mean squares due to parents vs hybrids differed significantly for all the characters, while the mean squares due to parents vs F2s were found significant for days to 50% flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, plant height up to primary raceme, number of effective branches per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. The results thus, indicated the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability in the material studied and its suitability for the study of manifestation of heterosis and genetic parameters involved in the inheritance of different traits in castor. The results revealed that the best three hybrids identified on the basis of per se performance and standard heterosis for seed yield per plant viz., JI 368 x RG 2787, DPC 17 x SKI 343 and DPC 17 x JI 353 also depicted significant positive standard heterosis over GCH 7 for important yield contributing traits i.e. JI 368 x RG 2787 manifested significant standard heterosis for days to 50 % flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, oil content and seed yield per plant; DPC 17 x SKI 343 for days to 50 % flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, number of nodes up to primary raceme and seed yield per plant and DPC 17 x JI 353 for days to 50% flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, plant height, number of nodes up to primary raceme, number of capsules on primary raceme and seed yield per plant. This emphasized that high degree of heterosis for seed yield might be attributed to the heterosis observed for the component Abstract ii characters. In the present study, five crosses viz., DPC 17 x JI 368, DPC 17 x JI 372, JI 411 x JI 372, DCS 85 x JI 372 and DCS 85 x PCS 124 displayed significant negative heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis simultaneously for days to 50% flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, plant height up to primary raceme and number of nodes up to primary raceme. These high heterotic crosses may be considered as potential and be exploited in breeding for the development of early maturity and dwarf genotypes in castor. In the present study, positive significant (desirable) inbreeding depression was observed only for number of nodes up to primary raceme. While, negative significant (desirable) inbreeding depression was observed for some the characters viz., length of primary raceme, effective length of primary raceme, number of effective branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and 100-seed weight. None of the crosses showed significant inbreeding depression for seed yield per plant which is highly desirable. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that GCA and SCA variances were significant for all the eleven characters in both the generations reflecting the importance of both additive and non-additive genetic variances for controlling these traits. The ratio of GCA/SCA variances was found more than unity for effective length of primary raceme in F1 indicating the predominance of additive genetic components of variation. Days to 50 % flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, plant height up to primary raceme, number of nodes upto primary raceme, length of primary raceme, number of capsules on primary raceme, number of effective branches per plant, 100-seed weight, oil content and seed yield per plant, the GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity in both the generations, suggesting the predominance of non-additive gene action for the inheritance of these traits and emphasized the utility of hybrid breeding approach to exploit existing heterosis in the castor. None of the parents was found good general combiner simultaneously for all the traits in both the generations. Among the parents, PCS 124, JI 353 and JI 368 in F1 generation and JI 353 and DPC 17 in F2 generation exhibited good general combining ability effect for seed yield per plant. The best three hybrids on the basis of significant positive sca effect for seed yield per plant were JI 368 x RG 2787 (good x average combiners), DPC 17 x SKI 343 (average x average combiners) and JI 411 x SKI 215 (poor x poor combiners) in F1 generation. While in F2 generation, the top high yielding hybrids DPC 17 × SKI 215 (good x average combiners), DPC 17 × SKI 343 (good x average combiners) and DPC 17 x RG 2787 (good x average combiners), with significant heterobeltiosis as well as standard heterosis, also depicted significant sca effect for seed yield per plant. In facts, in most of the crosses, the best specific combinations for different characters were either good x good, good x poor, average x average, average x poor or poor x poor general combiners. It indicated additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance type of gene interactions, which could produce desirable transgressive segregants in subsequent generations. The overall results of genetic components of variances for seed yield and other characters revealed that the estimates of dominance component of genetic Abstract iii variance (D) were significant for days to 50% flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, number of nodes up to primary raceme, length of primary raceme, effective length of primary raceme, number of capsules per plant, 100-seed weight, oil content and seed yield per plant in both F1 and F2 generations except for number of nodes up to primary raceme in F2 and oil content and seed yield per plant in F1 generation. This suggested the involvement of dominance gene action in the inheritance of these traits. The components of dominance effects (H1 and H2) were significant for all the characters in both the generations except for H2 in case of effective length of primary raceme in F2 and number of effective branches per plant in F1 generation suggesting the prevalence of both these dominance components in the inheritance of all these characters. Further, the magnitude of H1 and H2 components was higher as compared to D component for all the characters in both the generations except H2 for 100-seed weight in F1, which was suggested that dominance components played a pivotal role in the genetic control of all these traits. The results obtained for genetic components of variance are also in confirmation of predominant role of non-additive gene action observed under the combining ability analysis in the present study. Average degree of dominance (H1/D)1/2 was in the range of over dominance for all the characters. The ratio of H2/4H1 indicated the asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative alleles in the parents for all the characters studied in F1 and F2 generations. However, proportion of recessive genes was higher than that of dominant genes for all the traits except days to 50% flowering of primary raceme for which dominant genes was higher than recessive genes. The ratio of total number of dominant to recessive genes in the parents (KD/KR) indicated unequal frequency of recessive and dominant with more number of dominant genes in all the traits except for oil content in both the generations in which proportion of recessive genes was more. Narrow sense heritability estimate was high for effective length of primary raceme and 100-seed weight in F1 generation suggesting that selection based on these attributes would be confer rapid improvement. Moderate heritability was noticed for number of nodes up to primary raceme, length of primary raceme, number of effective branches per plant, number of capsules on primary raceme and oil content in F1 generation, suggesting that breeder can get moderate response while considering above said traits in selection programme. Remaining characters possessed low estimate of narrow sense heritability. It can be concluded that sufficient variation was present in the material for seed yield and its components. Considerable amount of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis was observed for most of the characters studied. The crosses JI 368 x RG 2787, DPC 17 x SKI 343 and DPC 17 x JI 353 displayed high magnitude of standard heterosis, high sca effect along with high per se performance for seed yield per plant and some of its components. These crosses could be exploited further for obtaining desirable types in castor. Both additive and non-additive genetic variances were found important in the expression of all the traits. The non-additive gene action was more important for all the characters. This suggested that heterosis breeding or biparental mating would be more suitable for the improvement of these traits in castor.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF NITROGEN, POTASSIUM & NPK ON WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) IN WATER STRESS CONDITION 2949(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PANDYA YASH SANATKUMAR; C. K. SinghA field experiment was conducted at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agicultural University, Junagadh to evaluate the “Effect of foliar spray of nitrogen, potassium & NPK on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in water stress condition” during the rabi season of 2017-18. The effect of foliar spray of fertilizer of N, K and NPK under water stress condition on morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield and yield attributing characters was recorded at anthesis and grain filling stage. Application of treatments showed significant effects on morphological growth attributes such as, the highest value of plant height (91.76 cm, 93.89 cm) was found in T5, leaf area (146.74 cm2 , 147.82 cm2 ) in T5 and leaf area index (4.22, 4.25) in T5 at anthesis stage and grain filing stage respectively. Regarding to the CGR and RGR, the highest CGR (2.93 g m -2 day-1 ) was found in the T5 and highest RGR (1.298 g g-1 day-1 ) was found in the T3. The morphological growth attributes were increased due to increases in cell division and cell elongation in leaf tissue and higher biomass and more photosynthetic activity in plant. The data regarding physiological attributes such as RWC and osmotic potential were significant at both the stages. The highest RWC (50.97 %, 28.67 %) was found in T4 and osmotic potential (-0.265 Mpa, -0.248 Mpa) in T1 at anthesis stage and grain filing stage respectively because potassium improves physiological processes by the regulation of turgor pressure and photosynthesis. ABSTRACTSignificantly the highest reducing sugar (1.493 mg g -1 , 1.683 mg g-1 ) was found in the T5, free amino acid (0.894 mg g-1 , 1.263 mg g-1 ) in T2, MDA (51.20 mg g-1 , 58.17 mg g-1 ) content in T2, chlorophyll a content (3.600 mg g-1 , 3.482 mg g-1 ) in T3, chlorophyll b content (2.187 mg g-1 , 1.982 mg g-1 ) in T3, total chlorophyll T3 (3.667 mg g-1 ) and T3 (2.520 mg g-1 ), CSI (25.73%, 22.98 %) in T5 and proline content (0.658 mg g-1 , 0.698 mg g-1 ) T2 respectively at anthesis stage and grain filing stage. Reducing sugar was increases as compare to drought condition because it stimulated the rate of photosynthesis leading to higher rate of production of photosynthates in the leaves. Due to spray of NPK, proline content and free amino acid content was reduced due to decrease in osmolytes. Also NPK spray improves cell membrane stability and water deficit adjustment ability there by decrease MDA content. Foliar spray of nitrogen improved many physiological growth processes and delayed plant leaves senescence which increases the chlorophyll content. Foliar spray of water soluble fertilizer under water stress condition affects significantly on yield and yield attributing characters, in which highest value of spike length (9.41 cm) was found in T5, number of grains/spike (46.63) in T5, number of effective tillers (8.00) in T5, total biomass (2.98 kg/plot) in T5, grain yield (1.28 kg/plot) in T5, straw yield (1.79 kg/plot) in T3, 1000 grain weight (45.33) in T5 and harvest index (43.56%) in T5. Water stress affects crop growth and productivity in many ways. Most of the responses have a negative effect on production. All the attributes are decreased under the water stress condition. But when foliar treatment of NPK was applied, spike length was increase due to cell divison, cell elongation and increase in vegetative growth. Thousand grain weight was increase due to more accumulation of dry matter in grains by application of foliar spray and harvest index was increased due to increased number of grains/ spike. The grain yield was increase mainly due to increase in grain number with no significant change in mean grain weight. Total biomass increased due to more number of tillers each of which bears more spikes. The increase of straw yield was attributed to increased number of tiller. Water shortage at any critical crop growth phase rigorously controlled the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat. Foliar feeding of N, K and NPK at all critical phases enhanced all the morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield attributing character.ThesisItem Open Access HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY IN OKRA [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] 2937(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) PITHIYA DIVYESH JAGMALBHAI; A. S. JethavaThe present investigation entitled “heterosis and combining ability in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]” was undertaken at the Vegetable Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during summer 2018. The experimental material comprised of 6 lines viz., GO-2, VRO-6, JOL-2K-19, HRB-55, HRB-108-2 and AOL-08-5; five testers namely; AOL-13-133, AOL-13-73, Kashi Kranti, EC-169513 and IC-90107; their 30 hybrids derived from line x tester mating and one check variety, GJOH-4. These 42 genotypes were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to first picking, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, fruit girth, fruit length, internodal length, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant. Analysis of variance revealed significant variations among the genotypes, parents and hybrids for all the ten traits. The mean squares due to parents vs. hybrid were significant for all the characters under investigation except days to 50% flowering and fruit girth. The magnitude of standard heterosis in the positive direction was high for plant height and number of branches; medium for number of fruits per plant and yield per plant and low for number of nodes per plant and fruit length. Similarly, the magnitude of standard heterosis in the negative direction was high for days to 50% flowering and medium for internodal length and low for days to first picking and fruit girth. The three crosses viz., JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 and GO-2 x EC-169513 manifested significant and desirable heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that mean squares due to lines x testers were found highly significant for all the traits under study except fruit girth, it was significant. Whereas, variance due to lines and testers were found also significant for all the traits (except the line for fruit girth and tester for days to first picking, number of nodes per plant and fruit length). The magnitude of SCA variance was higher than GCA variance for all the traits indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action in the expression of yield and yield attributing traits except plant height.Abstract The results on gca effects of the parents indicated that none of the parents was found to be good general combiner simultaneously for all the characters. The estimates of gca effects of parents revealed that IC-90107 and HRB-55 for days to 50% flowering, HRB-55 and EC-169513 for days to first picking, GO-2, EC-169513 and AOL-08-5 for plant height, GO-2, JOL-2K-19, AOL-08-5, AOL-13-133 and AOL-13-73 for number of branches per plant, AOL-08-5 and IC-90107 for number of nodes per plant, HRB-108-2, AOL-08-5 and EC-169513 for internodal length, JOL-2K-19, AOL-08-5 and EC-169513 for number of fruits per plant, GO-2 and VRO-6 for fruit length, JOL-09-07, AOL-13-73 for fruit girth, EC-169513, GO-2 and JOL-2K-19 for fruit yield per plant were found good general combiners for respective traits. As regard to specific combining ability effects, the best cross combination were JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-133 for days to 50% flowering; HRB-108-2 x AOL-13-133 for days to picking; HRB-55 x AOL-13-133 for plant height; VRO-6 x EC-169513 for number of branches per plant; JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 for number of nodes per plant and number of fruit per plant; AOL-08-5 x AOL-13-73 for internodal length; AOL-08-5 x Kashi Kranti for fruit length, JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 for fruit yield per plant and no one cross significant and best for fruit girth. On the basis of per se performance and heterosis over standard check, JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 and GO-2 x EC-169513 were found to be the best cross combinations for fruit yield and some yield attributing traits. The crosses JOL-2K-19 x AOL-13-73 involved good x average general combiner, JOL-2K-19 x EC-169513 good x good and cross, GO-2 x EC-169513 good x good general combiner. This was also true for some yield components. Such crosses appeared to be suitable for exploitation in practical plant breeding. From the present findings, it can be concluded that sufficient variability was present in the materials studied for yield and its components. The non-additive gene action was observed in the inheritance of fruit yield and other yield associated traits except plant height. This suggested that heterosis breeding would be more suitable for the improvement of these traits in okra.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) GENOTYPES FOR GRAIN YIELD, ITS COMPONENTS AND TERMINAL HEAT TOLERANCE 2919(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) DOBARIYA BINITA GOPALBHAI; A. G. PansuriyaAn experiment was conducted to assess the genetic variability, genetic divergence, correlation coefficients, path analysis and heat tolerance for grain yield and its attributes using a set of 48 genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Rabi 2017-2018 in randomized block design with three replication under timely (D1) and late (D2) sowing conditions. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, number of effective tillers per plant, length of main spike, number of grains per main spike, grain weight per main spike, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, chlorophyll content (CHLa & CHL21), canopy temperature depression (CTDvg & CTDgf) and heat susceptibility index. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of sufficient variability under D1 & D2 conditions among the genotypes studied. The values of phenotypic coefficient of variation in both sowing conditions were slightly higher than that of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only due to genotypes but also due to the influence of environment on the expression of characters studied. High values of GCV were observed under timely sowing condition (D1) for canopy temperature depression at grain filling stage, while under late sowing condition (D2) for canopy temperature depression at grain filling stage followed by canopy temperature depression at vegetative stage. The genetic divergence assessed by Mahalanobis D 2 analysis showed wider genetic diversity among 48 genotypes which were grouped in to 11 and 9 clusters under timely and late sowing conditions, respectively. The clustering pattern did not show any relationship between geographic distributions. Under timely sowing condition, the maximum inter-cluster distance was found between clusters IV (DWAP 1530) and VI (PHSL 5). In case of late sowing condition, the maximum inter-cluster distance was found between clusters VII (GW 498) and IX (VL 1003). For timely sowing condition, the attributes, viz., days to 50 % flowering, chlorophyll content, CTD and days to maturity, while for late sowing condition, the characters, chlorophyll content, CTD and plant height found useful for selection of parents in hybridization programme as these traits contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were observed for all characters except under D1 condition for plant height, harvest index, 1000-grain weight and chlorophyll content at vegetative stage, while under D2 condition for days to maturity, plant height, length of main spike, biological yield and harvest index which may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and possessed high selective value and thus, selection pressure could profitably be applied on these characters for their rationale improvement. Under timely sowing condition, grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with biological yield per plant and significant and positive correlations at both levels with harvest index. Under late sowing condition, grain yield per plant had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation with harvest index and biological yield per plant. Chlorophyll content at anthesis was significantly but negatively correlation with grain yield per plant at both levels. The path coefficient analysis revealed that the biological yield per plant, harvest index, days to 50% flowering and grain filling period showed high and positive direct effect on grain yield per plant under timely sowing condition. While, in case of late sowing condition, path coefficient analysis revealed that, biological yield per plant, harvest index and days to 50% flowering exhibited high and positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. On the basis of heat susceptibility index (HSI), the genotypes CG 1014, HI 1544 and WH 730 while on the basis of canopy temperature depression the genotypes AKAW 4842 under timely sown and UP 2959 under late sowing condition found promising for heat tolerance with respect to grain yield per plant and hence these genotypes should be utilized in future wheat breeding programme for heat tolerance. The final conclusion that can be reached from variability, divergence, correlations, path coefficient analysis and heat tolerance is that under timely sowing condition (D1), biological yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature depression at grain filling stage, days to 50% flowering and grain filling period, while under late sowing condition (D2), biological yield per plant, harvest index, canopy temperature depression at anthesis and days to 50% flowering found to be the most important component characters. Hence, these traits should be considered as selection criteria for yield improvement in wheat for the material studied. The genotypes viz., DWAP 1530, PHSL 5, GW 498, VL 1003, CG 1014, HI 1544, WH 730, AKAW 4842 and UP 2959 were found promising for utilizing in further breeding programme.ThesisItem Open Access “GENETIC VARIATION, SELECTION INDICES AND DIVERSITY ANALYSIS FOR POD YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN RILs OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)” 2912(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) HETALBEN RAMANI; K. L. DobariyaAn investigation was carried-out on genetic variability, correlation, path analysis, selection indices and genetic divergence in groundnut using 68 genotypes comprising 64 Recombinant Inbred Lines, two parents and two checks. The genotypes were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design with three replications at the Main Oilseeds Research Station, J.A.U., Junagadh during kharif 2018. The observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants from each replication and their mean values were used for statistical analysis. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), SCMR, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, shelling percentage (%), 100-kernel weight (g), sound mature kernels (%), kernel yield per plant, biological yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), harvest index (%) and oil content (%). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the 14 characters studied. Wide to moderate range of variation was observed for majority of the characters. Wide range of variation was observed for biological yield per plant, number of mature pods per plant, SCMR, plant height, 100-kernel weight and harvest index. The values of PCV were slightly higher than that of GCV for all the traits. The highest GCV and PCV were observed for number of immature pods per plant. The values were observed to be moderate for biological yield per plant, number of mature pods per plant, 100-kernel weight, kernel yield per plant and pod yield per plant.High estimates of heritability were observed for all the 14 characters, while high heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for number of immature pods per plant, biological yield per plant, number of mature pods per plant, 100-kernel weight and kernel yield per plant. The values of genotypic correlations were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations. The pod yield per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of mature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant and biological yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The path coefficient analysis showed the highest positive direct as well as appreciable indirect influences on pod yield per plant through kernel yield per plant and biological yield per plant. A total of 63 selection indices were constructed involving pod yield per plant and five yield components using the discriminant function technique. The discriminant function selection had higher genetic gain and selection efficiency over straight selection for pod yield alone. The efficiency of selection increased with the inclusion of more number of characters in the index. A selection index consisting of pod yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of mature pods per plant and biological yield per plant and an index involving pod yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, kernel yield per plant and biological yield per plant could be advantageously exploited in groundnut breeding. Sixty eight genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters by Mahalanobis’s D2 statistic. The maximum inter-cluster distance was found between clusters IV and V followed by that between clusters III and V, I and V, II and V and II and IV. The cluster V was superior for pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, plant height, SCMR, 100-kernel weight, shelling out-turn, biological yield per plant and oil content, while cluster III was the best for harvest index, sound mature kernels and days to 50% flowering. Cluster IV was good for days to maturity. The number of immature pods per plant, days to maturity and biological yield per plant contributed maximum towards the total divergence. Based on high yielding genotypes and large inter-cluster distances, it would be advantageous to attempt crossing of the genotypes from cluster V with the genotypes of clusters IV, III, II and I which may lead to the generation of broad spectrum of favourable genetic variability for yield improvement in groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.) 2902(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) PATEL ANERI VIPULKUMAR; L. K. DhadukIn the present investigation, the experimental material comprised of 7 parents, its 21 single cross hybrids produced through diallel mating design without reciprocals and standard check GAYMH-1. The experimental materials were grown in randomized block design in three replications at Cotton Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Rabi 2018-19. The objectives of this investigation was to study the performance of parents and hybrids, magnitude of heterosis and their combining ability. Analysis of variance indicated the significance differences among the parents for all the traits which revealed existence of variability in the genotypes. Analysis of variance indicated the significance difference among the hybrids for all the 12 traits studied which revealed differences among the hybrids. A marked degree of significant desired heterosis over standard check GAYMH-1 was observed in many hybrids for most of the quantitative characters. Among 21 hybrids, 6 hybrids exhibited positive heterosis for kernel yield over better parent. Maximum significant positive standard heterosis over standard check GAYMH 1 for kernel yield per plant was exhibited by CM-500 × GYL-2 (32.66%) followed by IL 14-53 × GYL-4 (26.25%) and LM 13-2 × GYL-8 (25.01%). The high heterotic response in these hybrids for kernel yield per plant resulted due to useful significant heterotic effects for their yield contributing characters like ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per ear, 100 kernel weight and shelling percentage. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that mean sum of squares due to general combining ability were found significant for all the traits except plant height, ear length and kernel yield per plant. Whereas, the specific combining ability effects were found significant for all the characters except ear girth. The SCA variance component was observed to be higher than the corresponding GCA variance component for all the trait indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene action for inheritance of these traits. All the parents were average combiner for kernel yield per plant. CM-500 and GYL-8 were good general combiners for days to 50% tasseling, Major Guide Dr. L. K. Dhaduk Name of Student Patel Aneri V.days to 50% silking and ear height, GYL-2 were good combiner for the ear height and days to 75% dry husk. parent LM 13-2 good combiner for the ear girth and also average combiner for the number of kernels per row, 100 kernel weight, kernel yield per plant and shelling percentage. The parents CM-500 and IL 14-53 good combiner for the 100 kernel weight and average combiner for the ear girth, number of kernels rows per ear, number of kernels per row, kernel yield per plant and shelling percentage. The estimate of sca effects reveled that none of the crosses was consistently superior for all the characters. However, best three hybrids on the basis of significant positive sca effects for kernel yield per plant were CM-500 × GYL-2, IL 14-53 × GYL 4 and CM-500 × IL 14-53. These crosses also registered significant and positive sca effects for most of its yield attributes viz., ear length, ear girth, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, 100 kernel weight and shelling percentage. The highest significant sca effects in desired direction for various characters was exhibited by different hybrids viz., GYL-2 × GYL-8 for days to 50% tasseling, CM-500 × IL 14-53 for days to 50% silking, HKI-163 × GYL-8 for plant height, LM 13-2 × HKI-163 for ear height, GYL-2 × GYL-8 for days to 75% dry husk, CM-500 × GYL-8 for ear length, IL 14-53 × HKI-163 for ear girth, CM-500 × GYL-8 for number of kernels rows per ear, CM-500 × GYL-8 for number of kernels per row, GYL-2 × GYL-8 for 100 kernel weight and LM 13-2 × GYL-4 for shelling percentage. On the basis of per se performance, exploitable heterosis, gca effects,sca effects and gene action involved in the expression of kernel yield per plant and its component characters, CM-500 × GYL-2, IL 14-53 × GYL-4 and LM 13-2 × GYL-8 were found promising and may be exploited commercially after critical evolution for its superiority and stability across the locations and over years. The estimate of genetic components of variation revealed significant differences for variance due to additive genetic effect (D) as well as variance due to non-additive effects (H1 and H2) for all the characters except ‘D’ for days to 50% tasseling, Days to 50% silking, plant height , ear height,100 kernel weight, kernel yield per plant, shelling percentage. The average degree of dominance (H1/D)1/2 was found to be greater than unity for all the traits. The non-significant estimate of ‘E’ for all the traits except kernel yield per plant, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length suggested that there was no considerable environment influence modifying their expression. Asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative genes in the parents was observed for most of the traits, while symmetrical distribution was observed for number of kernels per row. KD/KR ratio more than unity for days to 50% silking, plant height, ear height, days to 75% dry husk, ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, 100 kernel weight, kernel yield per plant and shelling percentage showed an excess of dominant gene in the parents, while KD/KR ratio less than unity for days to 50% tasseling and number of kernels per row indicated an excess of recessive gene in the parents. Moderate estimates of heritability in narrow sense was observed for days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear girth and number of kernels per row. Low heritability was observed in plant height, days to 75% dry husk, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear, 100 kernel weight, kernel yield per plant and shelling percentage.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SPANISH BUNCH GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) 2887(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) NIKUNJBHAI PARMAR; V. H. KachhadiaAn investigation was carried out using 100 genotypes of groundnut to find out the genetic variability, correlation coefficients, path coefficients and genetic divergence. The material was evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications at the Main Oilseeds Research Station, J. A. U., Junagadh during kharif 2018-19. The observations were recorded on 12 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), oil content (%), harvest index (%) and shelling out-turn (%). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the 11 characters except shelling out-turn was non-significant. The highest range of variation was observed for number of immature pods per plant followed by number of mature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant and pod yield per plant. The high to moderate genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for number of mature pods per plant followed by number of immature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant, pod yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index. high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were observed for number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant, pod yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index which may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and possess high selective value and thus, selection pressure could profitably be applied on these characters for their rationale improvement. The values of genotypic correlation were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations. The pod yield per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation with number of mature pods per plant, kernel yield per plant, oil content and harvest index at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The path coefficient analysis revealed high and positive direct effects of kernel yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index on pod yield per plant. Days to maturity, plant height and number of primary branches per plant had low and positive direct effect. Thus, these characters turned-out to be the major components of pod yield. The 100 genotypes were grouped into 9 clusters by Mahalanobis’s D 2 -statistic. The clustering pattern of the genotypes did not show any relationship between geographical distribution and genetic divergence. The maximum inter-cluster distance was found between clusters VI and VIII followed by that between clusters I and VI, V and VI, IV and VI, III and VI, I and IX. The cluster VI was best for kernel yield per plant, pod yield per plant, biological yield per plant and number of immatured pods per plant. The cluster VIII was best for plant height and oil content. The clusters III had desirable value for plant height. Because it shows the longer plant height. The cluster IX was best for number of branches per plant and harvest index. The cluster IV was best for number of matured pods per plant. The cluster I was the best for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Because it shows the early flowering with early maturity. The number of matured pod per plant followed by kernel yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, plant height, oil content, number of matured pod per plant and biological yield per plant contributed maximum towards divergence, it is advisable to attempt crossing of the genotypes from cluster VI with the genotypes of cluster VIII as well as I and V and IV, which may lead to broad spectrum of favourable genetic variability for yield improvement in groundnut.ThesisItem Open Access VARIABILITY, CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN VEGETABLE COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] 2882(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2019-07) Paghadar Priyank J.; Dr. J. H. VachhaniAn investigation was carried out using 60 genotypes of vegetable cowpea to find out the variability, correlation coefficients, path coefficients, selection indices and genetic divergence. The material was evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications at the Vegetable Research Station, J. A. U., Junagadh during Summer 2018. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the 12 characters studied. The range of variation was observed highest for green pod yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant, ten pod weight and plant height. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for green pod yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant and ten pod weight. High heritability along with high genetic advance were observed for green pod yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant, ten pod weight, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, pod width, pod length and number of pods per cluster. The values of genotypic correlations were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations. Green pod yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively correlated with primary branches per plant, plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of primary branches per plant and pod length exhibited high and positive direct effects on green pod yield per plant. Whereas, Name of Student Paghadar Priyank J. Major Guide Dr. J. H. Vachhani number of pods per plant showed moderate and positive direct effect on green pod yield per plant. Thus, these characters turned-out to be the major components of green pod yield and direct selection for these traits will be rewarding for yield improvement in vegetable cowpea. Total of 15 selection indices were constructed involving cowpea green pod yield and three yield components using the discriminant function technique. The efficiency of selection increased with the inclusion of more number of characters in the index. Selection index involving green pod yield per plant, number of primary branches per plant, pod length, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod could be advantageously exploited in the vegetable cowpea breeding programmes. The 60 genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters by Mahalanobis’s D2-statistic. The clustering pattern of the genotypes did not show any relationship between geographical distribution and genetic divergence. The maximum inter-cluster distance was found between clusters V and VI followed by that between clusters V and VIII, IV and VI, III and VI, I and VI, IV and VIII, VI and VII and II and V. Number of pods per plant followed by ten pod weight and days to 50% flowering contributed the maximum towards the total genetic divergence in the material studied. Based on high yielding genotypes and large inter-cluster distances, it is advisable to attempt crossing of the genotypes from cluster V with cluster VI and cluster IV; cluster IV with cluster III, which may lead to the generation of broad spectrum of favourable genetic variability for yield improvement in vegetable cowpea. The conclusion that can be related from variability, correlation, path analysis, selection indices and genetic divergence is that number of primary branches per plant is the most important component character followed by pod length, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod should be considered as selection criteria for green pod yield improvement in vegetable cowpea. COLLEGE
