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ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID, POTASSIUM NITRATE AND SILICIC ACID ON BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) SEEDLING IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER” 2885(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) PUROHIT HARSH BHARATKUMAR; U. K. KandoliyaGreen house experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid under salt stress on physiological, biochemical parameters and enzymatic activities of groundnut. The experimental design was factorial completely randomized design with different eight (T1 to T8) treatment combinations, two level of irrigation to induce salinity stress i.e. tap water (S1) and 4 EC (S2). The plants were sprayed with GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid after 20 and 40 DAS (Days after sowing) and samples withdrawn after 30 and 50 DAS for the analysis. The observations were recorded for the parameters viz., relative water content, leaf pH, membrane stability index, total phenol, true protein, free amino acid, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, proline, glycine betaine as well as different enzymes viz., polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase. The present investigation was under taken with an objective to find out the effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid as growth regulators on physiological, biochemical and enzymatic activities. Results revealed that the foliar spray of treatment T8 [GA3 @ 100 ppm + KNO3 @ 500 ppm + silicic acid @ 50 ppm] was more effective in all parameters. In present study, it was observed that increasing the salt concentration in treatments resulted to increase osmolytes or solutes viz., total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, glycine betain, total phenols and proline content in groundnut under salt stress.Abstract With progressive days of germination, osmolytes or solute content in the seedling decrease in all salt stress treatments. A difference in sensitivity to salinity in groundnut was also reflected on physiological parameters as well as for the enzymatic activity. Salt stress that decreased physiological parameters like; relative water content and membrane stability index but leaf pH increased under salt stress. The leaf sample that treated with gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid at different concentrations that increased physiological parameters like relative water content, membrane stability index, except leaf pH. GA3, KNO3, silicic acid possibly regulate various plant metabolic process and modulate the production of varied osmolytes like total phenol, free amino acid, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, chlorophyll content (a, b and total), proline and glycine betaine, enzyme activity like peroxidase increased under salt stress, but application of GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid decrease catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. This investigation has proved GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid as potential biomolecules in reducing the adverse effect of salt stress in plant. GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid has been showed to be beneficial for plant growth and development.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRICKLY PEAR ACCESSIONS 2880(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2019-07) Kadam Dipak Dnyaneshwar; Dr. S. S. SapreThe present experiment “PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRICKLY PEAR ACCESSIONS” was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh with an objective to examine the morphological, physiological and biochemical variation in different Opuntia Spp. In morphological observations, accession 1292 showed maximum plant height (135.67 cm) and cladode length (40 cm) while accession 1300 showed highest plant spread (126 cm) and cladode thickness (3.33 cm). The highest cladode width and cladode weight was observed in accession 1270 (20.67 cm) and 1326 (903.10 g) respectively. The least morphological observations were reported in accession 1269. The highest moisture (94.49 %) and pH (5.01) were observed in accession 1258 while lowest moisture and pH were reported in accession 1288 (92.45 %) and 1326 (4.48) respectively. The highest ash and total chlorophyll content were observed in accession 1281 (4.95 %) and 1292 (0.329 mg g-1) respectively while least chlorophyll content and ash was observed in accession 1269 (0.193 mg g-1) and 1301 (1.53 %) respectively. The mineral estimation reveled that macro minerals such as calcium (1.64-40.32 mg g-1) and potassium (0.82-4.88 mg g-1) were abundant in cladodes and in micro minerals ferrous (71.40-349.27 μg g-1), manganese (4.74-116.63 μg g-1), zinc (4.35-56.90 μg g-1) and copper (5.52-16.94 μg g-1) were found in good amount. The mucilage content in Opuntia cladode ranged from 1.21 to 11.07 mg g-1. The highest mucilage was observed in wild Opuntia plant (11.07 mg g-1) while lowest mucilage content was observed in accession 1321 (1.21 mg g-1). The highest water and oil holding capacity of mucilage were recorded as 6.01 and 4.23 g g-1 in accession 1267 and 1315 respectively. In biochemical characterizations highest true protein, total carbohydrates, crude fat and crude fibre were observed in accession wild (3.66 mg g-1), 1301 (23.38 mg g-1), 1271 (3.67 %), and 1321 (26.65%) respectively. The accession 1320 had highest phenol content (1.13 mg g-1) while accession 1281 had highest ascorbic acid (134.71 mg/ 100g) and maximum antioxidant activity was found in accession 1296 (16.27 %). From the phenol profiling of one exotic (1320) and one local wild accession ten phenolic compounds were identified. In accession 1320 eight phenolic compounds were found with the highest content of chlorogenic acid followed by catechol and syringic acid while in wild accession, nine phenolic compounds were observed with the highest content of catechin followed by chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The phenolic compounds namely reseveratrol, and salicylic acid were present in wild and absent in accession 1320 while catechol was absent in wild accession. In study of anti-nutritional factors, accession 1288 had highest saponin while accession 1258 had highest phytic acid. The lowest saponin content was observed in accession 1281 and lowest phytic acid observed in accession 1267. On the basis of morphology, cladodes were classified into spiny and spineless group in which spiny cladodes were superior for physiological characters but biochemical characters were good in spineless. In anti-nutritional study, saponin was more in spiny and phytic acid more in spineless accessions. The results based on grouping of accessions for utility purpose showed that spineless fruit and spineless fodder were superior for physiological as well as biochemical characters. The results of this study reveal wide variability of the various parameters amongst the Opuntia accessions. The presence of health promoting agents such as crude fibre, micro and macro minerals, antioxidants viz. ascorbic acid, various phenolics should ensure the utility of this plant as a fodder as well as vegetable in arid and semi-arid regions of India.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan L.) IN RESPONSE TO SALINE WATER STRESS 2843(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-06) BHUVA JAYKUMAR VIVEKBHAI; G. V. MarviyaPigeon pea is one of the most important pulse crop growing in Gujarat. The problem of salinity stress due to saline water in Gujarat is prevailing from seed germination to harvest of the crop. The present work throw light on the effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical changes in response to salinity stress to tolerate the stress effects and increase the production as well as productivity of pigeon pea under salinity stress. Susceptibility minimized by conferring resistance against the salinity stress condition through salicylic acid treatment. Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) under saline water stress on physiological, biochemical parameters and enzymatic activities of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) leaves. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design with three salicylic acid concentrations [0.0 ppm (C1), 100 ppm (C2) and 200 ppm(C3)], three salinity levels [Normal water (S1), 4.0 dS/m (S2) and 8.0 dS/m(S3)]. The pots were irrigated with different concentrations of saline water and plants were sprayed with salicylic acid at 18 and 26 DAS (Days after Sowing), samples were collected at 28 DAS for the analysis. The observations were recorded for the parameters viz., relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll content, total phenol content, true protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total carbohydrate, proline, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase.In the treatment S3 (saline water 8 dS/m), the physiological parameters like relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of pigeon pea leaves reduced significantly due to saline water stress effect. Physiological parameters in leaf tissues of pigeon pea collected from saline water 8 dS/m (S3) treatment showed reduction in their mean values by 11.08 %, 55.06 %, 14.58 %, 38.67 % and 20.41 % in RWC, MSI, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, respectively compared to S1 (no saline water) treatment. The increase in the content of physiological parameters was more prominent with the increase of salicylic acid concentration from no salicylic acid to salicylic acid 200 ppm. In present study, it was observed that biochemical parameters like total phenol, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, and proline in leaves were increased due to saline water stress, while true protein and total carbohydrate were declined. Leaf samples from treatment S3 showed rise in the biochemical parameters like total phenol, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, and proline by 27.25 %, 54.52 %, 14.06 %, 13.73 %, 14.11 % and 87.29 %, respectively but true protein and total carbohydrate decreased by about 43.38 % and 19.94 %, respectively as compared to no saline water (S1) treatment. Same trend of increase was observed with the progressive increase salicylic acid concentration from C1 to C3. Mean values of total phenol, true protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total carbohydrates and proline for salicylic acid treatment C3 (salicylic acid 200 ppm) showed increment as compared to no salicylic acid (C1) treatment. Enzyme activities were increased for all the enzymes studied due to saline water stress. The activities of enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase increased by 83.04 %, 47.44 % and 17.37 %, respectively in treatment S3 as compared to S1 treatment. Mean values of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase for salicylic acid treatment showed progressive increment from C1 to C3 treatment. So, salicylic acid can reduce the effect of saline water stress on all the biochemical parameters, physiological parameters and enzymetic acticities at some extent.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID ON BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan L.) IN RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS 2867(jau,junagdh, 2019-07) Mr. Rakholiya Kishankumar P.; Dr. G. V. MarviyaPigeon pea is one of the most important pulse crop growing in Gujarat. The problem of water stress due to inadequate rainfall in Gujarat is prevailing from seed germination to maturity of the crop. The present study on the effect of salicylic acid on biochemical and physiological changes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in response to water stress will be useful to know the water stress effect on the biochemical and physiological parameters. The present work is also throwing light on the effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical changes in response to water stress to overcome the stress effects. Susceptibility might be minimized by conferring resistance against the water stress condition through salicylic acid treatment. The present investigation was carried out on water stress and effect of salicylic acid with three varieties (GJP-1, AGT-2 and GT-101) of pigeon pea and sampling of leaf tissues were done at 10 days after stress from water stress (I2) and at the same time from the no water stress (I1-control) to observe the changes in physiological and biochemical parameters as well as altered enzyme activities due to water stress and salicylic acid spray in pigeon pea. In the water stress condition (I2), the physiological parameters like relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of pigeon pea leaves reduced significantly due to water stress effect. Leaf tissues of pigeon pea were collected from no water stress (I1-control) and water stress (I2) showed reduction in their mean values by 38.15 %, 88.53 %, 30.28 %, 33.33 % and 30.55 % in RWC, MSI, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, respectively compared to no water stress. The increase in the content of physiological parameters was more prominent with the increase of salicylic acid concentration from control (S1) to salicylic acid 200 ppm (S3). Mean values of RWC, MSI, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll showed increment of 11.81 %, 37.6 %, 13.67 %, 55.55 % and 20.48 % respectively in salicylic acid 200 ppm (S3) compared to control (S1). In present study, it was observed that biochemical parameters like total phenol, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, and proline in leaves were increased due to water stress, while true protein and total carbohydrate were decline. Leaf samples from water stress showed rise in the biochemical parameters like total phenol, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, and proline by 28.19 %, 56.58 %, 64.66 %, 26.82 %, 68.8 % and 4.0 fold respectively but true protein and total carbohydrate decreased by about 41.12 % and 39.55 %, respectively due to water stress. Same trend of increase was observed with the progressive increase salicylic acid concentration from S1 to S3. Mean values of total phenol, true protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars, total carbohydrates and proline for salicylic acid treatment showed increment of 15.20 %, 10.91 %, 15.52 %, 15.68 %, 11.36 %, 16.09 %, 21.29 % and 15.04 %, respectively in salicylic acid 200 ppm (S3) compared to control (S1). Enzyme activities were increased for all the enzymes studied due to water stress. The activities of enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase increased by 53.86 %, 3.10 fold and 2.41 fold, respectively compared to no water stress. Mean values of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase for stages showed increment of 35.96 %, 19.20 % and 30.83 %, respectively in salicylic acid 200 ppm (S3) compared to control (S1). Varieties also varied significantly in response to water stress and salicylic acid treatment for mean value of physiological and biochemical parameters as well as enzyme activity. Significant interaction effect was observed for water stress and salicylic acid (I X S) and water stress and variety (I X V) of pigeon pea in respect to all physiological parameters, biochemical parameters and enzyme assay. Data on interactions of salicylic acid and variety (S X V) and overall interaction of irrigation, salicylic acid and varieties (I X S X V) were found to be non significant for all the parameters.ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF SEED PRIMING OF PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum L.) WITH SALICYLIC ACID ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES UNDER SALINITY STRESS.” By 2866(jau,junagdh, 2019-05) Ms. Parmar S. R; Dr. M. K. MandaviaThe present experiment on ‛‛effect of seed priming of pearl millet (pennisetum glaucum l.) With salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical changes under salinity stress.” was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh with the objectives to study the effect of Salinity stress and salicylic acid soaked seed followed by salinity treatments on various physiological, biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes system and SDS and Native electrophoresis was used to examine the protein profiling in leaf of 45 days old pearl millet seedlings of GHB - 905 genotype. The experiment was carried out in laboratory with pearl millet genotype GHB – 905 and different salinity stress with salicylic acid soaked and without salicylic acid soaked seed treatments. Application of salicylic acid positively influenced the above parameters. In pearl millet leaf tissue, the physiological parameters mainly RWC, MSI and total chlorophyll were highest in SA3SL1 ( SA 75 ppm + low salinity 40 m eq/L ). So, salicylic acid @ 75 ppm under 40 m eq/L stress of salinity was effective in this case. The MDA and hydrogen peroxide content were lowest as a result of salicylic acid @ 75 ppm under 40 m eq/L salinity stress. In case of biochemical parameters, proline content in pearl millet showed a tendency to increase with salinity stress concentration. It was maximum at 120 m eq/L level as compared to control. Salicylic acid further allowed to increase proline content under salinity stress. In the different treatment combination of salicylic acid and salinity stress treatment, significantly highest (61.25 μ mol/g Fw) value of proline was noticed under the treatment combination SA3SL3 ( SA 75 ppm + high salinity 120 m eq/L salinity stress). Protein content was greatly affected by salinity stress, which increased mostly at 12o m eq/L salinity stress level. Total protein level in salicylic acid treated seeds decreased with increase in salicylic acid concentration compared to control condition. Salicylic acid @ 75 ppm was effective under 120 m eq/L salinity stress for protein content as it allowed to increase the same. In case of peroxidase, catalase and SOD enzymes salicylic acid @ 25 ppm under 120 m eq/L salinity stress was effective as the same were highest as a result of this treatment. Total 11 and 14 protein bands were found in native and SDS electrophoresis different treatment combination respectively. more number of protein expression were noticed in salinity stress treated plants in NATIVE – PAGE and in different treatment combination of different concentrations in SDS – PAGE. Band no.11 was of high intensity in SA2SL2 in NATIVE – PAGE while in SDS –PAGE band no.6 and band no. 7 was of high intensity in SA0SL3 treatment.ThesisItem Open Access “EFFECT OF GIBBERELIC ACID, POTASSIUM NITRATE AND SILICIC ACID ON BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) SEEDLING IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER” 2862(jau,junagdh, 2019-07) Patel Riddhi S.; Dr. U. K.KandoliyaGreen house experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid undersalt stress on physiological, biochemical parameters and enzymatic activities of cowpea. The experimental design was factorial completely randomized design with different eight(T1 to T8) treatment combinations, twolevel of irrigation to induce salinity stress i.e.tap water (S1) and 4 EC (S2). The plants were sprayed with GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid after 10 and 30 DAS (Days after sowing) and samples with drawn after 20 and 40 DAS for the analysis. The observations were recorded for the parameters viz., relative water content, leaf pH, membrane stability index, total phenol, true protein, free amino acid, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, proline, glycine betaine as well as different enzyme viz., polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, nitrate reductase and phenylalanine ammonialyase.. The present investigation was under taken with an objective to find out the effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid as a growth regulators on physiological, biochemical and enzymatic activates. Results revealed that the foliar spray of treatment T8 [GA3@ 100 ppm + KNO3@ 500 ppm + silicic acid@ 50 ppm] was more effective in all parameters. In present study, it was observed that increasing the salt concentration in treatments resulted to increase osmolytes or solutes viz.,total soluble sugar, reducing sugar,glycine betain, total phenols, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and proline content in cowpea under salt stress.With progressive days of germination, osmolytes or solute content in the seedling decrease in all salt stress treatments.A difference in sensitivity to salinity in cowpea was also reflected on physiological parametersas well as for the enzymatic activity.Salt stress that decreased physiological parameters like; relative water content andmembrane stability index but leaf pH is increase in salt stress. The leaf sample that treated with gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid at different concentration that increase physiological parameters like relative water content,membrane stability index, leaf pH. GA3, KNO3, silicic acid possibly regulate various plant metabolic process and modulate the production of varied osmolytes like free amino acid, total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, chlorophyll content (a and total), proline, enzyme activity like nitrate reducatse decreased under salt stress, however, the application of GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid increase peroxidise, nitrate reductase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenol oxidase activity. This investigation has proved GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid as a potential biomolecules in reducing the adverse effect of salt stress in plant. GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid has been showed to be beneficial for plant growth and development.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INFLUENCED BY NANOPARTICLES TREATMENTS IN GERMINATING CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.),3008(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) PARMAR BHAVANABEN RAMSINH; H. P. GajeraThe present experiment “BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INFLUENCED BY NANOPARTICLES TREATMENTS IN GERMINATING CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.)” was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh with an objective to examine the different nanoparticles and PGPR treatments respect to plant growth development stages based on morphological and biochemical characters. In chilli, whole seedling tissue, the highest germination percentage 70.30% was found in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). In chilli seedling tissue, the highest root length, (2.84 cm), shoot length, (7.63 cm) and moisture content (89.42%) was found in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan nanoparticles). The relative water content (RWC) was found to be highest 69.98% in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles), while membrane stability index (MSI) (67.75%) in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). Soluble protein content in whole seedling tissues of chilli was found higher (4.92 mg/g) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles + Green silver Nanoparticles). Also total sugar content (7.02 mg/g), free amino acid content (1.41 mg/g), total phenol (3.39 mg/g) was found highest in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles + Green silver Nanoparticles). The highest content of chlorophyll A (0.066 mg/g), Chlorophyll B (0.019 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.087 mg/g) were found in treatment- 3 (PGPR- Bacillus subtilis), while chlorophyll stability index (CSI) (1.57 mg/g) in treatment- 5 (Chitosan Nanoparticles).Abstract The phenol profiling of chilli variety also distinguishes difference between different nanoparticales treatments and plant growth development stages. Total eight phenolic acids were identified using HPLC. Higher content of Gallic acid and salicylic acid was found in treatment-1 (control (without water)) of chilli seedling tissues. Higher content of cinnamic acid and quercetin was found in treatment- 2 (control with water), catechol was found higher in treatment- 3 (PGPR– Bacillus subtilis). Higher content of gallic acid and caffeic acid was found in treatment- 4 (Green silver Nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis), vanillic acid and caffic acid was higher in treatment- 5 (Chitosan Nanoparticles), ferulic acid and vanillic acid was higher in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles) and quercetin was found higher in treatment- 8 (Chemically synthesized silver Nanoparticles). The highest Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was found (4.67 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles+ Green silver nanoparticles) and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity was highest 1290.0 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt. in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (44.56 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was highest (34.00 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles+ Green silver nanoparticles). Catalase activity was highest 43.33 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt. in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). In ascorbate peroxidise (APX) enzyme activity decreased while in super oxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity was increased during plant growth development stages. Protein profiling by native and SDS PAGE shows that all stages proteins are different. All banding pattern are separated in different clusters. Control treatments proteins are clustered in one group while nanoparticles treatments proteins are separated in another cluster. Among all the treatments; nanoparticles treatments are best for morphological and biochemical constitutes in present study. The present investigation explained that morphological and biochemical contents were help to distinguishes difference in different treatments during all stages of plant growth development of chilli.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INFLUENCED BY NANOPARTICLES TREATMENTS IN GERMINATING CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) 3008(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-09) PARMAR BHAVANABEN RAMSINH; H. P. GajeraThe present experiment “BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INFLUENCED BY NANOPARTICLES TREATMENTS IN GERMINATING CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.)” was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh with an objective to examine the different nanoparticles and PGPR treatments respect to plant growth development stages based on morphological and biochemical characters. In chilli, whole seedling tissue, the highest germination percentage 70.30% was found in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). In chilli seedling tissue, the highest root length, (2.84 cm), shoot length, (7.63 cm) and moisture content (89.42%) was found in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan nanoparticles). The relative water content (RWC) was found to be highest 69.98% in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles), while membrane stability index (MSI) (67.75%) in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). Soluble protein content in whole seedling tissues of chilli was found higher (4.92 mg/g) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles + Green silver Nanoparticles). Also total sugar content (7.02 mg/g), free amino acid content (1.41 mg/g), total phenol (3.39 mg/g) was found highest in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles + Green silver Nanoparticles). The highest content of chlorophyll A (0.066 mg/g), Chlorophyll B (0.019 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.087 mg/g) were found in treatment- 3 (PGPR- Bacillus subtilis), while chlorophyll stability index (CSI) (1.57 mg/g) in treatment- 5 (Chitosan Nanoparticles).Abstract The phenol profiling of chilli variety also distinguishes difference between different nanoparticales treatments and plant growth development stages. Total eight phenolic acids were identified using HPLC. Higher content of Gallic acid and salicylic acid was found in treatment-1 (control (without water)) of chilli seedling tissues. Higher content of cinnamic acid and quercetin was found in treatment- 2 (control with water), catechol was found higher in treatment- 3 (PGPR– Bacillus subtilis). Higher content of gallic acid and caffeic acid was found in treatment- 4 (Green silver Nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis), vanillic acid and caffic acid was higher in treatment- 5 (Chitosan Nanoparticles), ferulic acid and vanillic acid was higher in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles) and quercetin was found higher in treatment- 8 (Chemically synthesized silver Nanoparticles). The highest Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity was found (4.67 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles+ Green silver nanoparticles) and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity was highest 1290.0 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt. in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (44.56 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was highest (34.00 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt.) in treatment- 7 (Chitosan Nanoparticles+ Green silver nanoparticles). Catalase activity was highest 43.33 Δ OD·min⁻¹·gm⁻¹ Fr. Wt. in treatment- 6 (PGPR + Chitosan Nanoparticles). In ascorbate peroxidise (APX) enzyme activity decreased while in super oxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity was increased during plant growth development stages. Protein profiling by native and SDS PAGE shows that all stages proteins are different. All banding pattern are separated in different clusters. Control treatments proteins are clustered in one group while nanoparticles treatments proteins are separated in another cluster. Among all the treatments; nanoparticles treatments are best for morphological and biochemical constitutes in present study. The present investigation explained that morphological and biochemical contents were help to distinguishes difference in different treatments during all stages of plant growth development of chilli.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRICKLY PEAR ACCESSIONS 2880(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) KADAM DIPAK DNYANESHWAR; S. S. SapreThe present experiment “PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRICKLY PEAR ACCESSIONS” was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh with an objective to examine the morphological, physiological and biochemical variation in different Opuntia Spp. In morphological observations, accession 1292 showed maximum plant height (135.67 cm) and cladode length (40 cm) while accession 1300 showed highest plant spread (126 cm) and cladode thickness (3.33 cm). The highest cladode width and cladode weight was observed in accession 1270 (20.67 cm) and 1326 (903.10 g) respectively. The least morphological observations were reported in accession 1269. The highest moisture (94.49 %) and pH (5.01) were observed in accession 1258 while lowest moisture and pH were reported in accession 1288 (92.45 %) and 1326 (4.48) respectively. The highest ash and total chlorophyll content were observed in accession 1281 (4.95 %) and 1292 (0.329 mg g-1 ) respectively while least chlorophyll content and ash was observed in accession 1269 (0.193 mg g-1 ) and 1301 (1.53 %) respectively. The mineral estimation reveled that macro minerals such as calcium (1.64-40.32 mg g-1 ) and potassium (0.82-4.88 mg g-1 ) were abundant in cladodes and in micro minerals ferrous (71.40-349.27 µg g-1 ), manganese (4.74- 116.63 µg g-1 ), zinc (4.35-56.90 µg g-1 ) and copper (5.52-16.94 µg g-1 ) were found in good amount. The mucilage content in Opuntia cladode ranged from 1.21 to 11.07 mg g-1 . The highest mucilage was observed in wild Opuntia plant (11.07 mg g-1 ) while lowest mucilage content was observed in accession 1321 (1.21 mg g-1 ). The highest water and oil holding capacity of mucilage were recorded as 6.01 and 4.23 g g -1 in accession 1267 and 1315 respectively. In biochemical characterizations highest true protein, total carbohydrates, crude fat and crude fibre were observed in accession wild (3.66 mg g-1 ), 1301 (23.38 mg g-1 ), 1271 (3.67 %), and 1321 (26.65%) respectively. The accession 1320 had highest phenol content (1.13 mg g-1 ) while accession 1281 had highest ascorbic acid (134.71 mg/ 100g) and maximum antioxidant activity was found in accession 1296 (16.27 %). From the phenol profiling of one exotic (1320) and one local wild accession ten phenolic compounds were identified. In accession 1320 eight phenolic compounds were found with the highest content of chlorogenic acid followed by catechol and syringic acid while in wild accession, nine phenolic compounds were observed with the highest content of catechin followed by chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The phenolic compounds namely reseveratrol, and salicylic acid were present in wild and absent in accession 1320 while catechol was absent in wild accession. In study of anti-nutritional factors, accession 1288 had highest saponin while accession 1258 had highest phytic acid. The lowest saponin content was observed in accession 1281 and lowest phytic acid observed in accession 1267. On the basis of morphology, cladodes were classified into spiny and spineless group in which spiny cladodes were superior for physiological characters but biochemical characters were good in spineless. In anti-nutritional study, saponin was more in spiny and phytic acid more in spineless accessions. The results based on grouping of accessions for utility purpose showed that spineless fruit and spineless fodder were superior for physiological as well as biochemical characters. The results of this study reveal wide variability of the various parameters amongst the Opuntia accessions. The presence of health promoting agents such as crude fibre, micro and macro minerals, antioxidants viz. ascorbic acid, various phenolics should ensure the utility of this plant as a fodder as well as vegetable in arid and semi-arid regions of India.
