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ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION DYNAMICS AND SUPPLY RESPONSE OF MAJOR SEED SPICES IN GUJARAT: IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2933(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) VIKASH KUMAR PARMAR; B. SWAMINATHANIndia is the ‘spice bowl of the world’ and is also called as the ‘land of spices’ and such is the importance of spices in the country’s economy that if there could be any correlation between the foreign invasions right from Mughals to the Europeans with India’s spice production then the correlation coefficient would certainly turn out to be highly and positively significant. The study was conducted for major seed spice crops of Gujarat state viz. cumin, coriander, fennel and fenugreek for the study period of 1994-95 to 2017-18. To capture the impact of National Horticultural Mission on seed spice sector in the state, the study period was again be classified into: Pre-NHM Period (1994-95 to 2004-05) and Post-NHM Period (2005- 06 to 2017-18) and Overall Period (1994-95 to 2017-18). The study area comprised of the top four seed spice producing districts in Gujarat. The districts were selected on the criterion that they should together account for at least 50 per cent of the TE gross cropped area of the individual selected crop in the state. The secondary data on area, production and yield of seed spices from Gujarat were collected for 24 years from the year 1994-95 to 2017-2018. It was analyzed using Compound growth rate, Coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Additive decomposition model, Linear Nerlovian supply-response model and Log linear Nerlovian lagged adjustment model.Growth rate analysis revealed either lower or similar growth trends in the study crops during Pre-NHM and Post-NHM period. In most cases, the growth rates of area were found to be more than that of yield component. Further, instability indices (CDV) were found to be ranging from 9.43 % to 105.56 % in cumin; 4.07 % to 90.89 % in coriander; 6.01 % to 113.56 % in fennel; and 10.74 % to 85.68 % in fenugreek. Growth-Instability analysis also revealed the presence of ‘not desirable’ (low growth-high instability) and ‘least desirable’ (low growth-low instability) in both area and yield components. Decomposition analysis showed higher contribution of yield (%) to output growth ranging from 44.23 % to 255.06 % in cumin; and 61.47 % to 142.90 % in coriander. In case of fennel and fenugreek the share (%) of area and area-yield interaction was observed to be higher in terms of output growth. Supply response model showed lagged prices of the study crops as the most important determinant of acreage; followed by lagged acreage; time period and rainfall in all the study crops. The influence of NHM dummy was at best negligible revealing that the estimated growth changes have arrived over the time period alone and not due to any specific intervention like that of NHM. Higher coefficient of adjustment at the aggregate levels in cumin (0.851); coriander (0.793); fennel (0.701) and fenugreek (0.625) indicated that the farmers took less time period in making adjustments in allocating area under the crop. Further, a comparative closeness of long-run elasticities (LRE) to that of short run elasticities (SRE) in the supply-response model revealed a greater degree of acreage adjustment among farmers in response to the changes in the price and non price influencing factors. Overall, it was found that on an average the farmers required 1.57 to 3.05 years to adjust their acreage under seed spices to the desired level in order to realize 95 % of the price effect while considering Gujarat state as a whole. Except for Banaskantha (18.71 years) in fennel and Surendranagar (17.78 years) in fenugreek, the speed of adjustment across the districts for seed spices was also found to be in tandem with the adjustment effect of the state. The study recommends the need of putting in place a bundle of technical, technological and market-led support mechanisms on a continuous basis so as to keep the acreage of seed spices under desired level.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SAPOTA IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT OF SAURASHTRA REGION 2918(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) KALARIYA SONALIBEN MAHENDRABHAI; S. B. VekariyaThe present investigation was undertaken with a view to study the cost and returns, marketing cost and margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of sapota in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. The Junagadh district was purposively selected, as it has the largest share in sapota cultivation in the Saurashtra region. A total sample of 120 respondents was selected for the study. For studying price spread, 20 merchants from each of the Vanthali and Junagadh regulated market were select as sample. The major analytical tools employed for the study were tabular analysis, cost concept, price spread and constraints analysis. On an average, the total investment per hectare was found to be Rs. 36.15 lakh in Junagadh district. The data revealed that on an average, the total annual cost incurred per hectare was Rs. 66578, which comprised of Rs. 5471 as amortized cost and Rs. 61107 as maintenance cost. The average yield per annum was 17365 kg/ha, which generate net return of Rs. 56735/ha. The Cost C2 (total cost) per annum at pre bearing, early bearing and mature bearing was Rs. 56651, Rs. 81018 and Rs. 101356 per hectare, respectively. Gross income was Rs. 94630 and Rs. 151996 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Farm business income was Rs. 58996 and Rs. 110310 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Family labour income was Rs. 41276 and Rs. 85091 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Farm investment income was Rs. 20977 and Rs. 59854 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. It is evident from the resulted that under situation of normal cost and return, the net present value (NPV) was found positive (Rs. 11000/ha) at 10 per cent rate of discount indicating the financial soundness of the investment on sapota orchard. The value of benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found near to unity (1.01) indicating that the investment is worthwhile but critical. The value of internal rate of return (IRR) was found 10.36 per cent. The payback period (PBP) was found to be 19.15 years. The results concluded that the investment on sapota orchard was a profitable proposition in Saurashtra region. The marketable surplus was 95.04 per cent of total sapota production. In Junagadh district, marketing channel for sapota was observed as farmers ---- wholesaler ---- retailer ---- consumer. The total marketing cost incurred by the sapota growers was Rs. 124.00 per quintal, Rs. 130.50 per quintal at wholesaler level and Rs. 125.35 per quintal at retailer level. The net margin was Rs. 229.50 per quintal at wholesaler level and Rs. 414.65 per quintal at retailer level. The percent of price spread in consumer’s price was to the extent of 46.15 per cent. The marketing efficiency was 3.52, 7.62 and 1.17 by using the Conventional, Shepherd’s and Acharya’s method, respectively. Marketing efficiency is greater than unity. High rate of commission and lack of processing plant were major marketing problem faced by the sapota growers. Bird damage followed by lack of irrigation facility were major problems faced by the farmers in raising the sapota orchard. As the sapota cultivation is profitable, it should be encouraged in potential areas. In cost minimization efforts, more emphasis should be given on efficient use of labour and development of sapota harvesting mechanism and Government must take consideration to promote drip irrigation by discussing benefits of drip irrigation system to the farmers and proving subsidy at proper time period.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS AND ACREAGE RESPONSE OF SESAMUM IN SAURASHTRA REGION 2917(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) KATARA REKHABEN PARSINGBHAI; K. A. KhuntSesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oil yielding crop and popularly known as “Queen of Oilseeds”. India account for the largest area under sesamum cultivation in the world, contributing nearly 25 per cent to international trade. In this connection, the study on “Economics and Acreage Response of Sesamum in Saurashtra Region” was undertaken with the main objectives viz; to assess the compound growth rate and instability analysis, acreage response, factors considered by the famers for acreage allocation, temporal changes in cost and return and problems faced by the farmers. The study was conducted in Junagadh and Rajkot districts of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the two districts of Saurashtra region. This was followed by random selection of 15 kharif and 15 summer sesamum growers from each selected talukas, (4). Thus, total 120 sesamum growers. i.e. 60 kharif and 60 summer sesamum growers were selected for the study. The secondary data were collected for the period 1995-96 to 2018-19 and 2010-11 to 2018-19 for analysis of acreage response of kharif and summer sesamum, respectively. The compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Nerlovian model and Garrett’s ranking technique were used to analyzed the collected data. The results revealed that the compound growth rates of the area, production and yield of kharif sesamum showed declining trend in Junagadh and Rajkot districts. The compound growth rates of productivity of summer and total sesamum increased significantly in both of the districts. In general, instability in area and production found higher than that in yield. The study on acreage response of kharif sesamum, revealed that, one year the lagged area was found to be positively influential factors in the farmers regarding area allocation to kharif sesamum in all the models of Junagadh and Rajkot districts. The kharif sesamum growers of Junagadh district are traditional in nature, they have not responded to the price and non price factors too. Where as, farmers of Rajkot district exhibited rational behaviour to price factors and non price factors i.e. negative response to area under competing crop, lagged price and yield risk. In both the districts, summer sesamum growers consider the factors like area and price of competing crop, lagged yield and total rainfall. The positive and significant impact of total rainfall was found on summer sesamum acreage because it needs assured irrigation facility. The higher value of long run elasticity (LR) indicated that the farmers were relatively market oriented in their decision in the long run than in short run in respect to the sesamum in Junagadh and Rajkot districts. According to farmers opinions, for kharif sesamum, the low cost of cultivation of sesamum and price of sesamum during last year were the common factors considered by farmers while acreage allocation in both of the districts. In the summer sesamum the low cost of cultivation of sesamum was found common factor while acreage allocation in both of the districts. The study on trend in input use and return from kharif and summer sesamum revealed that use of family labour declined significantly over a period in quantity in kharif as well as summer sesamum, while in value term, significant increase was observed only in kharif sesamum. The average net profit observed more than double in case of summer sesamum when compared with kharif sesamum. In Junagadh district, the major problems faced by farmers in cultivation of kharif and summer sesamum were; the lack of irrigation facilities in summer, lack of new technology and extension support and lack of availability of quality seeds. In case of Rajkot district, the lack of new technology and extension support and lack of availability of quality seeds were common problems faced by farmers in cultivation of kharif and summer sesamum.ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF CASTOR OIL EXPORTS FROM INDIA AND INSTABILITY ANALYSIS OF CASTOR PRODUCTION IN MAJOR STATES 2841(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-05) GAJAVALLI SAISRI; M. G. DhandhalyaPresently, India is the top most castor seeds producing country, contributing nearly 87 per cent of the world production, however, its area and production are highly unstable. India exports about three-fourth per cent of its total production of castor oil and its derivatives. India stands at the top position in the list of major castor oil exporting countries. Though, India is a dominant player in the world market, it is just a price taker and not a price setter, due to its poor infrastructure, but it has the capability to improve on the exports of the derivatives of castor and overcome this limitation. Keeping in view of this potentiality, the present study “Dynamics of castor oil exports from India and instability analysis of castor production in major sates” was undertaken with the main objectives to assess the growth dimensions, instability, sources of growth and variability, direction of trade and forecasting of quantum of future castor oil and castor cake exports to major importing countries. The secondary data on area, production and productivity of castor, volume and value of castor oil and castor cake exports from India was collected from 1976-77 to 2017-18 and 2003-04 to 2017-18, respectively from various public sources. The data was analyzed using compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Hazell’s decomposition analysis and first order Markov chain model. Among different states of India, Rajasthan recorded highest growth rates in area, production and productivity followed by Gujarat and at all India level. Growth rates of castor oil’s export quantity, value and unit value were found highest in Period I (1986-87 to 1995-96) of study. In castor cake export, growth rate of value of castor cake was found highest among growth rates of quantity, value and unit value. The instability of castor area, production and productivity was highest in Rajasthan among different major castor growing states of India. The instability analysis of castor oil and castor cake exports, the value of castor oil found to be highly unstable. Results of decomposition analysis revealed that in case of both castor oil and castor cake among all components, share of mean export quantity contributed the highest in change in variance of export value. Results of TPM revealed that China and japan were the most reliable and loyal market for Indian castor oil during the study period and Netherlands was moderately stable market. In castor cake export, South Korea was found as the most stable market with high probability of retention. Taiwan was found to be moderately stable as indicated by moderate probability of retention. The shares of major importers of Indian castor oil and castor cake were estimated using the transitional probability matrices and the same were compared with the actual export shares obtained from the trade data. It was predicted by using TPM that quantum of castor oil export for China, was expected to increase in ensuring years, while quantity exported to Netherlands, USA, France, Japan, Thailand and other countries were expected to decline from the year 2017-18 onwards. On the other hand for castor cake forecasting reveal that in terms of quantity, castor cake export to all the countries under study would be likely to decline in near future. This study suggest that there is large scope for achieving higher production of castor seeds in India, provided to extend minimum support price for this crop as like other oilseeds. India achieved remarkable growth rate in export of castor oil and it has vast potential for further expansion with value added products as per the need of importing countries. As the world becoming more environmental conscious now a days, these natural derivatives of castor oil could find better market worldwide.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MAJOR SPICE EXPORTS AND SPICE PRODUCT EXPORTS FROM INDIA 2857(jau,junagdh, 2019-07) NAGANI CHARLSKUMAR M.; Dr. S. B. VEKARIYAIndia exports spices from times immemorial and is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices in the world. India is traditionally known as the spice bowl of the world. This study is contemplated to address some of the export issues in Indian spices based on the performance during the two time periods viz., Pre NHM (1993-94 to 2004-05) and Post NHM (2005-06 to 2017-18). In this connection, the study on “Performance and Stability Analysis of Spices and Spice products Export from India” was undertaken with the main objectives to assess the growth dimensions, instability, direction of trade and forecasting of quantum of future spices and spice products export to major importing countries. The secondary data on volume and value of spices and spice products exports from India was collected for 26 years from the year 1993-94 to 2017-2018. It was analyzed using compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index and first order Markov chain model. The overall trend in spices export in quantity was found to be lower in the Period I than in Period II and Period III. It implies that a lower growth rate in quantity (4.75%) of spices were being exported during Period-I, which increased in quantity (9.57%) of spices during Period-II. Highly stable market for spices and its products during Period I were oils & oleoresins and curry powder, in Period II chilli (quantity), mint products (quantity), oils & oleoresins (value) and curry powder (quantity and value). No commodity showed low instability during Period III. (1993-94 to 2017-2018) Results of TPM revealed that Canada was the stable market for black pepper and curry powder, Vietnam for chilli and cumin, Iran for turmeric, Malaysia for coriander, Saudi Arabia for ginger, China for mint products and oils & oleoresins and during the study period for the year 2002-03 to 2017-18. The shares of major importers of Indian spices and spice products were estimated using the Transitional Probability Matrices (TPM) and the same were compared with the actual export shares obtained from the trade data. It was predicted by using TPM that quantum of black pepper export for countries like U.K, Germany, Canada, Japan, other countries and Netherlands were expected to increase while quantity exported to U.S.A was expected to decline from the year 2017-18. For chilli forecasting revealed that in terms of quantity export to Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Nepal would be rise and quantity exported to Indonesia and other countries would be decline. The quantum of turmeric export for countries like other countries were expected to increase while quantity exported to Iran, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands and Bangladesh were expected to decline. For cumin forecasting revealed that in terms of quantity export to Vietnam, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia would be rise and quantity exported to Brazil, Egypt and other countries would be decline. The quantum of coriander export for countries like South Africa, Singapore and other countries were expected to increase while quantity exported to Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Nepal and Australia were expected to decline from the year 2017-18. For cumin forecasting revealed that in terms of quantity export to Saudi Arabia, Netherlands and other countries would be rise and quantity exported to Bangladesh, Australia and Germany would be decline. The quantum of cardamom export for countries like Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Japan and other countries were expected to increase while quantity exported to U.S.A were expected to decline from the year 2017-18. For mint products forecasting revealed that in terms of quantity export to Germany, Singapore, Japan and other countries would be rise and quantity exported to China, Netherlands and France would be decline. The quantum of oils & oleoresins export for countries like Germany, France, Indonesia, South Africa and other countries were expected to increase while quantity exported to China were expected to decline from the year 2017-18. For curry powder forecasting revealed that in terms of quantity export to Australia, Singapore and other countries would be rise and quantity exported to Saudi Arabia and Canada would be declineThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION DYNAMICS AND SUPPLY RESPONSE OF MAJOR SEED SPICES IN GUJARAT: IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION(jau.junagadh, 2019-08) VIKASH KUMAR PARMAR; Dr. B. SWAMINATHANIndia is the ‘spice bowl of the world’ and is also called as the ‘land of spices’ and such is the importance of spices in the country’s economy that if there could be any correlation between the foreign invasions right from Mughals to the Europeans with India’s spice production then the correlation coefficient would certainly turn out to be highly and positively significant. The study was conducted for major seed spice crops of Gujarat state viz. cumin, coriander, fennel and fenugreek for the study period of 1994-95 to 2017-18. To capture the impact of National Horticultural Mission on seed spice sector in the state, the study period was again be classified into: Pre-NHM Period (1994-95 to 2004-05) and Post-NHM Period (2005- 06 to 2017-18) and Overall Period (1994-95 to 2017-18). The study area comprised of the top four seed spice producing districts in Gujarat. The districts were selected on the criterion that they should together account for at least 50 per cent of the TE gross cropped area of the individual selected crop in the state. The secondary data on area, production and yield of seed spices from Gujarat were collected for 24 years from the year 1994-95 to 2017-2018. It was analyzed using Compound growth rate, Coefficient of variation, Cuddy Della Vella index, Additive decomposition model, Linear Nerlovian supply-response model and Log-linear Nerlovian lagged adjustment model. Growth rate analysis revealed either lower or similar growth trends in the study crops during Pre-NHM and Post-NHM period. In most cases, the growth rates of area were found to be more than that of yield component. Further, instability indices (CDV) were found to be ranging from 9.43 % to 105.56 % in cumin; 4.07 % to 90.89 % in coriander; 6.01 % to 113.56 % in fennel; and 10.74 % to 85.68 % in fenugreek. Growth-Instability analysis also revealed the presence of ‘not desirable’ (low growth-high instability) and ‘least desirable’ (low growth-low instability) in both area and yield components. Decomposition analysis showed higher contribution of yield (%) to output growth ranging from 44.23 % to 255.06 % in cumin; and 61.47 % to 142.90 % in coriander. In case of fennel and fenugreek the share (%) of area and area-yield interaction was observed to be higher in terms of output growth. Supply response model showed lagged prices of the study crops as the most important determinant of acreage; followed by lagged acreage; time period and rainfall in all the study crops. The influence of NHM dummy was at best negligible revealing that the estimated growth changes have arrived over the time period alone and not due to any specific intervention like that of NHM. Higher coefficient of adjustment at the aggregate levels in cumin (0.851); coriander (0.793); fennel (0.701) and fenugreek (0.625) indicated that the farmers took less time period in making adjustments in allocating area under the crop. Further, a comparative closeness of long-run elasticities (LRE) to that of short-run elasticities (SRE) in the supply-response model revealed a greater degree of acreage adjustment among farmers in response to the changes in the price and non-price influencing factors. Overall, it was found that on an average the farmers required 1.57 to 3.05 years to adjust their acreage under seed spices to the desired level in order to realize 95 % of the price effect while considering Gujarat state as a whole. Except for Banaskantha (18.71 years) in fennel and Surendranagar (17.78 years) in fenugreek, the speed of adjustment across the districts for seed spices was also found to be in tandem with the adjustment effect of the state. The study recommends the need of putting in place a bundle of technical, technological and market-led support mechanisms on a continuous basis so as to keep the acreage of seed spices under desired level.ThesisItem Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SAPOTA IN JUNAGADH DISTRICT OF SAURASHTRA REGION 2918(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) Kalariya Sonaliben Mahendrabhai; Dr. S. B. VekariyaThe present investigation was undertaken with a view to study the cost and returns, marketing cost and margin, price spread and constraints in production and marketing of sapota in Junagadh district of Gujarat state. The Junagadh district was purposively selected, as it has the largest share in sapota cultivation in the Saurashtra region. A total sample of 120 respondents was selected for the study. For studying price spread, 20 merchants from each of the Vanthali and Junagadh regulated market were select as sample. The major analytical tools employed for the study were tabular analysis, cost concept, price spread and constraints analysis. On an average, the total investment per hectare was found to be Rs. 36.15 lakh in Junagadh district. The data revealed that on an average, the total annual cost incurred per hectare was Rs. 66578, which comprised of Rs. 5471 as amortized cost and Rs. 61107 as maintenance cost. The average yield per annum was 17365 kg/ha, which generate net return of Rs. 56735/ha. The Cost C2 (total cost) per annum at pre bearing, early bearing and mature bearing was Rs. 56651, Rs. 81018 and Rs. 101356 per hectare, respectively. Gross income was Rs. 94630 and Rs. 151996 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Farm business income was Rs. 58996 and Rs. 110310 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Family labour income was Rs. 41276 and Rs. 85091 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. Farm investment income was Rs. 20977 and Rs. 59854 at early bearing and mature bearing stage, respectively. It is evident from the resulted that under situation of normal cost and return, the net present value (NPV) was found positive (Rs. 11000/ha) at 10 per cent rate of discount indicating the financial soundness of the investment on sapota orchard. The value of benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found near to unity (1.01) indicating that the investment is worthwhile but critical. The value of internal rate of return (IRR) was found 10.36 per cent. The payback period (PBP) was found to be 19.15 years. The results concluded that the investment on sapota orchard was a profitable proposition in Saurashtra region. The marketable surplus was 95.04 per cent of total sapota production. In Junagadh district, marketing channel for sapota was observed as farmers ---- wholesaler ---- retailer ---- consumer. The total marketing cost incurred by the sapota growers was Rs. 124.00 per quintal, Rs. 130.50 per quintal at wholesaler level and Rs. 125.35 per quintal at retailer level. The net margin was Rs. 229.50 per quintal at wholesaler level and Rs. 414.65 per quintal at retailer level. The percent of price spread in consumer’s price was to the extent of 46.15 per cent. The marketing efficiency was 3.52, 7.62 and 1.17 by using the Conventional, Shepherd’s and Acharya’s method, respectively. Marketing efficiency is greater than unity. High rate of commission and lack of processing plant were major marketing problem faced by the sapota growers. Bird damage followed by lack of irrigation facility were major problems faced by the farmers in raising the sapota orchard. As the sapota cultivation is profitable, it should be encouraged in potential areas. In cost minimization efforts, more emphasis should be given on efficient use of labour and development of sapota harvesting mechanism and Government must take consideration to promote drip irrigation by discussing benefits of drip irrigation system to the farmers and proving subsidy at proper time periodThesisItem Open Access “ECONOMICS AND ACREAGE RESPONSE OF SESAMUM IN SAURASHTRA REGION” 2917(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-08) Katara Rekhaben Parsingbhai; Dr. K. A. KhuntSesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is an ancient oil yielding crop and popularly known as “Queen of Oilseeds”. India account for the largest area under sesamum cultivation in the world, contributing nearly 25 per cent to international trade. In this connection, the study on “Economics and Acreage Response of Sesamum in Saurashtra Region” was undertaken with the main objectives viz; to assess the compound growth rate and instability analysis, acreage response, factors considered by the famers for acreage allocation, temporal changes in cost and return and problems faced by the farmers. The study was conducted in Junagadh and Rajkot districts of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the two districts of Saurashtra region. This was followed by random selection of 15 kharif and 15 summer sesamum growers from each selected talukas, (4). Thus, total 120 sesamum growers. i.e. 60 kharif and 60 summer sesamum growers were selected for the study. The secondary data were collected for the period 1995-96 to 2018-19 and 2010-11 to 2018-19 for analysis of acreage response of kharif and summer sesamum, respectively. The compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, Nerlovian model and Garrett’s ranking technique were used to analyzed the collected data. The results revealed that the compound growth rates of the area, production and yield of kharif sesamum showed declining trend in Junagadh and Rajkot districts. The compound growth rates of productivity of summer and total sesamum increased significantly in both of the districts. In general, instability in area and production found higher than that in yield. The study on acreage response of kharif sesamum, revealed that, one year the lagged area was found to be positively influential factors in the farmers regarding area allocation to kharif sesamum in all the models of Junagadh and Rajkot districts. The kharif sesamum growers of Junagadh district are traditional in nature, they have not responded to the price and non price factors too. Where as, farmers of Rajkot district exhibited rational behaviour to price factors and non price factors i.e. negative response to area under competing crop, lagged price and yield risk. In both the districts, summer sesamum growers consider the factors like area and price of competing crop, lagged yield and total rainfall. The positive and significant impact of total rainfall was found on summer sesamum acreage because it needs assured irrigation facility. The higher value of long run elasticity (LR) indicated that the farmers were relatively market oriented in their decision in the long run than in short run in respect to the sesamum in Junagadh and Rajkot districts. According to farmers opinions, for kharif sesamum, the low cost of cultivation of sesamum and price of sesamum during last year were the common factors considered by farmers while acreage allocation in both of the districts. In the summer sesamum the low cost of cultivation of sesamum was found common factor while acreage allocation in both of the districts. The study on trend in input use and return from kharif and summer sesamum revealed that use of family labour declined significantly over a period in quantity in kharif as well as summer sesamum, while in value term, significant increase was observed only in kharif sesamum. The average net profit observed more than double in case of summer sesamum when compared with kharif sesamum. In Junagadh district, the major problems faced by farmers in cultivation of kharif and summer sesamum were; the lack of irrigation facilities in summer, lack of new technology and extension support and lack of availability of quality seeds. In case of Rajkot district, the lack of new technology and extension support and lack of availability of quality seeds were common problems faced by farmers in cultivation of kharif and summer sesamum.ThesisItem Open Access SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR FRUIT CROPS OF GUJARAT: IMPACT OF NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION 2868(JAU, JUNAGADH, 2019-07) KUSUMA KUMAR K; Dr. N. J. ArdeshnaIndia has witnessed voluminous increase in horticulture production over the last few years due to significant progress in area expansion. The Govt. of India launched National Horticulture Mission during the year 2005-06 for holistic development of horticulture sector. In this connection, the present study was undertaken to assess the growth dimensions, instability in production, components of change in average production and components of change in variance of production. The district-wise secondary data on area, production and productivity of major fruit crops were collected from the year 1994-95 to 2017-18 which was analysed using compound growth rates, Cuddy-Della Valle index and Hazell’s decomposition for three periods; Period I or pre NHM period (1994-95 to 2005-06), Period II or post-NHM period (2006-07 to 2017-18) and Period III or overall period (1994-95 to 2017-18). Among the growth dimensions, it was observed that the area, production and productivity of banana increased at the rate of 4.93, 7.48 and 2.42 per cent per annum, respectively in Period I while in Period III the same was increased at the rate of 4.87, 8.83 and 3.78 per cent per annum, respectively in Gujarat state while in case of ber Gujarat state recorded the highly significant growth of area, production and productivity in all the three study periods but former attributes were found with negative growth in Period II. The citrus registered highly significant growth in case of area, production and productivity in all the three periods which was more in Pre-NHM period compared to Post-NHM period in case of area and production but in case of productivity increased growth was observed during Post-NHM due to the introduction of high yielding varieties of citrus crop during the period. The rate of increase in area and production was found significant in all the periods but productivity was found to be non-significant in all three periods in case of mango in Gujarat. In case of papaya during Period I, Gujarat state as a whole was observed with the significant growth of area, production and productivity in all three periods. In sapota, Period I and Period II was depicted significant growth in case of area and production but productivity was found non-significant while in Period III the area, production and productivity was found significant. The instability analysis of banana revealed that the Gujarat was found to be having low instability range in Period I and Period III in case of area and productivity while production was found to be in medium instability range and in Period III, the area, production and productivity was found to be more instable with high instability range. The state recorded instability indices in the lower range in all three period in area, production and also productivity of ber. In citrus fruit, the area and production in all three period of Gujarat state was found to be stable with low instability range but productivity in Period I and Period III was found to be falling under medium instability range. The mango crop was found to have high stability Period III and Period II with their indices in high instability range except in Period I which fall under medium stability. In case of papaya, the state was under medium instability range in all three periods while in sapota it was more stable in all the three study periods. The decomposition analysis revealed that in case of ber, citrus, papaya and sapota crops the change in mean area was the major influencing factor while in case of banana and mango change in mean yield was major contributing factor for the change in average production during Pre-NHM and Post-NHM periods. The change in variance of production in banana and mango was majorly affected by interaction between change in the mean area and mean yield variance while in ber and citrus change in area-yield covariance was observed to be the largest share of chance in variance of production. The change in the variance of production of papaya was the interaction between changes in mean area and yield variance and mean area was the major contributor for change in variance in sapota crop.
