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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (PSB) ON SOIL PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY, YIELD AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE BY SOYBEAN 3724(JAU JUNAGADH, 2023-08) KORE MEGHANA; A. V. Rajani; 2010121075A pot experiment entitled “Effect of phosphorus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soil phosphorus availability, yield and nutrients uptake by soybean” was conducted at Net House, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh on clayey texture soils during kharif, season of 2022 having low available N and medium of available P, high in available K and medium in available S and alkaline in reaction (pH 7.98). The experiment comprised of 16 treatment combination having 4 levels of P (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and 4 level of PSB (0, 1, 2 and 3 L PSB ha-1 ) carried out in completely randomized design replicated at thrice, in respect of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, content and uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S at harvest by seed & stover and their total uptake by soybean crop, the status of soil available nutrients viz., N, K and S at harvest, P status, bacterial population and acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in the soil at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest of the crop. The experimental results revealed that application of 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of nodules plant-1 , number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , seed yield (6.75 g plant-1 ), stover yield (15.56 g plant-1 ) and 100 seed weight. Phosphorus content in seed and stover as well as uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S by seed and stover. Whereas, phosphorus application did not exert any significant effect on protein content in seed, N, K and S content in seed and stover of soybean. Soil analysis included soil available nutrients like N, K, and S after harvest of soybean remains unaffected under the application of phosphorus. While, the soil phosphorus availability, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at 30, 60 and at harvest were significantly increased by application of 80 kg P ha-1 . Whereas, effect of phosphorus application was found non- significant on phosphorus solubilizing bacteria population at 30, 60 and at harvest. Application of PSB 3 L ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, number of branches plant-1 , number of nodules plant-1 , number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , seed yield (6.37 g plant-1 ), stover yield (15.02 g plant-1 ) and 100 seed weight, phosphorus content in seed and stover as well as uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S by seed and stover of soybean. However, protein content in seed, N, K and S content in seed and stover of soybean did not influence by PSB application. The data on soil analysis showed that the availability of nutrients like N, K and S after harvest of soybean unaffected under the application of PSB. While, the soil phosphorus availability, phosphorus solubilizing bacterial population and acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at 30, 60 and at harvest were significantly increased by the application of 3 L PSB ha-1 . The combined effect of phosphorus and PSB found significant in respect of P uptake by seed with phosphorus (35.06 mg plant-1 ) under the combined application of P3 (80 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and PSB3 (3 L PSB ha-1 ). Acid (52.26, 62.76 and 58.34 µg PNP g -1 soil hr-1 ), Alkaline phosphatase activity (154.40, 168.30 and 162.12 µg PNP g -1 soil hr-1 ) at 30, 60 and at harvest, respectively in soil under combined application of P3 (80 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and PSB3 (3 L PSB ha-1 ) at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest and acid phosphatase activity (µg PNP g-1 soil hr-1 ) higher values of these parameter recorded with phosphorus P3 (80 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and PSB3 (3 L PSB ha-1 ) . Over all, the application of phosphorus at 60 kg ha-1 with PSB at 3 L ha-1 plays crucial role for obtaining maximum qualitative yield and maintain soil phosphorus status.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SULPHUR SOURCES AND SULPHUR OXIDIZING BACTERIA (SOB) ON YIELD, QUALITY AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE BY SUMMER SOYBEAN 3719(JAU JUNAGADH, 2023-07) PATEL ANJALIBEN MUKESHBHAI; Dr. J. J. Vaghani; 2010121043Soybean, sulphur, SOB, yield, quality, nutrients content and uptake, available nutrients A field experiment entitled “Effect of sulphur sources and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) on yield, quality and nutrients uptake by summer soybean” was conducted on medium black calcareous soil at Instructional Farm, Krishigadh, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) during summer season of 2022. The field experiment was comprising of three sources of sulphur viz., Gypsum (SS1), Elemental sulphur (SS2) and Cosavet (fertis) (SS3) and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) viz., 0.0 lit ha-1 (SOB1), 2.0 lit ha-1 (SOB2), 3.0 lit ha-1 (SOB3) and 4.0 lit ha-1 (SOB4) in randomized block design (Factorial) repeated thrice were tested in the experiment, in respect of growth parameters, yield, yield attributes, content and uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest in stover and seed of soybean crop, status of soil available nutrients viz., N, P2O5, K2O and S at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest as well as bacterial population in soil at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of crop. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey and slightly alkaline in reaction with pH2.5 8.2, EC2.5 0.3 dS m-1 . The soil was low in available nitrogen (230.00 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (32.50 kg ha-1 ), medium in available potassium (280.00 kg ha-1 ) and low in available sulphur (9.55 ppm). The results revealed that growth parameters, yield, yield attributes, quality parameters and nutrients content and uptake were significantly influenced by the different sources of sulphur and sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB). The results of experiment indicated that plant height, number of pods per plant, dry matter yield at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, seed and stover yield were observed maximum with application of cosavet (fertis). Similar trend also observed in case of quality parameters ABSTRACT like, protein and oil content. The nitrogen content in seed and sulphur content in seed and plant at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur by seed and stover at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest significantly increased with application of cosavet (fertis) as a source of sulphur. The number of seeds per pod, phosphorus and potassium content in seed, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in plant at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest did not influence by different sources of sulphur. The effect of sulphur sources on available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil did not produce any significance influence at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean. Availability of sulphur in soil significantly increased by application of cosavet (fertis). The application of SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, number of pods per plant, dry matter yield, seed and stover yield as well as protein and oil content. However, days to 50 % flowering and number of seeds per pod did not influence by SOB application. Application of SOB produced significantly favourable effect on nitrogen content in seed, sulphur content in seed and plant at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean. Significantly higher values of all these parameters were observed with application of SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 . While, SOB application did not exert any significant effect on phosphorus and potassium content in seed as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in plant at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean crop. Application of SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 also significantly increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur by seed and stover of soybean crop. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean were remains unaffected under the different levels of SOB. While the available sulphur in soil at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest significantly increase with application of SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 . Application of SOB significantly increased the population of sulphur oxidizers at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest in soil, While, in case of different sources of sulphur did not produce any significant effect on population of sulphur oxidizers in soil at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean crop. The interaction effect of sulphur sources and SOB were found non-significant with respect of all growth parameters, yield, yield attributes, quality parameters, content and uptake of nutrients by plant at harvest, available N, P2O5, K2O and S at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest as well as sulphur oxidizing population in soil at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of soybean. The quantitatively highest yield of soybean can be achieved by application of cosavest (fertis) @ 20 kg ha-1 and SOB @ 3 lit ha-1 in the medium black calcareous soils of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA (PSB) ON SOIL PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY, YIELD AND NUTRIENTS UPTAKE BY SUMMER GREEN GRAM 3705(JAU JUNAGADH, 2023-07) NAVDEEP SINGH BHATI; H. L. Sakarvadia; 2010121079Phosphorus, Green gram, Nutrients content & uptake, Yield, Available nutrients, PSB and Enzyme activity A pot experiment entitled “Effect of phosphorus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soil phosphorus availability, yield and nutrients uptake by summer green gram” was conducted during the summer, 2022 in the net house of Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The pot experiment comprised 16 treatment combinations having four levels each of phosphorus viz., 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1 and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) viz., 0, 1, 2 and 3 L ha-1 in factorial completely randomized design repeated thrice were tested in the experiment, in respect of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, protein content, content and uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S at harvest by seed & straw and their total uptake by green gram crop, the status of soil available nutrients viz., N, K and S at harvest, Periodical P status, bacterial population and acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity in the soil at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest of the crop. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 (8.0) and EC2.5 (0.49 dS m-1 ), low in available nitrogen (225.80 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (39.49 kg ha-1 ) and sulphur (17.20 ppm) and high in available potash (346.93 kg ha-1 ). The results revealed that growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters, nutrient content & uptake in green gram, bacterial population, available nutrients and phosphatase enzyme activity in soil were significantly influenced by the various levels of phosphorus and PSB. The application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, number of nodules, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, ABSTRACT seed yield, straw yield, protein content in seed, nitrogen and phosphorus content in seed and straw as well as uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S by seed, straw and its total uptake by the green gram crop. Whereas, phosphorus application did not exert any significant effect on 100 seed weight, K and S content in seed and straw of green gram. The application of 3 L PSB ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, number of nodules, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, straw yield, protein content in seed, nitrogen and phosphorus content in seed and straw as well as uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S by seed, straw and its total uptake by the green gram crop. However, 100 seed weight, K and S content in seed and straw of green gram did not influence by PSB application. The data on soil analysis showed that availability of nutrients like N, K and S after harvest of green gram remains unaffected under the application of phosphorus and PSB. while, the soil phosphorus availability, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at 30 & 60 DAS and at harvest were significantly increased by the application of phosphorus and PSB. Application of PSB significantly increased phosphorus solubilizing bacterial population at 30 & 60 DAS and at harvest in soil, while, effect of phosphorus application was found non-significant. The significant interaction effect of phosphorus and PSB application were observed only in the case of available phosphorus at 60 DAS and at harvest, acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at 30 & 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively in soil under combined application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with 3 L PSB ha-1 . Overall the application of phosphorus 40 kg ha-1 and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria 3 L ha-1 exhibited significant enhancements in terms of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield and protein content in seed. It also exerted their favorable effect on nitrogen and phosphorus content in plant and on soil phosphorus availability as well as uptake of nutrients like N, P, K, and S by grain and straw of green gram. Combined application of phosphorus 40 kg ha-1 along with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria 2 L ha-1 increased acid and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity at 30 and 60 DAS and harvest.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NITRATE, FLUORIDE AND HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN UNDERGROUND WATER OF SAURASHTRA REGION 3702(jau junagadh, 2023-07) VASOYA MANSI HITENDRABHAI; L. C. VEKARIA; 2010121068Saurashtra region, underground water, nitrate content, fluoride, heavy metals, per cent distribution, correlation An investigation was undertaken to study underground water quality of Saurashtra region of Gujarat state. Total 750 underground water samples were collected from wells or bore wells of all 75 talukas of ten districts of Saurashtra region in Gujarat state during the year of 2021. The water samples were collected by using GPS and analyzed for various quality parameters like nitrate, fluoride and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn). The analytical results revealed that the nitrate content in underground water samples collected from entire Saurashtra region varied from 0.00 to 272.00 mg/l with a mean value of 19.37 mg/l. The lowest (0.00 mg/l) nitrate value was recorded in samples collected from Surendranagar district and highest (272.00 mg/l) was recorded in Bhavnagar district. Out of total 750 analysed underground water samples 93 per cent of them had nitrate level within the permissible limit of <45 mg/l, whereas 7 per cent of the samples had nitrate concentration greater than >45 mg/l. Further revealing of data showed that the overall fluoride values of the entire Saurashtra region varied from 0.00 to 31.60 mg/l with mean value of 1.324 mg/l. Highest mean value of fluoride content (2.405 mg/l) and highest value of fluoride (31.60 mg/l) were found in the samples from Surendranagar district. Out of total 750 underground water samples 67 per cent groundwater samples had fluoride content less ABSTRACT than permissible limits (<1 mg/l), whereas more than 1 mg/l fluoride content was found in 33 per cent samples so they fall into safe and unsafe classes for irrigation, respectively. In Saurashtra region the proportions of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn ranged from 0.005 to 0.189, 0.001 to 0.016, 0.008 to 0.105 and 0.003 to 0.065 mg/l with a mean value of 0.043 mg/l, 0.005 mg/l, 0.026 mg/l and 0.017 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that the Pb, Cu and Zn concentration were within the permissible limits for irrigation of 5 mg/l, 0.2 mg/l and 2 mg/l, respectively except Cd. The data showed that 2 per cent of the samples contained Cd concentration of greater than permissible level (>0.01 mg/l) so they categorised as unsafe. Amreli district was found to have the highest mean Cd value (0.006 mg/l) in underground water samples. As per correlation analysis, the pH was highly significantly positively correlated with F- (r = 0.285**), Cu (r = 0.164**) and Zn (r = 0.141**). The highly significant correlation observed between EC with NO3 - (r = 0.126**) and F- (r = 0.154**). The highly significant positive correlation of Pb with Cu (r = 0.205**) was observed. The Cu was highly significantly positively correlated with Zn (r = 0.312**).ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL OF SALINITY/SODICITY PARAMETERS IN THE SOILS OF SOUTH SAURASHTRA AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE(JAU JUNAGADH, 2023-10) BAMANIYA VIMALKUMAR PARVATSINH; Dr. L. C. Vekaria; 2010120093An attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the salinity/sodicity parameters of Gujarat by collecting 270 surface soil samples from the farmer’s cultivated field during summer, 2021. The present investigation was carried out for the appraisal of soil salinity/sodicity parameters in the soils of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone. For this purpose, 270 surface soil samples were collected from 6 districts (10 soil samples from each taluka) of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone viz., Junagadh, Gir Somnath, Amreli, Bhavanagar, Porbandar and Rajkot. Soil samples were analyzed for chemical properties. On the basis of analyzed data of soil samples, collected from different districts of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone of Gujarat, it can be concluded that the range of water soluble cations Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ were 0.69 to 7.20 me L-1 , 0.40 to 12.98 me L-1 , 1.09 to 149.32 me L-1 and 0.01 to 1.04 me L-1 with mean values of 2.73, 2.61, 14.32 and 0.15, respectively recorded in the soils of South Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone. Similarly, in respect of water soluble anions like CO3 2- , HCO3 - , Cl and SO4 2- in range of 0.00 to 4.80 me L-1 , 0.40 to 9.90 me L-1 , 1.25 to 149.30 me L-1 and 0.00 to 7.98 me L-1 with mean values of 0.28 me L-1 , 3.46 me L-1 , 14.99 me L-1 and 1.07 me L-1 respectively also observed in this zone. The dominance order of water soluble cations Na+>Ca++>Mg++>K+ and water soluble anions Cl ->HCO3 2->SO4 2- >CO3 2- were recorded. The overall exchangeable Ca++ values of South Saurashtra’s soil samples were ranged from 8.80 to 36.80 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) with the mean value of 21.40 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ). Among the different districts falls under South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, overall mean value of exchangeable Mg++ was [13.70 (cmol (p+) kg-1 )]. Exchangeable Na+ levels in the South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone ranged from 1.70 to 51.40 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 , with a mean of 6.30 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ). The overall value of range of Abstract exchangeable K+ in South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone was 0.10-1.70 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ) with mean value of 0.40 (cmol (p+ ) kg-1 ). The dominance order of exchangeable cations Ca++>Mg++>Na+>K+ was recorded. The overall mean value of EC2.5 of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone was 0.59 dS m-1 and it was ranged widely from 0.14 to 5.15 dS m-1 . In general, the soil samples of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone showed pH2.5 value ranging from 6.74 to 8.84 with a mean value of 7.97. Soluble sodium percentage ranged from 11.72 to 96.30 in the South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, with a mean value of 64.62. The exchangeable sodium percentage was found in the range of 4.20 to 59.00 in the South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone, with a mean value of 15.00. The overall range of cation exchange capacity was 20.10 to 87.10 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 with the mean value of 41.80 cmol (p+ ) kg-1 . The overall reserve lime content was ranging from 10.00 to 475 g kg-1 with mean value of 128.50 g kg-1 indicating the normal to slightly calcareous nature of the soil. The soil samples of South Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone were found about 61.11, 19.25, 18.11 and 1.48 per cent to tend to be saline (0.25 to 0.75 dS m-1 ), saline (0.75 to 2.25 dS m-1 ), be normal (<0.25dS m-1 ), and highly saline (>2.25 dS m 1). about 53.70, 40.37, 5.92 and 0.00 per cent to be normal (<8.0), Alkaline (8.0 to 8.5), Alkali (8.5 to 9.0) and highly alkali (>9.0), about 51.85% , 45.55% and 2.22% to be non alkaline, slightly alkaline and moderately alkaline and about 35.92% and 64.07% soils to be good and fair category, respectively. The soils of South Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone were normal (34.07%) followed by slightly calcareous (31.48%) in nature and cation exchange capacity was 41.80 cmol (p+ ) kg-1ThesisItem Open Access DYNAMICS OF MAJOR NUTRIENTS IN THE SOILS OF NORTH SAURASHTRA AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE 3696(JAU JUNAGADH, 2023-07) Laxman Kumawat; Dr. S. G. Savalia; 1010120014An attempt has been made in the present investigation to study evaluation of dynamics of major Nutrients in the soils of North Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone and collected 480 (10 soil samples from each taluka) soil samples from the cultivated fields across the seven district during the year of 2021. The soil samples were analyzed for different forms of major nutrients viz., available nitrogen, total nitrogen, ammonical nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, organic carbon, total phosphorus, total inorganic phosphorus, total inorganic phosphorus fraction (saloid-P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Occluded-P, Reductant-P) organic phosphorus, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, reserve potassium, total potassium, available potassium, water soluble potassium, HNO3 soluble potassium and chemical properties (pH & EC) . The co-efficient of correlation, regression co-efficient and path co-efficient were worked out for establishing the relationship among forms of major nutrients, On the basis of analyzed data of soil samples, collected from different districts (Jamnagar, Devbhumi Dwarka, Rajkot, Surendranagar, Morbi, Bhavnagar and Amreli) of Northern Saurashtra Agro-climatic Zone were alkaline in reaction. Furthermore, low, medium and high fertility ststus for available nitrogen, available P2O5 and available K2O respectively. The soils content higher potassium might be affected by sea coastal areas and different type of tsunamis hitting in this region during past years. Based on multiple correlations and regression analysis the prediction model for available N, P and K were represented, the available N was highly significantly positive correlated with towards all N forms, available P was significantly correlated with nearly all fractions of P whereas the whole potassium fraction were highly significantly positive correlated with available potassium. The total nitrogen in case of nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus in case of phosphorus and water soluble in case of potassium had the maximum impact on available form of N, P and K respectively. The data slightly varies with the districts. The path co-efficient analysis of available N, P and K influenced by various forms revealed that total-N and ammonical-N form in case nitrogen, total-P in form in case of phosphorus, the value little varies with the districts and water soluble-K and exchangeable-K in case of potassium had direct positive effect on available form of major nutrients.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF UNDERGROUND WATER QUALITY IN NORTH SAURASHTRA AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE 3569(JAU,JUNAGADH, 2022-09) JADAV BHUMIKA BHAGVANBHAI; Dr. J. J. Vaghani; 2010120036A survey experiment entitled “Evaluation of underground water quality in north Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone” was carried out during summer season of 2021. Collecting 480 underground water samples from cultivated fields of north Saurashtra Agro climatic Zone. On the basis of analyzed data of water samples, collected from different district of north Saurashtra Agro climatic zone of Gujarat. The results in quality of underground water revealed that almost 62.5 per cent of irrigation water were found in saline EC ranged from 0.75 to 2.25 dS/m. The overall EC values ranged between 0.59 to 5.20 dS/m with mean value of 1.98 dS/m. The overall pH values ranged between 6.62 to 8.96 and mean value of 7.75. Almost 292 samples of underground water are found in between 7.5 to 8.5.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SULPHUR AND SULPHUR SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) AND ON SULPHUR FRACTION IN SOIL 3373(JAU JUNAGADH, 2021-09) VORA TALPESH VITHALBHAI; B. P. Talavia; 2010119123garlic, sulphur, SSB, yield, quality, nutrients content & uptake, available nutrients, sulphur fraction A field experiment entitled “Effect of sulphur and sulphur solubilzing bacteria on yield and nutrient uptake by garlic (Allium sativum L.) and on sulphur fraction in soil” was conducted during rabi, 2019-2020 at Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The field experiment comprised of 12 treatments having four levels of sulphur (S) viz., 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha-1 and three levels of sulphur solubilizing bacteria (SSB) viz., 0, 1, and 2 lit ha-1 carried out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) repeated thrice were tested in the experiment, in respect of growth parameters, yield, yield attributes, quality parameters, content and uptake of nutrients like N, P, K and S at harvest in bulb & stover of garlic crop, status of soil available nutrients viz., N, P and K at harvest and sulphur fractions like, heat soluble sulphur, organic sulphur, sulphate sulphur, water soluble sulphur, non-sulphate sulphur and total sulphur at harvest as well as bacterial populations in soil at harvest of crop. The experimental soil was medium black calcareous, clayey in nature which was slightly alkaline in reaction, pH2.5 (7.9) and EC2.5 (0.52 dS m-1 ), low in available nitrogen (232.0 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (39.5 kg ha-1 ), higher in available potassium (302.36 kg ha-1 ) and medium in sulphur (10.18 ppm). The experimental results revealed that the growth parameters, yield, yield attributes, quality parameters, nutrients content & uptake, soil available nutrients, sulphur fractions and bacterial populations in soil after harvest were significantly influenced by the various levels of sulphur and SSB. The application of 45 kg S ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, diameter of bulb, dry weight of bulb, number of clove, 100 clove weight, bulb yield (6006 kg ha-1 ), stover yield (756 kg ha-1 ), dry bulb yield, TSS and essential oil percentage. Application of 45 kg S ha-1 significantly increased sulphur content in bulb and stover at harvest. Whereas, sulphur application did not exert any significant effect on N, P and K content in bulb and stover of garlic. Application of 45 kg S ha-1 significantly increased the uptake of all the nutrients (N, P, K and S) by bulb and stover of the garlic crop. The effect of sulphur application on available nitrogen, ABSTRACT Abstract ii phosphorus and potassium in soil did not produce any significance influence at harvest of garlic. Application of 45 kg S ha-1 significantly increased heat soluble sulphur, organic sulphur and water soluble sulphur at harvest of garlic except, sulphate sulphur, non-sulphate sulphur in soil at harvest of garlic. The application 2 lit SSB ha-1 significantly increased the plant height, diameter of bulb, dry weight of bulb, number of clove, 100 clove weight, bulb yield (6006 kg ha-1 ), stover yield (756 kg ha-1 ), TSS and essential oil percentage. Application of SSB produced significantly favorable effect on sulphur content in bulb and stover of garlic. Significantly higher values of all these parameters were observed with application of 2 lit SSB ha-1 . While, SSB application did not exert any significant effect on N, P and K content in bulb and stover of garlic except, S content in bulb and stover of garlic. Application of 2 lit SSB ha-1 also significantly increased the uptake of all the nutrients (N, P, K and S) by bulb and stover of garlic crop. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil after harvest of garlic were remains unaffected under the application of SSB. While, the heat solub sulphur, organic sulphur and water soluble sulphur in soil at harvest, were significantly increased with application of SSB 2 lit SSB ha-1 except, sulphate sulphur, non sulphate sulphur and total sulphur at harvest. Application of SSB significantly increased sulphur solubilizing bacterial populations at harvest in soil while, sulphur application did not produce any significant effect on sulphur solubilizing bacterial populations in soil at harvest of garlic. The significant interaction effects of sulphur and SSB application were observed only in case of diameter of bulb, number of clove, 100 clove weight, dry bulb yield and bulb yield were recorded with combined application of 45 kg S ha-1 and 2 lit SSB ha-1 . The interaction effects of sulphur and SSB were found non-significant with respect to plant height, dry weight of bulb, stover yield, quality parameters, content and uptake of nutrients by plant at harvest, available major nutrients and sulphur fractions in soil at harvest as well as sulphur solubilizing bacterial populations in soil at harvest under investigation. The qualitative highest yield of garlic can be achieved by application of 45 kg S ha-1 along with 2 lit SSB ha-1 in the medium black calcareous soils of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat.ThesisItem Open Access PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY AND DYNAMICS IN SOIL AFFECTED BY LONG TERM NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT UNDER GROUNDNUT-WHEAT CROPPING SEQUENCE IN AICRP-LTFE SOILS 3355(JAU JUNAGADH, 2021-09) CHAURYA JAGRUTIBEN RAMANBHAI; A. V. Rajani; 2010119018Dynamics, Fractions, Haplustepts Most of the research information related to available forms of phosphorus is from short-term studies. Cultivating soil during long period of time is changing phosphorus nutrient resources. The nutrient losses from soil are, in fact gradual and sometimes hidden. It is therefore not easy to recognize and understand the physical, chemical and biological processes leading to such phosphorus nutrient constrains in sustaining soil health and productivity in major soil cropping system of the sub-agro ecological zones. Junagadh is one of the centers representing medium black calcareous soil (Vertic Haplustepts). These soils are difficult to manage from fertility point of view. In view of the above the following broad objectives were set: (1) To know the status of phosphorus fractions in soil under AICRP- LTFE soils. (2) To find out the depletion of phosphorus fractions in the soil under investigation. (3) Modeling the dynamics of phosphorus fractions in LTFE soils. To achieve the forgoing objectives, this investigation initiated which comprised of samples derived from long term fertilizer experiment started 20 years back on Vertic Haplustepts calcareous medium black clayey soils of Junagadh. T1 - 50% NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence, T2-100% NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence, T3 -150% NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence, T4-100% NPK of recommended doses in G’ut -Wheat sequence + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 once in three year to Groundnut only (i.e. ’99, 02, 05, … etc), T5 - NPK as per soil test, T6-100% NP of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence, T7 - 100% N of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence, T8-50 % NPK of recommended doses + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to G’nut and 100% NPK to Wheat, T9 - Only FYM @10 t ha-1 to G’nut and @ 15 t ha-1 to Wheat., T10-50% NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence + Rhizobium + PSM to G’nut and 100% NPK to Wheat, T11 - 100% NPK of recommended doses in G’nut-Wheat sequence (P as SSP) and T12 - Control , The samples were subjected to fractionation of phosphorus. The phosphorus, their fractions and soil properties were related to Name of Student: Chaurya Jagrutiben Ramanbhai Major Guide: Dr. A. V. Rajani various yields and P content from plants. In this part also the data were subjected to correlation analysis, stepwise regression, multiple correlation and path analysis. The LTFE involved twelve treatments including untreated control which was subjected to analysis of variance in order to find out the effect of various treatments on yield, P content and phosphorus fractions and also depletion in a long term cycle of 1, 10 and 20 years. The pod and haulm yields of groundnut were significantly influenced by various treatments in 10 and 20 year pooled result and maximum yield of pod and haulm were recorded under treatment T8. Similar results were found in wheat grain and straw yield in 10 and 20 years pooled results. The concentration of phosphorus in 10th year and 20th year increased in groundnut and wheat as compared to the initial year. Pooled over the year was significant in groundnut and in wheat. Maximum content of phosphorus in pod and haulm were recorded under treatment T3. Whereas it found maximum under T9 in wheat grain and straw. The application of FYM also maintained or increased phosphorus status of LTFE soils. In treatments of FYM (T8, T9), the status of phosphorus fractions increased. Available-P status of LTFE soil at Initial stage was low in category (< 28 Kg P2O5 ha-1 ) in most of the treatments, after long run (20th year) it was more decreased except in treatments which were received FYM (T8 & T9). Due to application of FYM available status of P2O5 in LTFE soil increased up to medium category (28-56 Kg P2O5 ha-1 ) from low category. There were overall increased in Inorganic-P & Total-P status of LTFE soils, but status of Available-P was decreased, which might be due to calcareousness of soil, which fixed phosphorus that applied as a fertilizers and transformed it in unavailable form to the plant, because of this reaction, available status of LTFE soil decreased, except in treatments where application of FYM, full dose of P and biofertilizerwere there due to chelating effect of organic material and solubilizing reaction of microorganisms which protect available-P form to fixed in unavailable form. At initial stage of the experiment, maximum proportion of phosphorus was recorded as a Ca-P fraction, after 20th year it was changed and maximum proportion was found as a Reductant soluble-P. Whereas Available-P form recorded around 1-2 % in proportion. Available-P showed significant positive relationship with Inorganic-P and Saloid bound-P. The available-P form of phosphorus depicted significant positive relationship with all other forms of phosphorus. Available-P & all other forms of P exhibited significant positive relationship with wheat yield & most of the P fractions, except Ca-P & Fe negative relationship with wheat yield. The Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P significant positive relationship with groundnut pod yield and Total, Inorganic-P, Organic-P and Saloid bound-P significant positive relationship with groundnut haulm yield. Available-P showed negative relationship with soil pH and soil EC. The available phosphorus influenced by other forms were subjected to step wise regression and multiple correlation and regression analysis. The prediction model was based on multiple and correlation analysis over a cycle of 1, 10 and 20 years.The Inorganic-P influenced maximum on available-P followed by Occluded-P, Al-P, Saloid-P, Ca-P & Fe-P. Organic-P ascribed maximum direct positive effect on Available-P. While Total-P and Reductant-P exhibited direct negative effect on Available-P.
