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Subject: Agronomy ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on growth and yield of rice based cropping system under approved soil conservation practices and its effect on weed flora
    (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES ALLAHABAD-211007, U.P., India, 2019) NANDAN, RAJIV; Singh, Dr. Vikram
    A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15, comprising two cropping systems [rice–wheat and rice–maize cropping systems), two residue management [no residue retention, residue retention (~33%)] along with four tillage based crop establishment (T&CE) practices i.e., [conventional puddled transplanting of rice followed by conventional till broadcasted wheat/maize (CTTPR–CT), unpuddled transplanting of rice followed by zero–till wheat/maize (UPTPR–ZT), zero–till transplanting of rice followed by zero–till wheat/maize (ZTTPR–ZT), zero–till direct seeded rice followed by zero–till wheat/maize (ZTDSR–ZT)], was laid in split-split plot design replicated thrice. The objective was to make a comparative evaluation of cropping system, residue management and tillage practices on weed growth, crop productivity, economics, resource use efficiency and soil health at ICAR-Research Centre for Eastern Region, Patna Bihar. Results showed the significantly higher density of rainy season weeds like Echinochloa colona and Cyperus iria in the ZTDSR-ZT over CTTPR-CT in 2013 and 2014. Total broad-leaved weeds density in rainy season was also significantly higher in ZTDSR-ZT by 29.1% and 34.6% in 2013 and 2014, respectively over CTTPR-CT. The cropping system did not differ significantly for total weeds density. Residue application recorded 8.7% lower total narrow-leaved weed density over residue removal in 2014. The sequence of total weed density during winter season of 2013-14 was ZTTPR-ZT > ZTDSR-ZT > UPTPR-ZT > CTTPR-CT. The ZTDSR-ZT and ZTTPR-ZT systems improved the crop productivity (rice: 9.3-20.6%; wheat: 18.4-22.6%; maize: 10.8-11.8%) and system productivity to a great extent. The ZTDSR-ZT and ZTTPR-ZT fetched maximum economic return. Importantly, ZTTPR–ZT and ZTDSR– ZT, and retention of crop residues significantly improved all the carbon fractions in the following order: very–labile Cfrac1 (21.1%) > labile Cfrac2 (15.6%) > non–labile Cfrac4 (13.4%) > less–labile Cfrac3 (7.0%) compared to CTTPR-CT. Likewise, crop residues retention largely improved the very–labile Cfrac1, and enhanced total organic C by 12.4% compared to without residues. The passive C–pool, which has special significance for long–term C management, was substantially improved in ZTTPR–ZT and ZTDSR–ZT systems. These treatments with crop residues retention improved macroaggregate formation, macro: micro aggregate ratio, aggregate-associated C over CTTPR-CT. Hence, alternative reduced tillage practice with retention of crop residues is a potential strategy to improve productivity, profitability and sustainability of rice-based production systems.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN VARIETIES OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) BASED ON AGRONOMIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROWTH AND YIELD
    (Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Allahabad-211007, U.P., India, 2017) Safi, Lutfullah; Singh, Rajesh
    The present experiment was conducted to evaluate wheat varieties having superior agronomic performance and to acquire information relevant to genetic components viz. genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and association among different agronomic traits. Thirty wheat varieties, which have been recommended for timely sowing in Vindhyan zone, were sown during two consecutive rabi cropping seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Allahabad (UP), India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice. The observations on different traits during vegetative growth and harvesting were recorded. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and correlation coefficients analysis using appropriate statistical software. Wheat growth parameters viz. plant dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) revealed sigmoid growth pattern; that were slow during early stages but increased with the advancement of growth ages, attained maximum at booting and heading stages then declined at later growth stages. Relative growth rate (RGR) had declining trend from early stages towards advancement of growth ages. Wheat varieties viz. HD 2204, HD 2177, K 9533, HD 2236, HD 1941, HD 2402, Raj 3077, K 88, HD 1982, HD 2954, HD 2824, HD 2891, K 9006, HD 2385, HD 2954, Raj 1555, HD 2643, HUW 213, HD 2270, HD 2278, Raj 1972, HD 2428 and HUW 251 were found to have higher in their growth parameters. Wheat growth attributes were found to be non-significant at early stages but significant at middle and last stages of growth. The wheat varieties HD 2385, Raj 1555, HUW 251, Raj 3765, HD 2643, HUW 37 and K 8020, had higher chlorophyll content (SPAD) these varieties also recorded higher grain yield. Grain yield of wheat varieties HD 1941, K 9533, HUW 37, HD 2428, K 8020, HD 2402, Raj 1555 and HUW 55 were statistically at par and numerically superior to best check variety K 9162. The wheat varieties HD 2643, HD 2428, HD 2891, K 8020, HUW 251, HD 2236, HD 2824 and HD 2278 were numerically superior to best check variety HD2687 for test weight. Wheat varieties HD 2402, Raj 3077, HD 2204, HUW 213 and HD 2954 were numerically superior to best check varieties K 9162 for spike length. Whereas HD 2891, K 88, HD 1982, HD 2402, HD 2270, HD 2236, HD 2824, K 9533 and HUW 318 were identified to possessed earlier days to heading. The HUW 251, HUW 213, Raj 3765, Raj 6560 and HD 1982 varieties were found to be taller in plant height (cm), whereas, K 8020, HUW 37, HD 2270 and HD 2177 varieties recorded the shorter plant height. A good ranges of association between yield contributing traits were observed. Grain yield (t ha-1) was significantly and positivly correlated with test weight (g) and biological yield(t ha-1). Harvest index showed significant positive correlation with grain yield, and significant negative correlation with biological yield. Plant height was significantly correlated with biological yield and grains spike-1. Days to 50% heading was significantly and positively correlated with days to anthesis, physiological maturity, plant height, spike weight, biological yield and grain yield. Traits such as plant height, peduncle length, spike weight, tillers/m, test weight, grain yield and harvest index showed higher genotypic variance than their corresponding phenotypic variance, that resulted in higher broad sense heritability of these traits and greater phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) in these traits. Almost all the trait under the studied showed lower genetic advance. Overall, adequate genetic variability for the various agronomic characters among genotypes, showed effectiveness of germplasm for use further use in breeding program. However, lower genetic advance limits the greater scope of improvement but higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation and higher heritability provides good chance for its further improvement.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study on Babycorn (Zea mays L.) based Legume Intercropping under Certified Organic Production System
    (Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute) (Deemed to be University) Allahabad-211 007, U.P., India, 2016) Hekmat, Abdul Wahab; Abraham, Thomas; Dawson, Joy
    The experiment was carried out during zaid seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Crop Research Farm, Block E of SHIATS Model Organic Farm (SMOF), Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, SHIATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. SMOF was developed under the National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) by the department of Agronomy, which is located at 250 24' 42" N latitude, 810 50' 56" E longitude and at an altitude of 98 m above the mean sea level. The objective was to study the influence of short duration legume intercrops and nutrient management practices on growth, yield, quality, nutrient status of the soil and nutrient uptake of babycorn under certified organic production system. Short duration intercrops [greengram (Vigna radiata L.) and clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)] along with control (no intercrop) were taken in main plot. Different sources of organic manure and their combination [goat manure at the rate of 4.8 t ha-1 (M1), poultry manure at the rate of 4.62 t ha-1 (M2), FYM at the rate of 24 t ha-1 (M3), goat manure + poultry manure (M4), goat manure + FYM (M5) and poultry manure + FYM (M6)] were assigned to sub plot in a split plot design. The experiment was replicated thrice. Results of the experiment revealed that yield and yield attributes viz., cob girth, number of cob plant-1, cob length with and without husk, cob weight with and without husk, cob yield and green fodder yield were significantly higher in intercropping babycorn with component crops. Cob yield of babycorn was improved by a margin of 6.25 and 4.01 per cent in association with clusterbean and greengram, respectively over sole babycorn. Besides, a bonus yield of 1106 and 757 kg ha-1 of clusterbean and greengram was obtained. Maximum land equivalent ratio (2.09 and 2.01) was also registered in babycorn intercropped with clusterbean and greengram as compared to sole babycorn (1.0). Nitrogen and potassium uptake was significantly increased by 19.00, and 15.40 per cent and 10.95 and 9.46 per cent with babycorn intercropped with greengram and clusterbean. An increase of 13.55% in cob yield of babycorn was observed with application of poultry manure at the rate of 4.62 t ha-1 as compared to FYM alone. Babycorn in intercropping with clusterbean and greengram increased benefit cost ratio by 63.07 and 54.61 per cent over sole crop. Application of goat manure and poultry manure increased net return and benefit cost ratio by 76.17 and 89.78 per cent and 32.82 and 32.06 per cent respectively over FYM. Among the manurial treatments, treatments M2 obtained the highest benefit cost ratio (1.73, 1.72 and 1.73) during both the years and mean value of two years. These findings suggest that intercropping of babycorn with legumes, particularly greengram and clusterbean, can increase total productivity per unit area (2628.74 and 3027.99 kg ha-1), enhance land equivalent ratio (2.01 and 2.09) and increase nutrient status of the soil (206.85, 19.54 and 298.50 kg ha-1 and 202.10, 20.32 and 299.97 kg ha-1 NPK), and gave the significant and highest net return and benefit cost ratio (₹ 61393.98 and ₹ 53325.34 ha-1) and (2.12 and 2.01) respectively over monocropping. Key words: Babycorn, growth, intercrops, nutrient status and nutrient uptake, organic nutrient management practices, quality yield.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of different sowing methods and herbicides on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in South-East Bihar
    (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY NAINI AGRICULTURAL INSITUTE SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, 2017) SINGH, PRAMOD KUMAR; Singh, Rajesh
    A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different methods of sowing and herbicide application on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jamui, Bihar which is situated between N 24050’502” latitude, E 86018’290” longitude and at an altitute of 79 m above mean sea level. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with two methods of sowing viz. Zero tillage and Conventional tillage and thirteen herbicide treatments, each replicated thrice. The treatment combinations of herbicides were W1- weedy check (control), W2- weed free, W3- 2,4 – D Na salt at 0.5 kg ha-1, W4- Isoproturon at 1.0 kg ha-1, W5- 2,4 – D Na salt at 0.5 kg ha-1 + Isoproturon at 1.0 kg ha-1, W6- Clodinafop at 60 g ha-1, W7- Carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1,W8- Clodinafop at 60 g ha-1 + Carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1, W9- Clodinafop at 50 g ha-1 + Carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1,W10- Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1, W11- Metsulfuron at 4 g ha-1,W12- Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1 + Metsulfuron at 4 g ha-1 and W13- Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1 + Metasufuron at 3 g ha-1. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture having available nitrogen 250.7 Kg ha-1, available phosphorus 31.4 Kg ha-1 and available potassium 176.5 Kg ha-1 having soil reaction pH (6.78). The variety used in the experiment was PBW- 502 at a seed rate of 125 Kg ha-1. In the experimental field the major weed flora consisted of Anagallis arvensis L.,Melilotus indica L., Chenopodium album L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Melilotus alba L., Vicia sativa L. among broad leaved weeds, Phalaris minor Retz., Avena ludoviciana L. among grasses and Cyprus rotundus L. as sedges. All weed control treatments recorded significantly lesser weed density and dry matter of weeds than weedy check. Among the herbicides, Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1 + Metsulfuron at 4 g ha-1 was found to be the best herbicide for controlling weed population. The pooled value recorded 8.46 and 3.29 number m-2 at 60 and 90 DAS and resulting in lowest weed dry weight (4.63 and 1.16 g) followed by Clodinafop at 60 g ha-1 + Carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1 and both these combination of herbicides were significantly superior over rest of the herbicides. Among sowing methods, weed control efficiency (46.41 and 89.62 at 60 and 90 DAS) was higher in zero tillage treatments than conventional treatments in both the years of investigation. ZT + herbicides application of Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron as post emergence recorded maximum WCE and lower weed index (WI) in both the years of investigation. Zero tillage recorded significantly higher wheat crop growth parameters as per pooled at 90 DAS viz. plant height (89.62 cm), number of tillers (86.17) and dry matter accumulation (49.30 g). Higher crop growth rate and relative growth rate was also recorded under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. Herbicides in combination were found to be more effective in checking weed population than single application of herbicides. Tillage methods and weed management practices significantly influenced yield attributes in both the years of investigation. Zero tillage method of sowing and application of Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1 + Metsulfuron at 4 g ha-1 recorded higher yield attributes viz. no. of effective tillers (104.99 running-1 row meter), spike length (10.97 cm), no. of grains spike-1 (54.13) and test weight (41.69 g) than conventional tillage treatments with same combination of herbicides. Maximum grain yield (4.25 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.36 t ha-1) of wheat was recorded in zero tillage was significantly higher than that recorded under conventional tillage. Grain yield obtained under zero tillage + Sulfosulfuron 25 g ha-1 + Metsulfuron application 4 g ha-1 was (26.48%) higher than conventional tillage with same combination of herbicides. Wheat sown by zero tillage method of sowing + Sulfosulfuron at 25 g ha-1 + Metsulfuron at 4 g ha-1 recorded maximum gross return ( Rs. 91,464.92 ) , net return (Rs. 63,379.92) and BC ratio (2.25 ).